Iron Status and Resting Immune Function in Female Collegiate Swimmers

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Braun ◽  
Michael G. Flynn ◽  
Daniel L. Carl ◽  
Kathy K. Carroll ◽  
Todd Brickman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Killer Cell ◽  
Nk Activity ◽  
Release Assay ◽  
The Relationship

Iron deficiency may lead to anemia and may result in compromised endurance exercise performance. Iron deficiency has also been reported to adversely affect the immune system and has been associated with attenuation of natural killer cell (NK) activity. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between iron status and NK activity in highly conditioned female athletes. Ten collegiate female swimmers (SWM) and 9 inactive females (SED) participated in this investigation. Resting blood samples were obtained and analyzed for serum iron and ferritin. NK activity (% lysis) was determined using a whole blood method (51Cr release assay). No significant relationship was found between iron and NK activity (r = 0.55, p = .09), nor between serum ferritin and NK activity (r = 0.33. p = .35) for SWM. ANOVA revealed significantly greater NK activity for SWM (51.63 ± 15.79%) versus SED (30.34 ± 13.67%). Serum ferritin levels were not significantly different between SWM (20.38±8.62Ƞg · ml−1) and SED (16.79±10.53Ƞg · ml−1), nor were iron values different between groups (16.54 ± 2.17 μmol · L−1 SWM; 11.92 ± 2.61 μmol · L−1 SED). A significant relationship between iron status and resting immune function could not be established. Exercise training may affect NK activity; however, the influence of iron status on immune function requires further evaluation.

scholarly journals Inflammation Mediates the Relationship Between BMI and Serum Ferritin Among Women With Normal to High BMI in Azerbaijan but Not Malawi: BRINDA Project

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1023-1023
Author(s):  
Jennie Davis ◽  
Charles Arnold ◽  
Anne Williams ◽  
Parminder Suchdev ◽  
Melissa Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Income Country ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Bmi

Abstract Objectives Considering the known metabolic relationships between adiposity, inflammation, and iron status, we examined whether inflammation mediates the relationship between BMI and serum ferritin (SF) concentration among women of reproductive age (15–49 years) with normal to high BMI in a low-income country (Malawi) and an upper-middle income country (Azerbaijan). Methods Cross-sectional survey data were analyzed from the Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project. Women with underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), pregnancy, or a positive malaria test were excluded (total for analysis: Malawi, n = 594; Azerbaijan, n = 2528). Descriptive statistics were calculated to determine the proportion of women with overweight/obesity (OwOb, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), any inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP] >5 μg/L or α-1-acid glycoprotein [AGP] >1 g/L), and iron deficiency (inflammation-adjusted SF < 15 μg/L). The relationship between BMI and unadjusted SF concentration and potential mediation by CRP and AGP was assessed separately in each country via structural equation modeling procedures, accounting for the complex survey designs. Results In Malawi, the proportion of women with OwOb was 16%, inflammation 12%, and inflammation-adjusted iron deficiency 14% (12% unadjusted). In Azerbaijan, the proportions were: 57%, 35%, and 45% (31% unadjusted), respectively. In Malawi, BMI was not associated with SF concentration (P = 0.65). In Azerbaijan, a 1-unit increase in BMI was associated with a 3.3% (95% CI: 2.5, 4.3) increase in SF concentration. Approximately 61% of this relationship was mediated by CRP and AGP, of which 46% was via CRP and 15% via AGP. Conclusions Iron status is commonly adjusted for inflammation in populations with high expected burden of undernutrition and infectious disease. Considering that obesity is a source of inflammation, these data suggest that measurement and adjustment for inflammation may improve assessment of iron status in populations in which OwOb is common. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, HarvestPlus, and the United States Agency for International Development.

