Localized Climatisation of Perishable Products: Solutions for Increasing Energy Efficiency

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Wagner ◽  
Mirko Schäfer ◽  
Long Phan ◽  
Alexander Schlüter ◽  
Jens Hesselbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Perishable Products ◽  
Refrigeration System ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
The Usa

Many industries have significant requirements regarding temperature control, air humidity and air pollution which must be strictly adhered to avoid bacterial formation and contamination. High refrigeration specifications are only required in certain areas. However, these specifications are often applied across the whole production hall which results in unnecessarily high energy demand and usage. A more energy efficient approach is the localized cooling of the product, which conditions the direct environment of the product only. This leads to the consideration of separating or localizing the products specifically requiring refrigeration in the production hall. In this paper, localized product cooling systems are analyzed in order to identify the savings potential associated with a localized refrigeration system. The study shows the energy savings potential for a manufacturing company located in three different locations: in Germany, Canada and the USA.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT RETROFIT POTENTIAL FOR GOVERNMENT OFFICES IN INDIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 03-17
Author(s):  
Gazal Dandia ◽  
◽  
Pratheek Sudhakaran ◽  
Chaitali Basu ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
The Cost

Introduction: High energy consumption by buildings is a great threat to the environment and one of the major causes of climate change. With a population of 1.4 billion people and one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, India is extremely vital for the future of global energy markets. The energy demand for construction activities continues to rise and it is responsible for over one-third of global final energy consumption. Currently, buildings in India account for 35% of total energy consumption and the value is growing by 8% annually. Around 11% of total energy consumption are attributed to the commercial sector. Energy-efficient retrofitting of the built environments created in recent decades is a pressing urban challenge. Presently, most energy-efficient retrofit projects focus mainly on the engineering aspects. In this paper, we evaluate various retrofitting options, such as passive architectural interventions, active technological interventions, or a combination of both, to create the optimum result for the selected building. Methods: Based on a literature study and case examples, we identified various energy-efficient retrofit measures, and then examined and evaluated those as applied to the case study of Awas Bhawan (Rajasthan Housing Board Headquarters), Jaipur, India. For the evaluation, we developed a simulation model using EQuest for each energy measure and calculated the resultant energy savings. Then, based on the cost of implementation and the cost of energy saved, we calculated the payback period. Finally, an optimum retrofit solution was formulated with account for the payback period and ease of installation. Results and discussion: The detailed analysis of various energy-efficient retrofit measures as applied to the case study indicates that the most feasible options for retrofit resulting in optimum energy savings with short payback periods include passive architecture measures and equipment upgrades.

scholarly journals Electrochemical synthesis of nitric acid from air and ammonia through waste utilization

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 730-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuting Wang ◽  
Yifu Yu ◽  
Ranran Jia ◽  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Bin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Isotope Labeling ◽  
Reaction Path ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Waste Utilization ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Electrocatalytic Reduction ◽  
Green Production

ABSTRACT Commercial nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonia (NH3) are mostly produced through the Ostwald process and the Haber-Bosch process, respectively. However, high energy demand and enormous greenhouse gas accompy these processes. The development of economical and green ways to synthesize HNO3 and NH3 is highly desirable for solving the global energy and environmental crisis. Here, we present two energy-efficient and environmentally friendly strategies to synthesize HNO3 and NH3 at distributed sources, including the electrocatalytic oxidation of N2 in air to HNO3 and the electrocatalytic reduction of residual ${\rm NO_{3}^{-}}$ contamination in water to NH3. The isotope-labeling studies combined with theoretical calculation reveal the reaction path of the two proposed strategies, confirming the origin of the electrochemical products. Importantly, the electrooxidation-generated ${\rm NO_{3}^{-}}$ ions may also serve as reactants for the electroreduction synthesis of NH3 in the future. Our work may open avenues for energy-efficient and green production of HNO3 and NH3 at distributed sources.

scholarly journals Always a price to pay: hibernation at low temperatures comes with a trade-off between energy savings and telomere damage

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 20190466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Nowack ◽  
Iris Tarmann ◽  
Franz Hoelzl ◽  
Steve Smith ◽  
Sylvain Giroud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Temperature Differential ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Telomere Dynamics

We experimentally tested the costs of deep torpor at low temperatures by comparing telomere dynamics in two species of rodents hibernating at either 3 or 14°C. Our data show that hibernators kept at the warmer temperature had higher arousal frequencies, but maintained longer telomeres than individuals hibernating at the colder temperature. We suggest that the high-energy demand of frequent arousals is counteracted by a lower temperature differential between torpid and euthermic body temperature and that telomere length is restored during arousals when the body temperature is returned to normothermic values. Taken together, our study shows that hibernation at low body temperatures comes with costs on a cellular level and that hibernators need to actively counterbalance the shortening of telomeres.

