Development of API 5L X-80 Plates and Pipes at Essar Steel

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Kulkarni ◽  
Sirshendu Chatterjee ◽  
Yogesh Patel ◽  
Nitin Amte
Keyword(s):  
High Strength ◽  
Alloy Design ◽  
Hot Strip Mill ◽  
Plate Mill ◽  
Development Activity ◽  
The World ◽  
Pipeline Networks ◽  
Major Producer ◽  
Growing Economy ◽  
The Cost

India is a large and rapidly growing economy. The energy requirements of the country in terms of oil products and natural gas is also huge. Given its vast geographical size, there is ever-growing need to transport these oil & gas products over large distances but economically. For this purpose, several new projects for laying of new pipeline networks are at different stages of planning. In order to keep the cost of such large pipeline projects lower, countries around the world have shifted to higher strength API grades of steel. This was facilitated by advances in steel-making and processing technology and modern facilities that came up in advanced countries. India is no different and we have seen a gradual shift towards higher strength API grades being used for pipelines. Essar Steel has been a major producer of API grades of steel in India over the last 15 years initially through its hot-strip mill and more recently adding a state-of-the-art 5M wide plate mill as well as pipe mills, both LSAW & HSAW. Different alloy designs have been used around the world to produce high strength and high toughness API grades. These have produced essentially two types of microstructures which are either ferrite + pearlite or ferrite + acicular ferrite. But these microstructures show varying response to the pipe-making process. Choice of alloy design also has a major bearing on the cost of steel, but is partly influenced by mill capability. At Essar, while cost was a major determining criterion for selection of suitable alloy design, mill capability was not a constraint. Essar Steel has successfully produced X-80 plates and pipes with a modified HTP alloy design and using the new facilities of plate mill & pipe mill. The paper gives some of the key highlights of this development activity. This was a collaborative effort between the metallurgists & engineers at Essar Steel India Limited and experts from CBMM.

scholarly journals Analysis of the development of consumption and production of steel cord

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-59
Author(s):  
A. V. Vedeneev ◽  
Yu. L. Bobarikin ◽  
V. P. Zalewski
Keyword(s):  
High Strength ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
South American ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Metal Cord ◽  
Automotive Market ◽  
Steady Growth ◽  
The World ◽  
Steel Cord ◽  
The Cost

Dynamics of development of sales of cars in the world is considered. The steady growth of car sales in the period 2013–2018 was determined. It is determined that in just nine months of 2018, 71 153 025 cars were registered in the world, which is 1.7% more than in the nine months of 2017, and according to the data of the ASEAN (European Association of car manufacturers), 11 951 957 cars were registered in the automotive market of the European Union countries in the nine months of 2018 in the EU, which is 2.5% more than in the same period of 2017. It is determined that despite some decline in production in Japan, South Korea, the rest of the traditional car manufacturers in Europe and North America show a steady pace of development, built and planned construction of new modern production of automotive equipment mainly in the Asian and South American regions. Analysis of the development of metal cord production showed that it is expected to increase investment in the production of metal cord with a planned increase in production by 22% until 2022. At the same time, the greatest growth should fall on passenger and lightcargo tires. Due to the increasing competition in the metal cord market, the development of the latter is in the direction of highstrength structures. The transition to a high-strength metal cord attracts the possibility of reducing the weight of tires, increasing their mobility and reducing the cost per unit weight of the metal cord with an equally strong replacement of structures in tires.

Glembotskaya G.T., Eremin S.Yu. Scientific and practical approach to optimizing costs on development and promotion of drugs

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Галина Глембоцкая ◽  
Galina Glembockaya ◽  
Станислав Еремин ◽  
Stanislav Eremin
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Registration Phase

In order to identify promising strategic development possibilities for the pharmaceutical industry in the Russian Federation, a pilot study was conducted, which has analyzed the main trends in the development of innovative medicines. As a result of the content analysis of available sources of scientific literature, the characteristics of options used in the world practice for increasing the innovative activity of individual subjects and the pharmaceutical market as a whole are presented. Possible reserves for the further development of the innovative component of the pharmaceutical market within the framework of the concept of personalized medicine according to the P4 principle (predictive - personalized - preventive - participatory) are identified and structured. The results of use by individual pharmaceutical companies of scientifically and practically justified approaches to optimizing the costs of development and promoting drugs are presented. The advantages and real prospects of a generally accepted method to reduce the cost of development by «expanding the pharmacological effect» (label expansion) of already existing drugs with a known safety profile in the world practice are shown. A scientific generalization and structuring of the goals and results of the post-registration phase of clinical trials to expand the pharmacological action of a number of drugs already existed at the market have been carried out.

