Visualization and Characterization of the Flashing Spray of Cryogen R404a

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z.-F. Zhou ◽  
W.-T. Wu ◽  
B. Chen ◽  
L.-J. Guo ◽  
Y.-S. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Superheated Liquid ◽  
Liquid Droplets ◽  
Spray Distance ◽  
Spray Formation ◽  
Fine Droplet ◽  
Volatile Liquids ◽  
Laser Dermatology

Flashing spray of volatile liquids is a common phenomenon observed in many industrial applications such as fuel injection of engines, accidental release of flammable and toxic pressure-liquefied gases, failure of a vessel or pipe in the form of a small hole in chemical industry, and cryogenic spray cooling in laser dermatology. In flashing spray, the volatile liquid is depressurized rapidly at the exit of a nozzle (or a hole in a vessel) and becomes superheated. Such superheated liquid (in the form of either a jet or droplets) leads to explosive atomization, leading to fine droplet sizes and a short spray distance. This paper presents an experimental investigation of flashing spray of cryogen R404a. A photographic study of the spray is first conducted, providing visualization of spray formation and showing the dynamic characteristics of the spray. Then the R404a short spray is characterized by the phase Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA). The PDPA measurements provide the distributions of the diameter and velocities of liquid droplets in the spray., showing the dramatic dynamic variation of the liquid droplets due to explosive atomization of large droplets in the region near the exit of nozzle. The data finds that the average droplet axial velocity increases first to a maximum, followed by a gradual decrease, a typical variation expected for flashing spray. During the same time period, the average droplet diameter shows a quick decrease, from early large droplets of about 30 microns in diameter to fine droplet with about 10 microns within about 40 mm spray distance. This study provides quantitative data on droplet velocity and diameter in flashing spray, useful for model validation. The qualitative results help to have a better understanding of the flashing spray atomization mechanisms for volatile cryogens.

scholarly journals Collisions of Two-Phase Liquid Droplets in a Heated Gas Medium

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1476
Author(s):  
Pavel Tkachenko ◽  
Nikita Shlegel ◽  
Pavel Strizhak
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Droplet Breakup ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Liquid Droplets ◽  
Vapor Bubbles ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Relative Volume Fraction ◽  
Phase Liquid ◽  
Gas Medium

The paper presents the experimental research findings for the integral characteristics of processes developing when two-phase liquid droplets collide in a heated gas medium. The experiments were conducted in a closed heat exchange chamber space filled with air. The gas medium was heated to 400–500 °C by an induction system. In the experiments, the size of initial droplets, their velocities and impact angles were varied in the ranges typical of industrial applications. The main varied parameter was the percentage of vapor (volume of bubbles) in the droplet (up to 90% of the liquid volume). The droplet collision regimes (coalescence, bounce, breakup, disruption), size and number of secondary fragments, as well as the relative volume fraction of vapor bubbles in them were recorded. Differences in the collision regimes and in the distribution of secondary fragments by size were identified. The areas of liquid surface before and after the initial droplet breakup were determined. Conditions were outlined in which vapor bubbles had a significant and, on the contrary, fairly weak effect on the interaction regimes of two-phase droplets.

scholarly journals Development, characterization and stability of microemulsionated formulations of bacaba, Oenocarpus bacaba oil

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-255
Author(s):  
Maycon de Paula Ribeiro TORRES ◽  
Rhuan Vínicius de Freitas ESPRENDOR ◽  
Solange Maria BONALDO ◽  
Elton Brito RIBEIRO ◽  
Dênia Mendes de Sousa VALLADÃO
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Hydrodynamic Diameter ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Formulation Development ◽  
Rheological Characterization

ABSTRACT Advances in nanotechnology, combined with the use of natural products, represent a promissing research field. Brazil is a country of a rich biodiversity, especially in the Amazon forest. Fruits commonly used by local communities, such as bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba), are potentially important for prospection of industrial applications of natural products. In nanotechnology, microemulsions stand out for providing a modified release to conveyed substances. This work aimed to develop microemulsionated formulations of bacaba oil, characterize them and evaluate their stability. We determined the HLB (hydrophile-lipophilic balance) of bacaba oil for formulation development. Six formulations were selected from pseudoternary diagrams, which indicated the proportions of surfactants, aqueous phase and bacaba oil. The viability of these formulations was evaluated through stability tests. We provided the rheological characterization of the formulations, evaluated their potential antioxidant activity through the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging method, and determined the hydrodynamic diameter of the droplets. The microemulsions were stable throughout the test period. Droplet diameter was below 200 nm, and the microemulsions were characterized as newtonian fluids, presenting an increase in antioxidant activity when compared with the diluted oil. Our results confirm the potential of bacaba oil in microemulsionated formulation as a suitable carrier for active compounds.

