Developing Guidelines for On-Stream Mechanical Cleaning of a Complex Pipeline Network

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Husain Mohammed Al-Muslim ◽  
Nader A. Al-Otaibi ◽  
Mashaan Alshammari
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Gap Analysis ◽  
Subject Matter Experts ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Pipeline Network ◽  
Product Flow ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The One ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
Push Out

On-stream pipeline cleaning is essential to pipeline operations in terms of maintaining both pipeline efficiency, as well as integrity. Running effective brush cleaning pigs through pipelines will remove accumulated solid debris as well as smoothen the pipe wall. This will reduce pipeline pressure as well as increase product flow. A pig with sealing discs will push out accumulated condensates in gas pipelines and will prevent internal corrosion. The concept is simple, but the implementation is challenging for a complex pipeline network such as the one covered in this paper. The network consists of different types of services both upstream and downstream including oil, gas, and refined products. The pipeline sizes range from 3″ to 56″. The age of pipes vary from 50 years old to new installations and accordingly, their conditions and cleanliness vary. Although pigging is largely based on experience and it is more of an art than a defined science, the complexity of the network needed a systematic approach to develop meaningful and useful guidelines. The approach included conducting gap analysis of current pigging practices in the company, interviews with the senior Operators and subject matter experts, and reviewing the latest literature including manufacturer brochures. The developed guidelines include selection criteria, design, material, as well as measurement effectiveness. The objective of the paper is to present the approach taken to develop the guidelines, as well as to give an overview of the guidelines themselves.

scholarly journals A Bird’s-Eye View of Cell Sources for Cell-Based Therapies in Blood Cancers

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1333
Author(s):  
Benjamin Motais ◽  
Sandra Charvátová ◽  
Matouš Hrdinka ◽  
Michal Šimíček ◽  
Tomáš Jelínek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Antigen Receptors ◽  
Chimeric Antigen Receptors ◽  
Blood Cancer ◽  
Cell Based Therapy ◽  
Cell Source ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cell Sources ◽  
The One ◽  
Initial Results

Hematological malignancies comprise over a hundred different types of cancers and account for around 6.5% of all cancers. Despite the significant improvements in diagnosis and treatment, many of those cancers remain incurable. In recent years, cancer cell-based therapy has become a promising approach to treat those incurable hematological malignancies with striking results in different clinical trials. The most investigated, and the one that has advanced the most, is the cell-based therapy with T lymphocytes modified with chimeric antigen receptors. Those promising initial results prepared the ground to explore other cell-based therapies to treat patients with blood cancer. In this review, we want to provide an overview of the different types of cell-based therapies in blood cancer, describing them according to the cell source.

Plausibility and Aesthetic Interpretation

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Dutton
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inquiry Science ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Logical Structures ◽  
The One

If a catalogue were made of terms commonly used to affirm the adequacy of critical interpretations of works of art, one word certain to be included would be “plausible.” Yet this term is one which has received precious little attention in the literature of aesthetics. This is odd, inasmuch as I find the notion of plausibility central to an understanding of the nature of criticism. “Plausible” is a perplexing term because it can have radically different meanings depending on the circumstances of its employment. ln the following discussion, I will make some observations about the logic of this concept in connection with its uses in two rather different contexts: the context of scientific inquiry on the one hand, and that of aesthetic interpretation on the other. In distinguishing separate senses of “plausible,” I shall provide reason to resist the temptation to imagine that because logical aspects of two different types of inquiry—science and criticism—happen to be designated by the same term, they may to that extent be considered to have similar logical structures.

Fluid turbulence simulations of divertor heat load for ITER hybrid scenario using BOUT++

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueyun Wang ◽  
Xueqiao Xu ◽  
Philip B Snyder ◽  
Zeyu Li
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Heat Load ◽  
Type I ◽  
Fluid Turbulence ◽  
Drift Model ◽  
Steady State Operation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The One

Abstract The BOUT++ six-field turbulence code is used to simulate the ITER 11.5MA hybrid scenario and a brief comparison is made among ITER baseline, hybrid and steady-state operation (SSO) scenarios. Peeling-ballooning instabilities with different toroidal mode numbers dominate in different scenarios and consequently yield different types of ELMs. The energy loss fractions (ΔWped/Wped) caused by unmitigated ELMs in the baseline and hybrid scenarios are large (~2%) while the one in the SSO scenario is dramatically smaller (~1%), which are consistent with the features of type-I ELMs and grassy ELMs respectively. The intra ELM divertor heat flux width in the three scenarios given by the simulations is larger than the estimations for inter ELM phase based on Goldston’s heuristic drift model. The toroidal gap edge melting limit of tungsten monoblocks of divertor targets imposes constraints on ELM energy loss, giving that the ELM energy loss fraction should be smaller than 0.4%, 1.0%, and 1.2% for ITER baseline, hybrid and SSO scenarios, correspondingly. The simulation shows that only the SSO scenario with grassy ELMs may satisfy the constraint.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Handheld Gluten Detection Device

