Post-Consumer Plastic Sortation With the Use of Electromagnetic Separation Methods for Recycling

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kress ◽  
M. Franchetti
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Model Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Recycling Industry ◽  
Plastic Wastes

In 2010, the United States generated over 31 million tons of plastic waste, and from that total, only 8% was recycled. With demand for lower cost plastics and public attention to environmental concerns increasing, the expanding recycling industry has provided an opportunity to lower raw material costs and create sustainable jobs. Traditionally, manual or optical methods that used infrared technologies were utilized to sort plastic wastes for recycling. Once these plastic wastes were sorted, they were cleaned, shredded, and melted into raw materials. These methods are costly and can experience high nonconformance rates during the sortation processes. This paper discussed an emerging technique that utilizes a novel process that sorts shredded plastic particles by using electromagnetic (EM) waves and Ferro fluids. The process involves placing various types of shredded plastic particles of into a tank filled with Ferro fluid. The plastic particles and Ferro fluid are then subjected to an EM wave by the use of an EM coil. The EM wave alters the viscosity of the Ferro fluid and causes the shredded plastic particles to rise and sink at different vertical levels within the Ferro fluid tank, based on their respective densities. This method allows for an efficient, accurate, and low cost method to sort plastic particles as compared to conventional technologies. Overviews of the model development, experimental design, and test results are provided that demonstrates proof-of-concept. The results of the study indicated that the EM separation method may offer significant cost, efficiency, and accuracy improvements over conventional methods.

Feasibility of cereal straw for industrial utilization in Minnesota

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.C. Wagner ◽  
S. Ramaswamy ◽  
U. Tschirner
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cereal Straw ◽  
Industrial Utilization ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
On Farm ◽  
And Storage

AbstractA pre-economic feasibility study was undertaken to determine the potential of cereal straw for industrial utilization in Minnesota. Specifically, utilizing straw for pulp and paper manufacture was of interest. The availability of cereal straw fiber supplies at various locations across the state of Minnesota, along with pre-processing issues such as transportation, harvesting, handling, and storage, are discussed and priced. The greatest economic advantage of straw for industrial use appears to be the low cost of the raw material compared to traditional raw materials. This also provides an excellent opportunity for additional income for farmers. The methodology and information provided here should be helpful in evaluating the feasibility of utilizing straw for other industrial purposes in other parts of the world. However, in some Third World countries, long-standing on-farm, traditional uses of cereal straws for fuel, fiber, and animal feed may limit their availability for industrial utilization.

scholarly journals Nori Preference Level based on the Condition of the Raw Material Eucheuma cottonii Seaweed

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinda Widu Ramasari ◽  
Evi Liviawaty ◽  
Atikah Nurhayati ◽  
Rusky Intan Pratama ◽  
Eddy Afrianto
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Kappaphycus Alvarezii ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Crude Fiber Content ◽  
Physical Tests ◽  
Bayes Test ◽  
Eucheuma Cottonii

Aims: To determine the level of preference of panelists for Nori based on the condition of raw materials of dry and semi-dried Kappaphycus alvarezii (formerly Eucheuma cottonii) seaweed. Study Design: The research was conducted experimentally. Place and Duration of Study: Organoleptic tests were carried out in the Laboratory of Fisheries Product Processing Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Padjadjaran. Physical tests and chemical tests conducted at the Laboratory of Research and Biological Resources and Biotechnology Research Institute at the Society (LPPM), IPB, between March 2019 and April 2019. Methodology: The research was conducted experimentally consisted of 3 treatments with 20 semi-trained panelists as replication from Fisheries students of Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty, University of Padjadjaran who had experienced the organoleptic assessment. Hedonic tests were to determine the level of panelists preference for the products which included appearance, aroma, texture, and flavor, the results were statistically analyzed using Friedman Test and Bayes Test. Physical tests (thickness and hardness) and chemical tests (water content and crude fiber content) were carried out on the most preferred treatment product and analyzed descriptively. Results: The organoleptic test results of Nori from Kappaphycus alvarezii (formerly Eucheuma cottonii) seaweed with dry raw material conditions had the highest average value on each characteristic compared to other treatments, appearance of 7.70, aroma of 7.00, texture of 7.50, and flavor of 7.90. The Bayes test results on the treatment of Nori from Kappaphycus alvarezii (formerly Eucheuma cottonii) seaweed with dry raw materials conditions having the highest alternative which was 8.54 with the most influential taste criteria for the assessment. The thickness of the Nori was 0.108 mm, the hardness was 1916.16 gf, water content of Nori was 17.23% and crude fiber content was 10.10%. Conclusion: The treatment of Nori with raw materials of dry conditions was the most preferred by panelists.