Electrospun Mussel-derived Silk Fibers

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Tian ◽  
Dan-Ni Yu ◽  
Yi-Ming Xu ◽  
Xu-Yin Ding ◽  
Zhou-Yu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Strength ◽  
Alcohol Solution ◽  
Protein Solution ◽  
High Mechanical Strength ◽  
Silk Fibers ◽  
Spider Dragline Silk ◽  
Blue Mussels ◽  
Wetting Properties ◽  
The World ◽  
Silkworm Silk

Background: Though there are many patents on silk, patents on sea silk are rare. Sea silk is one of the most coveted materials in the world, and the technology to make sea silk is at an extremely high risk of extinction. Unlike spider dragline silk and silkworm silk, this natural silk has been forgotten in the academic commune for millennia, though it has many fascinating properties: high strength, remarkable adhesion, extreme lightweight, and others. Method: Here we report that mussel-derived silk fibers can be fabricated by electrospinning. Instead of extracting proteins from byssus, we directly use the protein solution from alive blue mussels, which are intensely commercially used. The protein solution and the polyvinyl alcohol solution are mixed together to produce mussel-based silk fibers. Results: The mussel-based silk fibers have many special properties like high mechanical strength, remarkable super-contraction and good wetting properties. Conclusion: The electrospinning mussel-based silk fibers have the potential for use as a replacement for the rarest sea silk and as a new bio-inspired material with multi-functions.

scholarly journals Punishment Strategies across Societies: Conventional Wisdoms Reconsidered

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Ramzi Suleiman ◽  
Yuval Samid
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Public Goods Game ◽  
The Public ◽  
Free Riders ◽  
The World ◽  
Emergence Of Cooperation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost

Experiments using the public goods game have repeatedly shown that in cooperative social environments, punishment makes cooperation flourish, and withholding punishment makes cooperation collapse. In less cooperative social environments, where antisocial punishment has been detected, punishment was detrimental to cooperation. The success of punishment in enhancing cooperation was explained as deterrence of free riders by cooperative strong reciprocators, who were willing to pay the cost of punishing them, whereas in environments in which punishment diminished cooperation, antisocial punishment was explained as revenge by low cooperators against high cooperators suspected of punishing them in previous rounds. The present paper reconsiders the generality of both explanations. Using data from a public goods experiment with punishment, conducted by the authors on Israeli subjects (Study 1), and from a study published in Science using sixteen participant pools from cities around the world (Study 2), we found that: 1. The effect of punishment on the emergence of cooperation was mainly due to contributors increasing their cooperation, rather than from free riders being deterred. 2. Participants adhered to different contribution and punishment strategies. Some cooperated and did not punish (‘cooperators’); others cooperated and punished free riders (‘strong reciprocators’); a third subgroup punished upward and downward relative to their own contribution (‘norm-keepers’); and a small sub-group punished only cooperators (‘antisocial punishers’). 3. Clear societal differences emerged in the mix of the four participant types, with high-contributing pools characterized by higher ratios of ‘strong reciprocators’, and ‘cooperators’, and low-contributing pools characterized by a higher ratio of ‘norm keepers’. 4. The fraction of ‘strong reciprocators’ out of the total punishers emerged as a strong predictor of the groups’ level of cooperation and success in providing the public goods.

Hospitality at community wells: The life-giving waters of John 4:7–15

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 526-535
Author(s):  
Cindy Bolden
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
God's Love ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Church ◽  
Samaritan Woman

Jesus’s encounter with the Samaritan woman at the well is a paradigmatic text for the Church, showing new possibilities for how the Church can engage the world, specifically engagement through invitational conversation and acts of charity at modern-day community wells. A Place at the Table is a pay-what-you-can café in Raleigh, North Carolina. Patrons can pay the suggested price, less than the suggested price, redeem a token worth the cost of a meal, or pay by volunteering at the café. Patrons who are able to “pay it forward” can further support the mission by tipping or buying meal tokens for others. At this café, a space reminiscent of an ancient “community well,” thirsty travelers receive the life-giving waters of acceptance, connection, and sustenance. The custom of hospitality is a life-giving and transformational practice for the Church, a viable and tangible way to connect with its neighbor and draw all persons into the experience of God’s love.

scholarly journals Materials for Automotive Lightweighting

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Taub ◽  
Emmanuel De Moor ◽  
Alan Luo ◽  
David K. Matlock ◽  
John G. Speer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Galvanic Corrosion ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
High Strength Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Specific Strength ◽  
Advanced High Strength Steels ◽  
Strength And Stiffness ◽  
The Cost

Reducing the weight of automobiles is a major contributor to increased fuel economy. The baseline materials for vehicle construction, low-carbon steel and cast iron, are being replaced by materials with higher specific strength and stiffness: advanced high-strength steels, aluminum, magnesium, and polymer composites. The key challenge is to reduce the cost of manufacturing structures with these new materials. Maximizing the weight reduction requires optimized designs utilizing multimaterials in various forms. This use of mixed materials presents additional challenges in joining and preventing galvanic corrosion.

