Hydrogen Assisted Fracture of Type 316 Stainless Steel at Sub-Ambient Temperature

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. San Marchi ◽  
B. P. Somerday ◽  
X. Tang ◽  
G. H. Schiroky
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
316 Stainless Steel ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Assisted Fracture

Applications requiring the containment and transport of hydrogen gas at pressures greater than 70 MPa are anticipated in the evolving hydrogen economy infrastructure. Since hydrogen is known to alter the mechanical properties of materials, data are needed to guide the selection of materials for structural components. Type 316 austenitic stainless steels are often considered one of the best choices for resistance to hydrogen-assisted fracture; however, at sub-ambient temperatures some alloy compositions of type 316 stainless steel can become more susceptible to hydrogen-assisted fracture than others. In this study, we report the tensile properties of two heats of type 316 stainless steel, emphasizing the effects of temperature and high concentrations of internal hydrogen on these properties.

The Successful Use of Austenitic Stainless Steels in Sea Water

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (02) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.E. Moller
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Cathodic Protection ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Pump Impeller ◽  
Ocean Science ◽  
Free Service ◽  
Selection Of

Moller, G.E., International Nickel Co., Inc., Torrance, Calif. Abstract Austenitic stainless steels are providing excellent trouble-free service in sea water for pumps, propellers, valves. and other marine equipment. propellers, valves. and other marine equipment. Occasionally, a failure occurs as the result of deep localized pitting in a crevice. Data are given showing that austenitic, ferritic. and martensitic stainless steels suffer pitting in crevices and under deposits in quiescent sea water. Austenitic stainless steels remain free from attack in high-velocity sea water. Low-purity ferritic and the martensitic stainless steels frequently pit in high-velocity sea water. Crevice corrosion can be controlled effectively with cathodic protection from iron, zinc. aluminum or magnesium galvanic anodes or impressed current cathodic protection by polarization to -0.6 v vs Calomel. Austenitic stainless steel performs well in many situations because it is a component of a multi-alloy assembly utilizing iron or steel. Examples from field experience arc given. Introduction During the past decade, there has been a growing use of austenitic stainless steel in marine equipment. Most applications have been successful but an unexpected failure has been observed occasionally. It is the purpose of this paper to describe when and how to use austenitic stainless steel with success. The selection of stainless steels appears to result from the engineering requirements of new, advanced, high-speed, high-reliability commercial, pleasure, and military craft. Ocean science and pleasure, and military craft. Ocean science and engineering, offshore oil production, fishing, and ocean mining are also contributing to the selection of stainless steels for sea-water applications. The increasing use of stainless steel in the marine environment is found in work-boat propellers, pump components, bow thrusters, valves, shafting pump components, bow thrusters, valves, shafting and shaft components, through-hull fittings, parts on data-gathering buoys, fasteners, and housings of oceanographic instruments. When austenitic stainless steel has given good, corrosion-free service, it is most often found to be used as a key component in a multi component, multi-alloy assembly or system receiving the benefit of built-in cathodic protection. For example, in Fig. 1 a cast Type 304 (Alloy Casting Institute CF-4) propeller is being used on a steel seagoing tugboat with zinc anodes attached to the rudder. Fig. 2 shows a cast ACI CE-30 power-plant sea-water circulation-pump impeller free power-plant sea-water circulation-pump impeller free of any corrosion after 6 years of service that was used in combination with an austenitic cast-iron suction bell and diffuser. SPEJ p. 101

scholarly journals Fracture Threshold Measurements of Hydrogen Precharged Stainless Steel Weld Fusion Zones and Heat Affected Zones

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Ronevich ◽  
Brian P. Somerday ◽  
Chris W. San Marchi ◽  
Dorian K. Balch
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Fusion Zone ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Gas Tungsten Arc ◽  
Hydrogen Assisted Cracking ◽  
Point Bend ◽  
Subcritical Cracking

Austenitic stainless steels are used in hydrogen environments because of their generally accepted resistance to hydrogen embrittlement; however, hydrogen-assisted cracking can occur depending on the microstructures or composition of the stainless steel. One area that has not been well researched is welds and in particular heat affected zones. The goal of this work was to measure the subcritical cracking susceptibility of hydrogen precharged gas tungsten arc (GTA) welds in forged stainless steels (21Cr-6Ni-9Mn and 304L). Welds were fabricated using 308L filler metal to form 21-6-9/308L and 304L/308L weld rings, and subsequently three-point bend specimens were extracted from the fusion zone and heat affected zone and precharged in high-pressure hydrogen gas. Crack growth resistance curves were measured in air for the hydrogen precharged fusion zones and heat affected zones under rising-displacement loading, revealing significant susceptibility to subcritical cracking. Fracture thresholds of 304L/308L welds were lower than 21-6-9/308L welds which was attributed to higher ferrite fractions in 304L/308L since this phase governed the crack path. Fracture thresholds for the heat affected zone were greater than the fusion zone in 21-6-9/308L which is likely due to negligible ferrite in the heat affected zone. Modifications to the weld joint geometry through use of a single-J design were implemented to allow consistent testing of the heat affected zones by propagating the crack parallel to the fusion zone boundary. Despite low hydrogen diffusivity in the austenitic stainless steels, effects of displacement rates were observed and a critical rate was defined to yield lower-bound fracture thresholds.