Low-Cost Synthesis and Morphology Control of Magnesium Oxysulfate Hydrate Whiskers

2014 ◽  
Vol 936 ◽  
pp. 986-991
Author(s):  
Chuan Hui Gao ◽  
Li Ding ◽  
Yu Min Wu ◽  
Chuan Xing Wang ◽  
Jun Xu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Selected Area Electron Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Magnesium Oxysulfate

A low-cost raw material, bittern obtained from the production process of sea salt, was used to prepare magnesium oxysulfate hydrate (MgSO4·5Mg (OH)2·2H2O, abbreviated as 152MOS) whiskers via hydrothermal synthesis with ammonia and magnesium sulfate as the other starting raw materials. The bittern was firstly filtered and then used directly without de-coloring. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were employed to investigate the composition and morphology of the products. It was found that the 152MOS whiskers synthesized from bittern at 190°C for 3 hours exhibited fanlike morphology. The formation of the fanlike whiskers was inhibited and most of the whiskers presented as single fibers when ethanol was used as crystal control agent in the hydrothermal process. From the two-dimensional steps observed at tips of the whiskers, a possible growth mechanism was speculated that it was the extension of dislocations that made the growth of the whiskers.

Effect of Borax on Lightweight Material from Cullet and Fly Ash

2016 ◽  
Vol 690 ◽  
pp. 109-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sutthima Sriprasertsuk ◽  
Phatthiya Suwannason ◽  
Wanna T. Saengchantara
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Heat Process ◽  
Lightweight Material

This work investigated the recycling of fly ash waste and cullet as the raw materials for lightweight bodies produced by heat treatment and using sodium silicate as the binder. Borax was mixed with fly ash and cullet, and put into the block in dimension 10x10x2 cm3. The lightweight materials thus produced were then sintered at temperature of 800 °C. Density, compressive strength and thermal conductivity were determined. Borax showed a positive sintering effect on the porosity of lightweight material during the heat process. The compressive strength of lightweight material diminished with the reduction of density and thermal conductivity. Lightweight material manufactured with borax showed the lower density and thermal conductivity accompanied by the higher compressive strength. The test results indicated that using fly ash and cullet as the raw material with borax could obtain the lightweight material, thus enhancing the possibility of its reuse in a sustainable way.

scholarly journals GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC CRITERIA OF INDUSTRIAL VALUE OF COAL DEPOSITS WITH INSIGNIFICANT RESERVES

2018 ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
M. Kurylo ◽  
V. Bala
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
Coal Deposits ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Coal Reserves ◽  
High Degree

The purpose of this study is to analyze and systematize criteria by which, in domestic and international practice, the industrial value of coal deposits with small and insignificant reserves is determined. The analysis and systematization of such factors in general for all coal deposits with the definite definition of the most influential characteristics for small stocks are carried out. Mining and geological factors, which are caused by natural characteristics of the deposit and directly related to the concrete object, are determined, and there have been singled out factors concerning the minerals in general or characterizing the external conditions of industrial development of deposits. For coal deposits with insignificant reserves, the criteria that directly affect the most critical parameter - the value of coal reserves and, consequently, the lifetime of the mining enterprise have paramount importance. Such criteria are the quality of coal, which defines the direction of use and its liquidity, the degree of geological study, which expresses the geological risks of reserves confirmation, and the complexity of mining technical conditions that define methods and systems for the reserves disclosure and development. In general, external factors for coal deposits are most affected by the availability of raw material substitutes and market conditions, and coal prices. For deposits with insignificant reserves, prices and possibility of mining, which involves availability of licenses and social permits, may have a greater impact. Industrial significance of deposit with insignificant reserves may appear favorable of all other conditions of development - mining and technical conditions that form low cost of production, coal quality, favorable market conditions for mineral raw materials, localization of the deposit near consumers, etc. At the same time, the main prerequisite for attracting objects with insignificant reserves to exploitation should be their high degree of geological study. Decision about possible industrial significance should be taken after detailed technical and economic calculations.