scholarly journals Identifying Retrofitting Strategies to Achieve Energy Efficient Building Design in Existing Buildings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadi Salah ◽  
Merve Tuna Kayılı
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Building Design ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Insulation Material ◽  
Existing Buildings ◽  
The North ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Energy Efficient Building

Reducing the energy needs of existing buildings has a significant place in reducing global energy demands. High energy savings can be achieved with passive renovation suggestions in existing buildings. In this study, the effect of the proposed renovations for an educational structure in Safranbolu on the heating and cooling demands of the building was determined with a simulation program. Energy improvements of up to 70 percent have been achieved through passive improvement designs in orientation and insulation material. The highest energy saving (69.31 %) was realized through a scenario of rearranging spaces from the north side to the south side where the number of users is relatively high and selecting a 20 cm aerogel thermal insulation material. While the heating and cooling load, in accordance with the definition of a zero-energy building, could not be reached in this scenario, the study showed the importance of holistic decisions taken in the design phase of the building with respect to energy-efficient building design.

Pressing Technologies for ELVs

2016 ◽  
Vol 832 ◽  
pp. 224-230
Author(s):  
Marek Štefanka ◽  
Ľubomír Šooš ◽  
Viliam Čačko ◽  
Juraj Ondruška
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Hard Metal ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
New Device ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
Sealing Glass

This article explains the physical features of various methods of compaction, primarily for end of life vehicle (ELV) bodies coming from ELV processors. By EU directive 2000/53/EC it is mandatory for all EU members to meet the reuse of 95 % of the old vehicle weight. It means that the vehicles have to be decomposed completely – metal shells freed from all the components like interior trim, rubber sealing, glass, all the liquids, seats tanks and other hard metal components like drive-train, engine etc. It follows that pressing machines used for compressing whole vehicles today, are overpowered, with high energy demand, robust structures and heavy weight. Hence it makes sense to concentrate on comparison of pressing methods and choosing the most energy efficient one and the designing a new device, if necessary. This device is aimed for operation in Slovak Republic but also usable in other countries with same or similar requirements such as optimized system for processing of car bodies, mobile concept and modularity of the whole mobile modular disintegration complex consisting of a pressing machine, shears and shredder. Car body structure

OPTIMAL WINDOW GEOMETRY FACTORS FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN PORTUGAL

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge S. Carlos
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Thermal Discomfort ◽  
Building Component ◽  
U Value ◽  
High Energy Consumption ◽  
Optimal Window

INTRODUCTION With respect to thermal performance, windows are the weakest component of the building envelope, essentially because the U-value is usually higher than the opaque envelope. This would allow the highest heat conductance of the building envelope. However, it also helps buildings to gain useful solar heat during winter. Therefore, it has been generally accepted that passive buildings would have small windows towards the poles and large windows facing the equator (Persson, Roos, and Wall 2006). In spite of this guideline, large or fully glazed facades have been used in modern architecture. The intensive use of air conditioning is the result of overheating and high thermal loss problems, which otherwise would lead to thermal discomfort. This extensive use of large windows associated with high energy consumption has motivated researchers to study this building component. Window areas were investigated by Persson et al. (Persson, Roos, and Wall 2006) on 20 terraced houses with larger windows facing the equator and built in Gothenburg. The building envelope was well insulated and fitted with energy efficient windows. It was found that energy efficient windows do not have a major influence on the heating demand in the winter, but it is relevant for the cooling need in summer. Therefore, reduced indoor illuminance due to small windows can be solved by enlarging them in order to obtain relevant daylighting conditions. When efficient windows are designed for a warm climate, as in Mexico, reducing heat flux and solar transmittance indoors was the best option for energy savings (Aguilar et al. 2017). However, reducing solar transmittance influences the indoor illuminance, which was not analyzed.

scholarly journals Reduction of air pollution as a basis for a healthy urban environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 01042
Author(s):  
Anna Lis
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
The World ◽  
Environmental Causes

The WHO report shows that air in the majority of cities in the world is polluted to a large extent. Air pollution is one of the basic environmental causes of premature deaths in the world. The main source of air pollution in cities is the low emission associated with fuel combustion to generate heat for buildings heating, communication and industry. The existing buildings in Poland are characterized by high energy and, consequently, ecological potential. The aim is to estimate predicted energetic and ecological effects of activities that adapt existing residential buildings to the requirements for the thermal protection of buildings in Poland and presenting the possibility of using renewable energy sources. The energy demand for heating buildings at 60-70 kWh/(m2rok) has been adopted. The calculations show that as a result of this adjustment, the energy demand for heating in residential buildings may decrease by an average of around 67% compared to 2011. Such actions will reduce the overall emissions of air pollution from households by reducing the energy requirement for heating apartments from about 30% to about 67%, depending on the type of pollutant.

