scholarly journals A 5-Year Analysis of Weight Cycling Practices in a Male World Champion Professional Boxer: Potential Implications for Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
James C. Morehen ◽  
Carl Langan-Evans ◽  
Elliot C.R. Hall ◽  
Graeme L. Close ◽  
James P. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease ◽  
Weight Cycling ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Training Camp ◽  
World Champion

Weight cycling is thought to increase the risk of obesity and cardiometabolic disease in nonathletic and athletic populations. However, the magnitude and frequency of weight cycling is not well characterized in elite athletes. To this end, we quantified the weight cycling practices of a male World Champion professional boxer competing at super middleweight (76.2 kg). Over a 5-year period comprising 11 contests, we assessed changes in body mass (n = 8 contests) and body composition (n = 6 contests) during the training camp preceding each contest. Time taken to make weight was 11 ± 4 weeks (range: 4–16). Absolute and relative weight loss for each contest was 12.4 ± 2.1 kg (range: 9.8–17.0) and 13.9% ± 2.0% (range: 11.3–18.2), respectively. Notably, the athlete commenced each training camp with progressive increases in fat mass (i.e., 12.5 and 16.1 kg for Contests 1 and 11) and reductions in fat-free mass (i.e., 69.8 and 67.5 kg for Contests 1 and 11, respectively). Data suggest that weight cycling may lead to “fat overshooting” and further weight gain in later life. Larger scale studies are now required to characterize the weight cycling practices of elite athletes and robustly assess future cardiometabolic disease risk. From an ethical perspective, practitioners should be aware of the potential health consequences associated with weight cycling.

scholarly journals Long term alterations of growth after antenatal steroids in preterm twin pregnancies

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Braun ◽  
Vivien Filleböck ◽  
Boris Metze ◽  
Christoph Bührer ◽  
Andreas Plagemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Ponderal Index ◽  
Childhood Growth ◽  
Antenatal Steroids ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Infancy And Early Childhood ◽  
Twin Pregnancies

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the long-term effects of antenatal betamethasone (ANS, ≤16 mg, =24 mg and >24 mg) in twins on infant and childhood growth.MethodsA retrospective cohort follow up study among 198 twins after ANS including three time points: U1 first neonatal examination after birth and in the neonatal period; U7 examination from the 21st to the 24th month of life and U9 examination from the 60th to the 64th month of life using data from copies of the children’s examination booklets. Inclusion criteria are twin pregnancies with preterm labor, cervical shortening, preterm premature rupture of membranes, or vaginal bleeding, and exposure to ANS between 23+5 and 33+6 weeks. Outcome measures are dosage-dependent and sex-specific effects of ANS on growth (body weight, body length, head circumference, body mass index and ponderal index) up to 5.3 years.ResultsOverall, 99 live-born twin pairs were included. Negative effects of ANS on fetal growth persisted beyond birth, altered infant and childhood growth, independent of possible confounding factors. Overall weight percentile significantly decreased between infancy and early childhood by 18.8%. Birth weight percentiles significantly changed in a dose dependent and sex specific manner, most obviously in female-female and mixed pairs. The ponderal index significantly decreased up to 42.9%, BMI index increased by up to 33.8%.ConclusionsANS results in long-term alterations in infant and childhood growth. Changes between infancy and early childhood in ponderal mass index and BMI, independent of dose or twin pair structure, might indicate an ANS associated increased risk for later life disease.SynopsisFirst-time report on long-term ANS administration growth effects in twin pregnancies, showing persisting alterations beyond birth in infant and childhood growth up to 5.3 years as potential indicator of later life disease risk.

Abstract P410: Alternate Day Fasting with a High Fat Diet: Impact on Body Weight, Body Composition, and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Profile in Obese Adults

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica C Klempel ◽  
Cynthia M Kroeger ◽  
Krista A Varady
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Ldl Particles ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Alternate Day Fasting

Background: Alternate day fasting (ADF) with a low-fat (LF) diet is effective for weight loss and cardio-protection. However, the applicability of these findings is questionable as most Americans consume a high-fat (HF) diet. This study examined if these beneficial changes in weight and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk can be reproduced if a HF diet is used in place of a LF diet during ADF. Methods: Thirty-two obese subjects were randomized to an ADF-HF (45% fat) or ADF-LF diet (25% fat), which consisted of two phases: 1) a 2-week baseline weight maintenance period, and 2) an 8-week ADF weight loss period. All food was provided to subjects. Results: Body weight was reduced (P < 0.0001) by ADF-HF (5 ± 1%) and by ADF-LF (4 ± 1%). Fat mass decreased (P < 0.0001) by ADF-HF (5 ± 1 kg) and ADF-LF (4 ± 1 kg). Fat free mass remained unchanged. Waist circumference decreased (P < 0.001) by ADF-HF (7 ± 1 cm) and ADF-LF (7 ± 1 cm). LDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations were reduced (P < 0.01) by both interventions (ADF-HF: 18 ± 5%, 14 ± 5%; ADF-LF: 24 ± 3%, 14 ± 4%). The proportion of small LDL particles decreased (P < 0.05) in the ADF-HF and ADF-LF groups by 8 ± 3% and 10 ± 4%. Conclusion: Thus, an ADF-HF diet produces similar reductions in weight and CHD risk as an ADF-LF diet. These findings are important in terms of diet tolerability and long-term adherence to ADF diets.