Galling Resistant Surfaces on Stainless Steel Through Electrospark Alloying

1995 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Electrospark Alloying ◽  
316 Stainless Steel ◽  
Torque Wrench ◽  
Steel Surfaces ◽  
High Normal Stress ◽  
Abrasive Cutting ◽  
Severe Type

Galling is a severe type of wear usually occurring at high normal stress and small relative movement between contacting surfaces. Surface protrusions, plastic deformation, magnified increases in roughness, and final seizure of the coupled pair characterize galling. Austenitic stainless steels are particularly prone to this surface disruption and a number of processes have been used to reduce or eliminate this extreme form of adhesion. In this study 316 stainless steel surfaces are treated by means of the microwelding process electrospark alloying (ESA). A variety of electrode compositions ranging from very hard (WC) to very soft (Ag) were used in both self mated and single surfaced tests. A standard gall test supplemented by a recording torque wrench was used for evaluation of surfaces. Tests were run at normal stresses of 35.1, 123, and 211 MPa. While all the compositions evaluated eliminated galling some showed abrasive cutting and the rotational torque requirements were high. Cobalt used in a self mated couple and silver used in a single surfaced couple were found to be the superior electrode materials for eliminating galling tendencies of 316 stainless steel.

Effect of static liquid Galinstan on common metals and non-metals at temperatures up to 200 °C

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 787-798
Author(s):  
Philip Geddis ◽  
Lijun Wu ◽  
Andrew McDonald ◽  
Steven Chen ◽  
Bruce Clements
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Renewable Power ◽  
Nickel Chromium ◽  
Chromium Alloys ◽  
Selection Of

Liquid metal Galinstan (GaInSn) is corrosive in nature against other solid metals as its base component is gallium. This study experimentally investigated the compatibility of GaInSn with eight common metals at temperatures up to 200 °C for 2000 h, including aluminum, copper, brass, ferritic and austenitic stainless steels (E-brite, SS304L, SS316L), and nickel-chromium alloys (Inconel and Hastelloy). This assessment aims to assist in design and material selection of a liquid metal magnetohydrodynamics system that houses Galinstan for power generation by low temperature natural heat sources or industrial waste heat. Design and fabrication of this renewable power system required assurance of material compatibility with common construction and instrumentation materials. The most severe corrosion effects of GaInSn on the metal alloys were observed on aluminum, copper, and brass, which confirms the results of previously conducted studies. No obvious corrosion on stainless steel or nickel–chromium alloys were observed by this study, which reveals that stainless steel has a good resistance to attack by GaInSn up to 200 °C. Six non-metals were also evaluated, including acronitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), acrylic, nitrile rubber (Buna N), nylon, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and Teflon, which were deemed to be compatible with GaInSn up to the temperatures tested.

Material Selection and Fabrication, Main Steam Piping for Eddystone No. 1, 1200-F and 5000-Psi Service

1960 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Caughey ◽  
W. G. Benz
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Metallurgical Investigation ◽  
Welding Electrode ◽  
Main Steam ◽  
Steam System ◽  
Wall Stainless Steel ◽  
Selection Of

The results of a metallurgical investigation which led to and supported the selection of Type-316 stainless steel (17 Cr-13 Ni-2.5 Mo) piping and a welding electrode of 16Cr-8 Ni-2 Mo composition for fabricating the main steam system of Eddystone No. 1 are presented. The investigation revealed the comparative properties of welds in several combinations of columbium and molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steels. A brief description of the major steps required to fabricate the heavy-wall stainless-steel piping is presented.

Precipitation Strengthening Of Rapidly Solidified Austenitic Stainless Steels

1983 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Megusar ◽  
A. Chaudhry ◽  
D. Imeson ◽  
N. J. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Titanium Content ◽  
Recrystallization Temperature ◽  
316 Stainless Steel ◽  
Room Temperature Yield Strength ◽  
Rapidly Solidified

ABSTRACTPrecipitation kinetics was studied in a rapidly solidified 316 stainless steel containing 0.22% C and 1% Ti. A high density of fine TiC particles was obtained by annealing at 923 to 973 K. An increase in recrystallization temperature and room temperature yield strength was observed as compared with the rapidly solidified 316 stainless steel with a nominal carbon and titanium content. An extension of solid solubility by rapid solidification thus offers a potential for developing precipitation strengthened austenitic stainless steels to improve structural and mechanical stability and likely the irradiation resistance.