Effect of Non-Isothermal Conditions on Liquid Breakup Mechanisms

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilai Sher
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Thermal Exposure ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Combustible Mixture ◽  
Liquid Droplets ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Fuel Droplets ◽  
Breakup Mechanism ◽  
Secondary Breakup

Liquid breakup mechanism utilization is prevalent in numerous applications. One of the most common uses of this phenomenon is in fuel injection systems. Liquid fuel is injected into an ambient air, to prepare a combustible mixture. Generally, evenly spread tiny fuel droplets are desirable. This is usually achieved through multiple liquid breaking mechanisms: Primary breakup of liquid jet, Secondary breakup of travelling liquid droplets, and Secondary breakup of wall-impinging liquid droplets. Indeed, many studies are devoted to the modelling of those phenomena. However, the absolute majority of those studies are limitedly focused on the isothermal case, where liquid is assumed to be of ambient gas’ temperature. Conversely, practical conditions, under which rather cold fuel is normally injected into hot ambient air, suggest the real case to be non-isothermal. Moreover, the non-isothermal nature of that process seems to have its effect at the most relevant to breakup regions, i.e. the breaking interfacial surfaces. It is shown that as these surfaces can be in instant contact with a hot ambient, breakup can be greatly altered by the extent of this sudden thermal exposure, through its mostly transient and even spatial effect on physical properties of breaking interfaces. This is shown to be of significant effect on all breakup mechanisms: primary and secondary. New models are suggested for these non-isothermal phenomena, which combine transient heat-transfer with inter-phase hydrodynamic breakup, through physical properties’ dependency on temperature. Results are discussed in terms of effect on spray breakup products, and a careful comparison with the trend of a limited number of so-far available experimental results is presented.

scholarly journals Sorting of droplets by migration on structured surfaces

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 215-221
Author(s):  
Wilfried Konrad ◽  
Anita Roth-Nebelsick
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Surface Pattern ◽  
Patterned Surfaces ◽  
Liquid Droplets ◽  
Structured Surfaces ◽  
Biological Surfaces ◽  
Gain Energy ◽  
Droplet Movement

Background: Controlled transport of microdroplets is a topic of interest for various applications. It is well known that liquid droplets move towards areas of minimum contact angle if placed on a flat solid surface exhibiting a gradient of contact angle. This effect can be utilised for droplet manipulation. In this contribution we describe how controlled droplet movement can be achieved by a surface pattern consisting of cones and funnels whose length scales are comparable to the droplet diameter. Results: The surface energy of a droplet attached to a cone in a symmetry-preserving way can be smaller than the surface energy of a freely floating droplet. If the value of the contact angle is fixed and lies within a certain interval, then droplets sitting initially on a cone can gain energy by moving to adjacent cones. Conclusion: Surfaces covered with cone-shaped protrusions or cavities may be devised for constructing “band-conveyors” for droplets. In our approach, it is essentially the surface structure which is varied, not the contact angle. It may be speculated that suitably patterned surfaces are also utilised in biological surfaces where a large variety of ornamentations and surface structuring are often observed.

Spray Flame Characteristics of Bio-Derived Fuels in a Simulated Gas Turbine Burner

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heena Panchasara ◽  
Pankaj S. Kolhe ◽  
Ajay K. Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Axial Velocity ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Turbulent Dispersion ◽  
Radial Profiles

Abstract Fuel injection plays an important role in liquid fueled gas turbine combustion. The strong interdependence of liquid breakup and atomization, turbulent dispersion of these droplets, droplet evaporation, and fuel-air mixing make the spray modeling an extremely challenging task. The physical processes are even more difficult to predict for alternative fuels with different thermophysical properties. In this study, spray flames of unheated and preheated vegetable oil (VO) produced by an air-blast atomizer in a swirl stabilized combustor are investigated experimentally. Phase Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA) is used to measure the instantaneous diameter and axial velocity of droplets at different axial and radial locations in both flames. Experiments are conducted at an equivalence ratio of 0.79 and atomizing air to liquid ratio (ALR) by mass of 2.5 to obtain stable VO flames. Radial profiles of mean axial velocity and Sauter mean diameter are presented to show the effect of fuel preheating. Joint Probability Density Functions (joint PDF) are presented to show the correlation between droplet diameter and axial velocity. Results are analyzed to show that both sprays exhibit self-similar droplet diameter distributions at different axial and radial locations when normalized properly. Thus, the vast amount of PDPA data in the spray can be reduced to simple distribution functions. A method to reconstruct the joint PDF from experimentally determined distribution functions is presented. We envision that the joint PDF approach outlined in this study could be implemented in high-fidelity computational fluid dynamic models to improve spray predictions in future studies.