scholarly journals CENTRAL ASIAN REGION AT THE FOCUS OF GEOPOLITICAL INTERESTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (383) ◽  
pp. 192-198
Author(s):  
Z. K. Ayupova ◽  
D. U. Kussainov ◽  
M. T. Beisenbayeva ◽  
Winston Nagan
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Natural Energy ◽  
The World ◽  
Sphere Of Influence

In the XXI century the role of Central Asia in international politics is increasing. This region, possessing rich natural, energy, mineral and raw material resources, has an important geostrategic position, in which we see the geopolitical confrontation of global actors. The confrontation is explained by the fact that, for example, for Russia this region, being a “vulnerable underbelly”, is included in the traditional sphere of influence, from the perspective of China, the region seems to be an alternative source of energy and a vital partner for stabilizing and developing the troubled Xinjiang province. As for the United States and their allies, this region appears to be an important transportation hub, for example, for military supplies to unstable Afghanistan. Central Asia is not only a key region on the world map, the establishment of control over which allows you to manage the regional transit of hydrocarbons and other types of strategic raw materials for the largest developing economies, primarily China, and, as a result, affect their economic growth and aggregate power. Central Asia is a crossroad of civilizations, control over which, as was believed over the centuries, allows you to rule the world. The region retains its exceptional geopolitical significance today.

scholarly journals PROSES PEMBUATAN DAN PENGUJIAN BENDA UJI KERAMIK UNTUK BAHAN BAKU ISOLATOR LISTRIK KERAMIK PORSELEN (MANUFACTURING AND TESTING PROCESS OF CERAMIC SPECIMENS FOR RAW MATERIALS OF ELECTRICAL ISOLATOR PORCELAIN CERAMIC)

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-180
Author(s):  
Wahyu wahyu Garinas
Keyword(s):  
Test Object ◽  
Test Specimen ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Separation Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Materials Processing ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Composition Materials ◽  
Ball Clay

Penelitian ini merupakan bagian dari kegiatan mencari bahan baku untuk pembuatan isolator keramik porselen. Bahan baku untuk pembuatan benda uji keramik sebagian besar menggunakan bahan baku lokal.Proses pengolahan bahan baku pada penelitian ini  : pembuatan komposisi, pengolahan bahan dan pembuatan benda uji.Metode yang akan dilakukan dalam pengolahan ini  yaitu proses pemisahan dengan cara basah dan kering.Untuk mengetahui kualitas kelistrikan dari bahan baku keramik maka dibuat benda uji dan dilakukan uji tegangan tembus listrik.Hasil uji terhadap benda uji ternyata  semua benda uji masih belum memenuhi standar IEC maupun ASTM. Nilai hasil uji terhadap sampel  sekitar   (7,99 - 9,35) kV/mm dan semua sampel  belum memenuhi  standar yang direkomendasikan oleh PLN (9,85 kV/mm). Hasil uji tersebut menunjukkan bahwa sampel no. 5 dan 6 yang mendekati standar dari PLN. Perlu evaluasi terhadap  komposisi , bahan dan proses pembuatan dari benda uji keramik. Kata Kunci : Bahan mentah keramik (kaolin, felspar, ball clay,kuarsa), pengujian  benda uji, pengujian tegangan tembus, kualitas bahan keramik. Abstract This study is part of the looking for raw materials for the manufacture of ceramic porcelain insulators.The raw material for the manufacture of ceramic test specimens mostly using local raw materials.The processing of the raw material in this study: preparing a composition, materials processing and manufacturing of the test object. The method will be done in this processing is the separation process by means of wet and dry.To know the the quality of the electrical ceramic raw materials then created of the test specimen and test the electrical Puncture Voltage.The test results of the test specimen it turns out all specimens still does not meet PLN (IEC and ASTM) standards.Value test results on samples approximately (7.99 to 9.35) kV / mm and all samples do not meet the standards recommended by PLN.The test results showed that the samples no. 5 and 6 are closer to a standard of PLN.Needs to be evaluation of the composition, materials and manufacturing process of ceramic test specimen. Keywords :  raw material ceramic, specimens test, puncture voltage test, ceramic material quality.