Determination of fixed expenses in central heating costs allocation

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 810-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Joachim Gelegenis ◽  
Douglas Harris ◽  
Danae Diakoulaki ◽  
Helen Lampropoulou ◽  
George Giannakidis
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Cost Allocation ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Heating System ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Central Heating ◽  
Detailed Simulation ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the reduction in efficiency of central heating systems of multi-family buildings when independent heating capability is offered to each apartment, to access the impact of the applied heating cost allocation (HCA) on this deterioration and suggest highly cost-effective ways (operation, control strategy, alternative HCA) of overcoming them at minimum cost. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reveals the problem of reduced efficiency in centrally heated multi-family dwellings through two case studies in real buildings, where data-loggers were installed and performance curve analysis was performed, in combination with detailed simulation. Findings – The paper finds that the enforcement of a suitable HCA regulation is a prerequisite to achieving energy savings in centrally heated multi-family dwellings. In addition the effects of dissimilarly heated apartments on the total energy demand and the significance of indirect heating and how these should be charged, are assessed. It is found that convenient operation of the central heating system may lead to high energy cost savings and higher efficiency at no cost. Research limitations/implications – HCA adopted more than three decades ago should be revised according to the present situation, namely, increasing fuel costs, existence of many low income families, energy poverty, availability of alternative (or supplementary) heating devices and better building envelopes. Practical implications – Occupants of multi-family dwellings should be appropriately educated and agree on rational use of the common heating system of the building. Originality/value – The paper identifies weak points of valid HCA regulation, reveals inefficiencies in centrally heated multi-family dwellings and measures the actual effectiveness of remedying measures. Detailed simulation contributes to the scientific documentation of the findings.

scholarly journals Nearly Zero Energy Standard for Non-Residential Buildings with High Energy Demands—An Empirical Case Study Using the State Related Properties of Bavaria

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Keltsch ◽  
Werner Lang ◽  
Thomas Auer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
The State ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Primary Energy Demand ◽  
New Buildings

The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2010 calls for the Nearly Zero Energy Standard for new buildings from 2021 onwards: Buildings using “almost no energy” are powered by renewable sources or energy produced by the building itself. For residential buildings, this ambitious new standard has already been reached. But for other building types this goal is still far away. The potential of these buildings to meet a Nearly Zero Energy Standard was investigated by analyzing ten case studies representing non-residential buildings with different uses. The analysis shows that the primary characteristics common to critical building types are a dense building context with a very high degree of technical installation (such as hospital, research and laboratory buildings). The large primary energy demand of these types of buildings cannot be compensated by building and property-related energy generation including off-site renewables. If the future Nearly Zero Energy Standard were to be defined with lower requirements because of this, the state related properties of Bavaria suggest that the real potential energy savings available in at least 85% of all new buildings would be insufficiently exploited. Therefore, it would be useful to instead individualize the legal energy verification process for new buildings to distinguish critical building types such as laboratories and hospitals.

scholarly journals Industrial Decarbonization by a New Energy-Baseline Methodology. Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1960
Author(s):  
Rosaura Castrillón-Mendoza ◽  
Javier M. Rey-Hernández ◽  
Francisco J. Rey-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
The Impact

The main target of climate change policies in the majority of industrialized countries is to reduce energy consumption in their facilities, which would reduce the carbon emissions that are generated. Through this idea, energy management plans are developed, energy reduction targets are established, and energy-efficient technologies are applied to achieve high energy savings, which are environmentally compatible. In order to evaluate the impact of their operations and investments, companies promote measures of performance in their energy management plans. An integral part of measuring energy performance is the establishment of energy baselines applicable to the complete facility that provide a basis for evaluating energy efficiency improvements and incorporating energy performance indicators. The implementation of energy management systems in accordance with the requirements of ISO Standard 50001 is a contribution to the aim and strategies for improving cleaner production in industries. This involves an option for the industry to establish energy benchmarks to evaluate performance, predict energy consumption, and align production with the lowest possible consumption of primary and secondary forms of energy. Ultimately, this goal should lead to the manufacturing of cleaner products that are environmentally friendly, energy efficient, and are in accordance with the global environmental targets of cleaner manufacturing. This paper discusses an alternative for establishing energy baselines for the industrial sector in which several products are produced from a single raw material, and we determined the energy consumption of each product and its impact on the overall efficiency of the industry at the same time. The method is applied to the plastic injection process and the result is an energy baseline (EBL) in accordance with the requirements of ISO 50001, which serves as a reference for determining energy savings. The EBL facilitates a reduction in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in sectors such as plastics, a sector which accounts for 15% of Colombia’s manufacturing GDP.

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