Iron and Hematological Status among Adolescent Athletes Tracked through Puberty

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-262
Author(s):  
Noreen D. Willows ◽  
Susan K. Grimston ◽  
David J. Smith ◽  
David A. Hanley
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Pubertal Stage ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Pubertal Stages ◽  
Prepubertal Boys

This study assessed change in hematological status among physically active children as they progressed through puberty. Values for serum ferritin, hemoglobin, and hematocrit at all stages of puberty were within the normal range of reference values. Significant changes in serum ferritin were not detected in the different pubertal stages, although serum ferritin was highest in prepubertal boys and girls. There were no significant differences in marginal or deficient iron stores between the sexes at any pubertal stage, suggesting that gender was not predisposing for iron deficiency; however, girls had a greater overall incidence for both measures. With more children under consideration, these trends may have reached significance. Boys in TS4 and TS5 had higher hemoglobin and hematocrit compared with earlier stages of puberty, and compared with girls at the same stages of puberty. This can be explained by testosterone production in boys. Among girls, pubertal progression had no significant effect on hemoglobin or hematocrit. In the absence of controls, there was no direct evidence that involvement in sports had an adverse effect on iron status.

scholarly journals The iron status and the relationship between iron deficiency and body mass index in middle school girls

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee Youn Han ◽  
Chang Joo Hee ◽  
Hae Sun Shim ◽  
Young Jin Hong ◽  
Byong Kwan Son ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Middle School Girls ◽  
School Girls ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Inflammation in the lungs of patients diagnosed with Cystic Fibrosis: Association with iron deficiency

SURG Journal ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Dawn Armstrong ◽  
Lindsay Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Tissue Destruction ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Mediators Of Inflammation ◽  
The Relationship

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is characterized by a wide spectrum of phenotypic characteristics such as; deep coughing, increased mucous production, and weight loss. However, only recently was the role of inflammation on the etiology of the disease recognized. CF is characterized as a cyclic progression of infective exacerbations and stable periods initiated by the presence of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (PA). An increase in inflammatory cytokines/mediators and a decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines contribute to the net inflammation and overall tissue destruction of the lungs. PA is associated with the low iron status that is seen in 60-75% of the CF population, through the presence of iron sequestering siderophores which distract iron from the tissues. Iron deficiency (ID) initiates further symptoms such as; fatigue, tachycardia, weakness, brittle nails etc, in addition to those caused by CF. The colonization of PA may be the cause or a result of increased iron (ferritin) concentrations in the lungs, but independent of the original relationship, results in a decreased iron status. Iron is used by PA under hypoxic conditions such as in the fibrosis lung, as a source of energy. Studies on the relationship between CF and ID contribute a variety of possible causes although currently no direct connection has been discovered. At this stage, further studies in this area are needed. This review will primarily focus on the affects of CF on iron status in humans, and secondarily examine the effect of mediators of inflammation in respects to ID.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Anemic Patients: A Hospital Based Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satyendra Kumar Mishra ◽  
Surendra Marasini ◽  
Badri Kumar Gupta ◽  
Krishna Kumar Agrawal ◽  
Narayan Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Macrocytic Anemia ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Peripheral Smear ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Detailed Medical History

Introduction: In developing countries like Nepal, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the major concern. The high rate incidence has been related to insufficient  iron  intake, accompanied  by chronic  intestinal  blood  loss  due  to parasitic  and  malarial infections. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of IDA in anemic patients of Universal College of Medical Sciences-Teaching Hospital (UCMS-TH), South Western region, Nepal. Material and Method It was a hospital based cross sectional study comprised of 100 anemic patients. Their detailed medical history and lab investigations, focusing on hematological parameters were documented. Peripheral smear examination and serum ferritin estimation were done to observe red cell morphology and iron status respectively.  Results: This study revealed that out of 100 anemic patients, 35% were that of IDA. The most affected age group was 21-40 years with frequency 42.55%. IDA was more common in females (42.85%) than in male (21.62%). Out of 100 anemic patients, microcytic hypochromic anemia was predominant in 47% followed by macrocytic anemia (31%) and then normocytic normochromic anemia (22%). Out of 47 microcytic hypochromic anemic patients, 12 had normal serum ferritin. There was a statistical significant difference in Hb (p=0.011), MCV (p=0.0001), MCH (p=0.0001), MCHC (p=0.0001) and serum ferritin (p=0.0001) among all types of anemia. There was a statistical significant positive correlation of ferritin with Hemoglobin (0.257, p= 0.01), MCV (0.772, p= 0.0001), MCH (0.741, p=0.0001) and MCHC (0.494, p=0.0001).  Conclusion: The peripheral smear in conjunction with serum ferritin estimation needs to be included for susceptible individuals to screen the IDA and other types of anemia. 