scholarly journals SISTEM PENGENDALIAN PEMESANAN BAHAN BAKU SUSU BUBUK SERTA KEBIJAKANNYA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deden Jaelani ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Control System ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Optimal Order ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
Company Policy ◽  
One Year ◽  
Optimal Ordering

Formula milk production companies are faced with an optimal ordering control system. The availability of raw materials is a measure of the performance of the ordering system at a low cost. This research was conducted to determine the optimal order point with a minimum ordering cost. Ordering decision making is considered from company policy because of the budget. The results of this study indicate that the frequency of purchasing raw materials is 9 times the purchase of raw materials in one year period, 12 times a year of policy. The total purchase of raw material inventories was Rp. 48,671,774, and the policy was Rp. 50,765,157.35 per year. The savings in ordering costs amounted to Rp. 2,093,383.35. The reorder point is 5,634 pcs.

scholarly journals Two-Way Traceability using Smart Tags (QR): DL Tags

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 307-311
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Quick Response ◽  
Android Application ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
Response Code ◽  
Quick Response Code

The main goal of this project is to provide proof of goods from the start and their path through the supply chain along with preventing duplication and low-cost exploitation of goods. The network between the company and its suppliers can be described as a supply chain to manufacture and distribute a specific product to the final customers. This network encompasses numerous operations, persons, organizations, knowledge and resources. So, in order to helps the costumers and manufactures by bringing the transparency and avoiding the duplication. The Quick Response code (QR) is generated at the final stage of the production by combing the data from the various blocks of data such as from the raw materials to the dealers. This is a web-based application where every entity gets registered. Every raw material, manufactured sub product is to be given unique id and the data regarding that has to be stored in block of data. Everyone is provided with login and an automated unique id are generated at every stage so that all can be combined to obtain a final Quick Response code (QR) which the customer scans by Android application to get the details about the product.

scholarly journals Kajian Peningkatan Potensi Ekspor Pelet Kayu Indonesia sebagai Sumber Energi Biomassa yang Terbarukan

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Tulus Pangapoi Sidabutar
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
World Today

Dunia saat ini mulai beralih dari menggunakan batu bara ke sumber energi yang terbarukan. Salah satunya adalah pelet kayu demi mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca dan meningkatkan penggunaan energi terbarukan pengganti energi fosil. Produsen utama pelet kayu di dunia saat ini adalah Amerika Serikat sedangkan untuk wilayah ASEAN adalah Vietnam. Di ASEAN, potensi Indonesia tidak kalah dari Vietnam. Indonesia unggul dalam jumlah luas hutan tanam dan pertanian yang lebih luas dibandingkan Vietnam. Selain itu, keragaman hayati tumbuhan yang ada dapat dijadikan sumber bahan baku pelet kayu yang unik dibandingkan pesaing lainnya. Legalisasi dan regulasi untuk keberlangsungan bahan baku merupakan persyaratan utama untuk memasuki pasar Eropa. Pemerintah Indonesia memberikan dukungan penuh dengan semakin mudahnya perijinan terkait legalisasi dan keberlangsungan bahan baku kayu. Study of Increasing the Export Potential of Indonesia Wood Pellets as a Source of the Renewable Biomass Energy SourceAbstractThe world today is beginning to switch from using coal into renewable energy sources. One of them is wood pellets in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase the use of renewable energy substitute for fossil energy. The major manufacturer of wood pellets in the world today is the United States, while for the ASEAN region is Vietnam. In ASEAN, Indonesia’s potential is not less than Vietnam. Indonesia superior in numbers of forests and agricultural crops compare to Vietnam. In addition, the existing plant biodiversity that can be used as a source of raw material for wood pellets are unique compared to other competitors. Legalization and regulation in terms of the sustainability of raw materials is a key requirement to enter the European market. The Indonesian government gave full support to the more easily permits related legalization and sustainability of wood raw material.

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