Selection of Pantograph Strip/Contact Wire Couples in Catenary/Pantograph System

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 647-650
Author(s):  
Tao Ding ◽  
Guang Xiong Chen ◽  
Shu Fen Xiao ◽  
Li Xie
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Contact Wire ◽  
Pure Carbon ◽  
Pin On Disc ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Selection Of

A serials of experiments were carried on the pin-on-disc friction and wear tester. The friction and wear behaviors of on four materials couple with electric current were studied on in different conditions. The result indicates that properties of materials couple have a significant influence on the test results. The friction coefficient is the highest in process of the copper-impregnated metallized carbon rubbing against pure copper couple, and its wear volume of carbon strip material is also the largest. However, the friction and wear volume of copper-impregnated metallized carbon/stainless steel and pure carbon/pure copper couples are lower. Therefore, both friction couples are appropriate for pantograph strip/contact wire couple.

Study on Minipore Drilling to Stainless Steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti

2008 ◽  
Vol 392-394 ◽  
pp. 55-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Tang ◽  
Bang Yan Ye ◽  
Qiang Wu ◽  
W.W. Wang ◽  
Xing Yu Lai
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Cutting Parameters ◽  
Cutting Performance ◽  
Cutting Condition ◽  
Simulation And Experiment ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Selection Of

Based on reviewing the applications and machining of the stainless steels, the cutting performance of the austenitic stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti is analyzed through the contrastive experiments. This paper studies drilling minipore mechanics of hard-to-cut material—Austenitic Stainless Steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti by simulation and experiment, analogy results displays the trend that drill thrust, torque and temperature changed with amount of feed, it matches with test result in the same cutting condition well. The research results would be of great benefit for the selection of proper tools and cutting parameters in drilling austenitic stainless steels.

Effect of Hydrogen on Tensile and Fatigue Properties of SUS301 Austenitic Stainless Steel

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Iijima ◽  
Hirotoshi Enoki ◽  
Junichiro Yamabe ◽  
Mitsuo Kimura ◽  
Bai An
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Fracture Surface ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Testing Temperature ◽  
Total Elongation ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Hydrogen Charging

Abstract SSRT and fatigue life tests of SUS301 austenitic stainless steel were performed to examine the effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties. Ni content of SUS301, 6.00–8.00 mass%, is lower than that of SUS304 in JIS standard for austenitic stainless steels. In the case of SSRT tests, specimens with and without hydrogen charging were tested in laboratory air at room temperature (R.T.), −45 °C, and −80 °C. The 0.2% offset yield strength (Ys) of the hydrogen charged specimens was less than 300 MPa in the tested temperature range. The tensile strength (Ts) and total elongation (El) of hydrogen charged specimens decreased remarkably. With decreasing testing temperature, fracture surface facet of the hydrogen charged specimens became dominant. Therefore, the effect of hydrogen on the tensile properties of SUS301 is supposed to be large. Specimens with and without hydrogen charging were fatigued in laboratory air at R.T., and specimens without hydrogen charging were fatigued in 100 MPa hydrogen gas atmosphere at R.T. Number of cycles (Nf) at finite fatigue life region of the hydrogen charged specimens and of the specimens tested in hydrogen gas were two orders shorter than that of the specimens tested in air. However, the finite fatigue life region of the hydrogen charged specimens and the specimens tested in hydrogen gas showed a different profile. Additionally, ferrite equivalents of all fatigue tested specimens and fatigued fracture surface morphology suggested the fatigue fracture mechanism between the hydrogen charged specimens tested in air and the non-charged specimens tested in 100 MPa hydrogen gas seems to be different. Therefore, further investigations are required to clear this difference.

Effects of temperature, humidity and caging on the concentration of fruit pollen in the air

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (40) ◽  
pp. 549 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Langridge
Keyword(s):  
Spore Trap ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Pollen Concentrations ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
High Concentrations

The amount of air-borne pollen was measured continuously over several days at peak flowering in apple, peach, and cherry orchards using an automatic volumetric spore trap. The maximum number of grains of pollen per m3 recorded in the apple, cherry, and peach orchards were 68, 48, and 13 respectively High concentrations were associated with high ambient temperatures and low relative humidities. In a second experiment, pollen concentrations were measured over five days inside and outside a 1/10- inch mesh insect-proof cage placed in a lemon orchard. Significantly (P<0.01) more pollen was recorded outside the cage than inside.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document