scholarly journals Prevalence and pattern of Iron deficiency in patient with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Aditya Mahaseth ◽  
Jay Narayan Shah ◽  
Bikash Nepal ◽  
Biplave Karki ◽  
Jeet Ghimire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
Functional Iron Deficiency ◽  
Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽  
Patients With Heart Failure ◽  
Absolute Iron Deficiency

Background and Objectives: Iron Deficiency is the commonest nutritional deficiency worldwide, affecting more than one-third of the population, its association with Heart Failure with or without anemia is of growing interest. As iron supplementation improves prognosis in patients with Heart Failure, Iron Deficiency is an attractive therapeutic target – a hypothesis that has recently been tested in clinical studies. This study is designed to estimate the prevalence and pattern of iron deficiency (ID) in heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction patients with or without anemia. Material and methods: It was a single center hospital based cross sectional observational study. A total of 60 male and female patients with diagnosis of heart failure based on the Framingham Criteria, who gave consent for the study were included. They underwent laboratory evaluation including hemoglobin concentration, serum iron, transferrin saturation percentage, serum ferritin, total iron binding capacity. Serum ferritin <100 μg/l was used to diagnose absolute ID. Functional ID was defined as a serum ferritin level of 100–300 μg/l and a transferrin saturation of <20 %. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) <13 g/dl for males and <12 g/dl for females, based on World Health Organization definition. Results: Using the above definitions iron deficiency was found in 28 (46.67%) patients. 36.67% patients had absolute iron deficiency and 10% patients had functional iron deficiency. Females had a higher non statistically significant iron deficiency than males 63.16% vs 39.02%. 15 patients (48.38%) with iron deficiency did not have anemia, and 11 (35.5%) of those patients had absolute iron deficiency. Conclusion: Iron deficiency is prevalent in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction irrespective of anemia and hemoglobin levels. Many of those patients can have functional iron deficiency. Measurement of iron status should be a routine during workup of heart failure patients and further studies are needed to determine the prognostic value of iron status measurement and the influences of treatment of iron deficiency in heart failure patients. Many such trials are now underway.  

scholarly journals Iron Status in Hypogammaglobulinemia

1985 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 838-841
Author(s):  
Hasan I Atrah
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
General Population ◽  
Intravenous Immunoglobulin ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
The State ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serum Igg

Iron, transferrin and ferritin were measured in serum samples from 16 patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia. Transferrin saturation was low in 12 patients (75%) and serum ferritin was low in 9 patients (56.25%). Both parameters were low, confirming the state of iron deficiency, in 6 patients (37.5%). These figures are highly significant ( P < 0.01) when compared with the prevalence of iron deficiency in the general population. Eight patients were maintained on intravenous immunoglobulin infusions and the rest on intramuscular immunoglobulin injections, their mean serum IgG being 4.4 g/l and 2.6 g/l respectively. There was no difference in the prevalence of iron deficiency between the two groups.

Food iron absorption in idiopathic hemochromatosis

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 2187-2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
SR Lynch ◽  
BS Skikne ◽  
JD Cook
Keyword(s):  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Heme Iron ◽  
Nonheme Iron ◽  
Ferritin Concentration ◽  
Normal Volunteers ◽  
Idiopathic Hemochromatosis ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between iron status and food iron absorption was evaluated in 75 normal volunteers, 15 patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis, and 22 heterozygotes by using double extrinsic radioiron tags to label independently the nonheme and heme iron components of a hamburger meal. In normal subjects, absorption from each of these pools was inversely correlated with storage iron, as measured by the serum ferritin concentration. In patients with hemochromatosis, absorption of both forms of iron was far greater than would be predicted from the relationship between absorption and serum ferritin observed in normal volunteers. Nevertheless, there was still a modest but statistically significant reduction in absorption of nonheme iron with increasing serum ferritin. This relationship could not be demonstrated in the case of heme iron absorption. In heterozygotes, nonheme iron absorption from a hamburger meal containing no supplementary iron did not differ significantly from that observed in normal volunteers. However, when this meal was both modified to promote bioavailability and supplemented with iron, absorption of nonheme iron was significantly elevated. These studies confirm the presence of excessive nonheme iron absorption even from unfortified meals in patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis and suggest in addition that they are particularly susceptible to iron loading from diets containing a high proportion of heme iron. Impaired regulation of nonheme iron absorption was also observed in heterozygous individuals, but a statistically significant abnormality was demonstrable only when the test meal contained a large highly bioavailable iron supplement.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the iron status of a population