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. 1723-1728 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEVE L. TAYLOR ◽  
JULIE A. NORDLEE ◽  
SHYAMALI JAYASENA ◽  
JOSEPH L. BAUMERT
Keyword(s):  
Ice Cream ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Specific Enzyme ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Food Matrices ◽  
The One ◽  
Addition Level ◽  
Positive Results

ABSTRACT A portable, handheld gluten detection device, the Nima sensor, is now available for consumers wishing to determine if gluten is present in food. By U.S. regulation, gluten-free foods should contain <20 ppm of gluten. Thirteen gluten-free foods (muffins, three different types of bread, three different types of pasta, puffed corn snack, ice cream, meatballs, vinegar and oil salad dressing, oatmeal, and dark chocolate) were prepared; each food was spiked on a weight to weight basis with gluten levels of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 100 ppm before processing or preparation. Unprocessed and processed foods were tested with the handheld gluten sensor and by two gluten-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) on the basis of the R5 and G12 monoclonal antibodies, respectively. The portable gluten detection device detected gluten in all food types at the 30-ppm addition level, failing to detect gluten in only 5 (6.4%) of 78 subsamples. At the 20-ppm addition level, the portable gluten detection device failed to detect gluten in one type of pasta but detected gluten residues in 63 (87.5%) of 72 other subsamples. The device was able to detect gluten at the 10-ppm addition level in 9 of the 13 food matrices (41 of 54 subsamples, 75.9%) but not in the three types of pasta and the puffed corn snack. The gluten-sensing device did not perform reliably at the 5-ppm addition level in 11 of 13 food matrices (exceptions: ice cream and muffins). In contrast, the ELISA methods were highly reliable at gluten addition levels of ≥10 ppm in all food matrices. The portable gluten detection device yielded a low percentage of false-positive results (4 of 111, 3.6%) in these food matrices. Thus, this handheld portable gluten sensor performed reliably in the detection of gluten in foods having ≥20 ppm of added gluten with only 18 (5.9%) of 306 failures, if results of the one type of pasta are excluded. The device worked with greater reliability as the gluten levels in the foods increased.

scholarly journals Review of New American Studies on the Civil War (1861–1865) and Reconstruction in the USA (1865–1877) for 2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 225-239
Author(s):  
Ilya Sokov
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Scientific Principle ◽  
Question Analysis ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
The One ◽  
American Nation

Introduction. Studies of American historians on the Civil War and Reconstruction continue to be central issues in the 21st century. There is an increased public demand for these studies. The author of the analytical review of American publications tries to answer the question of what this interest is related to. Methods. The author of the review uses the methodological tools such as the scientific principle of objectivity, the special historicalcomparative method and the systematic approach to answer this question. Analysis. The author points out the main areas of studying new aspects marked by American historians of the mid-19th century. These areas include the issues and interpretations on military, political, everyday, anthropological, social and cultural, and economic history. Besides, new approaches in peer-reviewed monographs for the comprehensive coverage of the study material of this issue are highlighted. Results. The interest of academicians and the American public to studying the historical period of the Civil War and Reconstruction, on the one hand, tells about carrying the deep psycho-civilizational trauma by all subsequent generations of both white and black Americans at this time, and on the other hand, this war debunks the myth of God’s chosen destiny of the American nation to build a “City on a Hill”. Constant refinements, additions, revisions, and reinterpretations of the events and consequences of the Civil War and Reconstruction in contemporary American historiography only confirm this conclusion. The publications selected by the reviewer on this issue for 2019 not only introduce new American historical works to Russian Americanists, but also provide an opportunity to expand their own research on this issue.

Posthuman oder Übermensch. War Nietzsche ein Transhumanist?

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Skowron
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Jürgen Habermas ◽  
Eternal Recurrence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Future ◽  
The One ◽  
Michael Sandel

AbstractRecent discussions (especially in the Internet) about the question whether Nietzsche was a Transhumanist or at least a forerunner of the Transhumanist movement have drawn new attention to Nietzsche’s concept of the Overhuman and the relation to the Posthuman. The article is taking a critical stance by turning suggested analogies between education and genetic manipulation of humans into an argument against the latter, by relating self-education to self-overcoming and eternal recurrence of the same (which is excluded by Transhumanists), and by reminding of Nietzsche’s distinction between ‘Overhuman’ and ‘last human’ as two different ways to the future. Linguistic analysis of the epitheta used in speaking of the different ‘types’ in question as well as structural analogies between critical considerations in Michael Sandel and Jürgen Habermas on the one hand, Nietzsche on the other are also evidence that Nietzsche would not have endorsed the technological path to perfection of the human but would emphasize his own way of self-overcoming instead.

Public health terminology: Hindrance to a Health in All Policies approach?