Evaluation of Combustion and Emissions Using Biodiesel and Blends With Kerosene in a Low NOx Gas Turbine Combustor

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Li ◽  
Mohamed Altaher ◽  
Gordon E. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Gas Turbine Combustor ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines

Biofuels offer reduced CO2 emissions for both industrial and aero gas turbines. Industrial applications are more practical due to low temperature waxing problems at altitude. Any use of biofuels in industrial gas turbines must also achieve low NOx and this paper investigates the use of biofuels in a low NOx radial swirler, as used in some industrial low NOx gas turbines. A waste cooking oil derived methyl ester biodiesel (WME) has been tested on a radial swirler industrial low NOx gas turbine combustor under atmospheric pressure and 600K. The pure WME and its blends with kerosene, B20 and B50 (WME:kerosene = 20:80 and 50:50 respectively), and pure kerosene were tested for gaseous emissions and lean extinction as a function of equivalence ratio. The co-firing with natural gas (NG) was tested for kerosene/biofuel blends B20 and B50. The central fuel injection was used for liquid fuels and wall injection was used for NG. The experiments were carried out at a reference Mach number of 0.017. The inlet air to the combustor was heated to 600K. The results show that B20 produced similar NOx at an equivalence ratio of ∼0.5 and a significant low NOx when the equivalence ratio was increased comparing with kerosene. B50 and B100 produced higher NOx compared to kerosene, which indicates deteriorated mixing due to the poor volatility of the biofuel component. The biodiesel lower hydrocarbon and CO emissions than kerosene in the lean combustion range. The lean extinction limit was lower for B50 and B100 than kerosene. It is demonstrated that B20 has the lowest overall emissions. The co-firing with NG using B20 and B50 significantly reduced NOx and CO emissions.

scholarly journals Effect of the air to water ratio on the performance of internal mixing two-fluid atomiser

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Krawczyk ◽  
Krzysztof Badyda ◽  
Szczepan Młynarz
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Catalytic Reduction ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Internal Mixing ◽  
Custom Design ◽  
Power Boiler ◽  
Two Fluid

Abstract One of the important parameters describing pneumatic liquid atomisation is the air to liquid mass ratio (ALR). Along with the atomiser design and properties of the liquid it has extremely important influence on parameters of atomised liquid such as: mean droplet diameter, jet range and angle. Knowledge about real characteristics of an atomiser in this respect is necessary to correctly choose its operating parameters in industrial applications. The paper presents results of experimental research of two-fluid atomisers with internal mixing built according to custom design. Investigated atomizers were designed for spraying a urea aqueous solution inside the power boiler combustion chamber. They are an important element of SNCR (selective non-catalytic reduction) installation which is used to reduce nitrogen oxides in a flue gas boiler. Obtained results were used by authors in further research, among others to determine the boundary conditions in the SNCR installation modeling. The research included determining mean droplet diameter as a function of ALR. It has been based on the immersion liquid method and on the use of specialised instrumentation for determining distribution of droplet diameters in a spray – Spraytec by Malvern. Results obtained with both methods were later compared. The measurements were performed at a laboratory stand located at the Institute of Heat Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology. The stand enables extensive investigation of the water atomisation process.

scholarly journals Evidence of vortex driven primary breakup in high pressure fuel injection

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junmei Shi ◽  
Pablo Aguado Lopez ◽  
Eduardo Gomez Santos ◽  
Noureddine Guerrassi ◽  
Gavin Dober ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Flow Dynamics ◽  
Nozzle Flow ◽  
Spray Formation ◽  
Vortex Interactions ◽  
Eddy Simulation ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Diesel Injection ◽  
Primary Breakup

This paper is to present a detailed case study on how the nozzle flow dynamics influences the primary breakup inthe spray formation process of diesel injection. The investigation was based on a 3-hole real-application nozzle with highly tapered injection holes using a URANS-LES (Large Eddy Simulation) hybrid approach in combination with the coupled Volume of Fluid (VOF) and Level Set method. High resolution LES was applied to simultaneously resolve the multi-scale nozzle flow dynamics downstream of the needle seat and the primary breakup process in the near-nozzle spray. Phase Contrast X-ray imaging (PCX) was applied to characterize the liquid-gas interfaces in the near-nozzle spray for validation purposes. The results provide detailed information on how the vortex shedding and vortex interactions in the injection hole drives the jet deformation, ligament anddroplet formation in the primary breakup process.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.5707

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