Blood ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Cook ◽  
CA Finch ◽  
NJ Smith
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Packed Red Blood Cells ◽  
Iron Deficient ◽  
Menstruating Women ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Abstract The iron status of a population of 1564 subjects living in the northwestern United States was evaluated by measurements of transferrin saturation, red cell protoporphyrin, and serum ferritin. The frequency distribution of these parameters showed no distinct separation between normal and iron-deficient subjects. When only one of these three parameters was abnormal (transferrin saturation below 15%, red cell protoporphyrin above 100 mug/ml packed red blood cells, serum ferritin below 12 ng/ml), the prevalence of anemia was only slightly greater (10.9%) than in the entire sample (8.3%). The prevalence of anemia was increased to 28% in individuals with two or more abnormal parameters, and to 63% when all three parameters were abnormal. As defined by the presence of at least two abnormal parameters, the prevalence of iron deficiency in various populations separated on the basis of age and sex ranged from 3% in adolescent and adult males to 20% in menstruating women. It is concluded that the accuracy of detecting iron deficiency in population surveys can be substantially improved by employing a battery of laboratory measurements of the iron status.

scholarly journals CHARACTERISTICS OF ANEMIA AND IRON STATUS AND THEIR ASSOCIATIONS WITH BLOOD MANGANESE AND LEAD AMONG CHILDREN AGED FROM 3 TO 19 YEARS OLD FROM FOUR NORTHERN FIRST NATION COMMUNITIES IN QUEBEC

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. e40-e40
Author(s):  
Emad Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
First Nation ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Abstract BACKGROUND Prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency (ID) are higher among indigenous children in Canada, although few data are available in Quebec. Iron is metal that interact with the absorption of manganese (Mn) and Lead (Pb) cobalt (Co). ID is known to upregulate these metals, thereby increasing their absorption, concentration inside the body and their toxicity. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the present study are to: (i) Characterize ID and anemia prevalence and their protective/risk factors; and (ii) Study associations between blood Mn, Pb and iron status biomarkers. DESIGN/METHODS Data from The 2015 First Nation Youth Health and Environment Pilot Study was conducted among children (3 to 19 y, n = 198) from four First Nations communities in Quebec will be used in these study where, blood samples and anthropometric measures were collected, hemoglobin was measured on site using an Hemocue analyser. Protective/risk factors including education, food security, housing conditions and lifestyle and dietary habits were documented using interview-administered questionnaire to children’ parents. Serum ferritin and blood Pb, Mn, Co, Zn and Ca were measured by Modular P analyser and ICPMS. Descriptive and multiple regression statistical analyses adjusting for relevant co-variables were used. RESULTS Results showed ID and anemia prevalence of 20.7% and 17.6% respectively, among which 8.8% presented iron deficiency anemia. Moreover, up to 11.9% had elevated blood Mn (median = 15.9 µg/L, range 7.1 to 31.9 µg/L) of which 27.5% presented ID. However, blood Pb was low (median = 5.4 µg/L, range 1.8 to 50.8 µg/L). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that crystal juice intake was associated with lower ID and anemia (OR (95%): 0.50 (0.30 - 0.82) and 0.47 (0.26 - 0.87) respectively) in girls. Likewise, the presence of hunter in the household was associated with lower anemia in girls (0.09 (0.02 - 0.53)). No factors were associated with ID in boys, and for anemia, lower serum ferritin and older age was associated with higher prevalence of anemia (1.08 (1.01 - 1.14) and 1.23 (1.02 - 1.48) respectively). In adjusted models, blood Mn was negatively associated with serum ferritin concentrations (ß = -0.05; p < 0.02) in girls and positively associated with blood Co (ß = 8.50; p < 0.01) in boys. CONCLUSION Findings on high prevalence of ID, anemia and elevated blood Mn among children form these First Nation communities support that, community and family activities increasing traditional foods consumption improve nutritional status and suggest that foods and beverages naturally rich in vitamin C - but lower in added sugar than crystal juice - would improve iron intake in girls, which would contribute to improve their iron status, decrease anemia and restore normal Mn blood levels.

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