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen S. Synnevåg ◽  
Roar Amdam ◽  
Elisabeth Fosse
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Health In All Policies ◽  
Health Work ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
National Public Health ◽  
The One

Aim: National public health policies in Norway are based on a Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach. At the local level, this means that public health, as a cross-sectional responsibility, should be implemented in all municipal sectors by integrating public health policies in municipal planning and management systems. The paper investigates these local processes, focusing on the use of public health terminology and how this terminology is translated from national to local contexts. We ask whether the terms ‘public health’ and ‘public health work’ are suitable when implementing an HiAP approach. Methods: A qualitative case study based on analyses of interviews and planning documents was performed in three Norwegian municipalities. Results: The results present dilemmas associated with using public health terminology when implementing an HiAP approach. On the one hand, the terms are experienced as wide, complex, advanced and unnecessary. On the other hand, the terms are experienced as important for a systematic approach towards understanding public health ideology and cross-sectional responsibility. One municipality used alternative terminology. Conclusions: This paper promotes debate about the appropriateness of using the terms ‘public health’ and ‘public health work’ at the local level. It suggests that adaptation is suitable and necessary, unless it compromises knowledge, responsibility and a systematic approach. This study concludes that the use of terminology is a central factor when implementing the Norwegian Public Health Act at the local level.

Architecture of Evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla Packevich
Keyword(s):  
Planetary System ◽  
Conflict Situation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Science Students ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New Energy ◽  
The One ◽  
Insight Into

The monograph, on the one hand, examines the period of development of the descending cycle of evolution and the associated progressive changes that show the irreversibility of the processes of formation of the planetary system. The end of one cycle and the beginning of another leads to the transformation of the system of life and the expansion of consciousness at a new energy level. On the other hand, the questions of potential opportunities for the development of the ascending phase of evolution, which goes both along the path of complexity of the organization and along the path of diversity, are considered. In the ascending evolutionary stream, what has been differentiated into the corresponding levels in the descending cycle is brought together and thus prepared to enter into new, more perfect forms of unity. It is shown that the development of humanity along its entire path depends on the interaction of energies of various forms and potentials. Understanding the relationships between different types of energy and their use provides insight into many important issues in the evolution of society. The material introduces the modern features of the existence of the male and female sexes from the energy point of view. The idea of a way out of the current conflict situation that has arisen between the sexes at the present stage of evolution is proposed. It will be useful for those interested in the problems of scientific knowledge, architects, philosophers,historians, physicists and methodologists of science, students and students of secondary schools.

The Fatigue Performance of High Performance Concrete Composite Girder

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Xu ◽  
B. Y. Zhang ◽  
Z. H. Hou
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
High Performance Concrete ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Normal Concrete ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Composite Girder ◽  
Tensile Performance ◽  
Negative Bending ◽  
The One ◽  
Push Out

<p>The application of high performance concrete has been increasingly concerned in the negative flexural region of steel‐concrete continuous composite girder because of its favorable tensile performance. However, the unclear cyclic and ultimate performance of a high performance concrete composite girder results to the problems which hinder the further application. In this case, a series of fatigue negative bending tests on HPC composite girders and fatigue push‐out tests on stud connectors in HPC were executed. The test results showed that the fatigue slip in the HPC composite girder was smaller than the normal concrete composite girder, and the fatigue life of stud in HPC was longer than the one in normal concrete. Meanwhile, according to the comparison between the stud fatigue live evaluations and test results, the AASHTO‐based evaluations were comparatively with larger safety redundancy, and JSCE was close to the test results but had smaller safety redundancy.</p>

Bletchley Park’s Sturgeon—The Fish That Laid No Eggs

Colossus ◽  
2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frode Weierud
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
German Armed Forces ◽  
Secretary Of State ◽  
Engineering Problems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The One ◽  
Second World

This chapter describes the Siemens & Halske T52 cipher machines and explains how Bletchley Park broke them. (See photograph 51.) Many authors have confused the T52 with the Tunny machine, and have erroneously linked the T52 to Colossus. The German armed forces employed three different types of teleprinter cipher machines during the Second World War: the Lorenz SZ40/42a/42b (Tunny), the Siemens & Halske Schlüs-selfernschreibmaschine (SFM—Cipher Teleprinter Machine) T52, and the one-time-tape machine T43, also manufactured by Siemens. The Siemens T52 existed in four functionally distinct models: T52a/b, T52c, T52d, and T52e (there was also the T52ca, a modified version of the T52c). At Bletchley Park all T52 models went under the code name ‘Sturgeon’. The Siemens T43 was probably the unbreakable machine that BP called ‘Thrasher’. (This came into use relatively late in the war, and appears to have been used only on a few selected links.) In 1964 Erik Boheman, the Swedish Under-Secretary of State, first revealed that Sweden had broken the T52 during the Second World War. The Swedish successes against the T52 are the topic of Chapter 26. It was only in 1984 that the British officially acknowledged that Bletchley Park had also enjoyed some success against the T52. Not only did BP intercept traffic enciphered on the T52; it also broke all the different models that it discovered. It was clear from the beginning that the T52 was a very difficult machine to break. Probably it would have remained unbroken had it not been for German security blunders in using the machines. The blame should not be put entirely on the German teleprinter operators, however: the designers of the machines at Siemens, who failed to listen to the advice of the German cryptographic experts, were also responsible. The Siemens engineers seem to have focused more on the engineering problems than on the cryptographic security of the machine. The T52a/b and the original T52c were machines with quite limited security. The T52c is an extraordinary example of how not to go about designing a cryptographic machine. The wheel-combining logic, which was meant to strengthen the machine, had exactly the opposite effect—it eased the task of breaking the machine.

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