India–Myanmar Relations

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-99
Author(s):  
Gaurav Kumar Jha ◽  
Amrita Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
World Order ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Market Interdependence

Despite long historical ties, post-colonial relations between India and Myanmar have fluctuated between magnanimity and mistrust. While India often stood for high moral grounds and promotion of democracy, it did so at the cost of losing Myanmar to China. This affected both India and Myanmar adversely: while New Delhi’s economic, energy and security interests were hurt, isolated Yangon became more China-dependent. However, since the early 1990s, domestic developments in Myanmar and post-Cold War structural changes in the world order necessitated conditions for cooperation and mutual gains. It appears that blatant domestic suppression in, and international seclusion of, Myanmar is not desirable. Having witnessed two eras of magnanimity and mistrust, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s visit to Myanmar in 2012 heralds a prospective era of market interdependence while opening Pandora’s box: can India get a better share of Myanmar’s commercial possibilities without compromising its core interests in promoting democracy, development and diaspora protection?

Desire for Attention

1977 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Welford
Keyword(s):  
Social Skills ◽  
Personal Relationships ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Community Attitudes ◽  
Inhibit Action ◽  
The World ◽  
Inhibitory Feedback ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Seeking of attention appears to be intimately bound up with certain principles of motivation, especially the seeking of observable results of action and of optimum levels of stimulation, variety and challenge, and the relationship between results and the cost of achieving them—a high cost will tend to inhibit action but enhance the value subsequently placed upon what is achieved. These principles can be applied to personal relationships: thus friendship can be regarded as a situation involving facilitative feedback between persons, hostility as involving inhibitory feedback and loneliness as occurring when there is no feedback. Which of these situations occurs appears to depend upon the relationships between the costs and benefits of interaction between the persons concerned. The care of psychiatric or senile patients in the community appears likely to impose demands for attention which are unreasonably severe (“costly”). Any attempt to change community attitudes in the hope of securing greater acceptance of such demands appears to be unrealistic. Substantial benefits could probably be attained in many cases from training in skills, especially social skills, which would enable patients to cope more effectively with the world as it is.

How Do Campaign Spending Limits Affect Elections? Evidence from the United Kingdom 1885–2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
ALEXANDER FOUIRNAIES
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Campaign Spending ◽  
House Of Commons ◽  
Electoral Campaigns ◽  
Limit Formula ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Legal Constraints ◽  
The Cost

In more than half of the democratic countries in the world, candidates face legal constraints on how much money they can spend on their electoral campaigns, yet we know little about the consequences of these restrictions. I study how spending limits affect UK House of Commons elections. I contribute new data on the more than 70,000 candidates who ran for a parliamentary seat from 1885 to 2019, and I document how much money each candidate spent, how they allocated their resources across different spending categories, and the spending limit they faced. To identify the effect on elections, I exploit variation in spending caps induced by reforms of the spending-limit formula that affected some but not all constituencies. The results indicate that when the level of permitted spending is increased, the cost of electoral campaigns increases, which is primarily driven by expenses related to advertisement and mainly to the disadvantage of Labour candidates; the pool of candidates shrinks and elections become less competitive; and the financial and electoral advantages enjoyed by incumbents are amplified.

Problematizing the Privatization of Water

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Gamero
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
World Bank ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Special Interest Groups ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Human Right ◽  
The World ◽  
Precious Resource ◽  
The Cost

This presentation will focus on the issue of the privatization of water. The privatization of water is currently being facilitated by the growth of trade liberalization and the free trade policies of international organizations like the IMF and World Bank. It is also growing due to the neoliberal policies of states and because of the increasing power of the private sector (including well- funded lobby and special interest groups) over the policies of governments. The principal arguments and viewpoints of those who both support and oppose the privatization of water will be examined and evaluated. In particular, arguments concerning the cost and accessibility of water for people will be studied. The effects and implications of privatization in highly diverse communities in both developed and developing countries will be discussed. An example from the community of Cochabamba in Bolivia will be analyzed, showing many of the drawbacks that can come with the privatization of water. This presentation will argue that water is a precious resource which ought not to be treated as a commodity. Instead, it should be treated as a human right that no individual or corporation should make a monetary profit from. Governments ought to provide safe drinking water for their citizens, rather than leaving this duty to the private sector as is happening in many parts of the world.

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