scholarly journals Do maternal intrauterine environmental influences that lower offspring birthweight causally increase offspring cardiometabolic risk factors in later life? A Mendelian randomization study of 45,849 genotyped parent offspring pairs in the HUNT study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunn-Helen Moen ◽  
Ben Brumpton ◽  
Cristen Willer ◽  
Bjørn Olav Åsvold ◽  
Kåre Birkeland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease ◽  
Intrauterine Environment ◽  
Hunt Study

AbstractIntroductionThere is a robust and well-documented observational relationship between lower birthweight and higher risk of cardiometabolic disease in later life. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis posits that adverse environmental factors in utero or in the early years of life result in increased future risk of cardiometabolic disease. Our aim was to investigate whether there was evidence for causal effects of the intrauterine environment, as proxied by maternal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that influence offspring birthweight independent of offspring genotype, on offspring cardiometabolic risk factors such as blood pressure, non-fasting glucose, body mass index (BMI), and lipid levels.MethodsWe investigated whether a genetic risk score of maternal SNPs associated with offspring birthweight was also associated with offspring cardiometabolic risk factors, after controlling for offspring genotypes at the same loci, in up to 26,057 mother-offspring pairs from the Nord-Trøndelag Health (HUNT) Study. We also conducted similar analyses in 19,792 father-offspring pairs from the same study to investigate whether there was evidence that any such causal effects operated through the postnatal, rather than the intrauterine environment. To take account of the considerable cryptic relatedness in HUNT, we implemented a computationally efficient genetic linear mixed model using the OpenMx software package to perform our analyses.ResultsWe found little evidence for a maternal genetic effect of birthweight associated variants on offspring cardiometabolic risk factors after adjusting for offspring genotypes at the same loci. Likewise, we found little evidence for paternal genetic effects on offspring cardiometabolic risk factors performing similar analyses in father-offspring pairs. In contrast, offspring genetic risk scores of birthweight associated variants were strongly related to many cardiometabolic risk factors, even after conditioning on maternal genotypes at the same loci.ConclusionOur results suggest that the maternal intrauterine environment, as proxied by maternal SNPs that influence offspring birthweight, is unlikely to be a major determinant of adverse cardiometabolic outcomes in population based samples of individuals. In contrast, genetic pleiotropy appears to explain some of the observational relationship between offspring birthweight and future cardiometabolic risk.

Diet and physical activity in Greenland: Genetic interactions and associations with obesity and diabetes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ninna Karsbæk Senftleber ◽  
Maria Overvad ◽  
Inger Katrine Dahl-Petersen ◽  
Peter Bjerregaard ◽  
Marit Eika Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Traditional Foods ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Diet And Physical Activity ◽  
Imported Foods

The Inuit in Greenland have gone through dramatic lifestyle changes during the last half century. More time is spent being sedentary and imported foods replaces traditional foods like seal and whale. The population has also experienced a rapid growth in obesity and metabolic disturbances and diabetes is today common despite being almost unknown few decades ago. In this paper, we describe and discuss the role of lifestyle changes and genetics for Inuit metabolic health. Novelty: • Cardiometabolic disease risk has increased in Greenland. Lifestyle changes and possibly gene-lifestyle interactions play a role.

scholarly journals Inflammatory markers are altered in severe mental disorders independent of comorbid cardiometabolic disease risk factors – ERRATUM

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 1758-1758
Author(s):  
Ragni H. Mørch ◽  
Ingrid Dieset ◽  
Ann Færden ◽  
Elina J. Reponen ◽  
Sigrun Hope ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease ◽  
Severe Mental Disorders ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease Risk

scholarly journals Mendelian randomization study of maternal influences on birthweight and future cardiometabolic risk in the HUNT cohort

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunn-Helen Moen ◽  
Ben Brumpton ◽  
Cristen Willer ◽  
Bjørn Olav Åsvold ◽  
Kåre I. Birkeland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Genetic Risk Score ◽  
Genetic Effect ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Lower Birthweight

Abstract There is a robust observational relationship between lower birthweight and higher risk of cardiometabolic disease in later life. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis posits that adverse environmental factors in utero increase future risk of cardiometabolic disease. Here, we explore if a genetic risk score (GRS) of maternal SNPs associated with offspring birthweight is also associated with offspring cardiometabolic risk factors, after controlling for offspring GRS, in up to 26,057 mother–offspring pairs (and 19,792 father–offspring pairs) from the Nord-Trøndelag Health (HUNT) Study. We find little evidence for a maternal (or paternal) genetic effect of birthweight associated variants on offspring cardiometabolic risk factors after adjusting for offspring GRS. In contrast, offspring GRS is strongly related to many cardiometabolic risk factors, even after conditioning on maternal GRS. Our results suggest that the maternal intrauterine environment, as proxied by maternal SNPs that influence offspring birthweight, is unlikely to be a major determinant of adverse cardiometabolic outcomes in population based samples of individuals.

scholarly journals Evaluating the precision of EBF1 SNP x stress interaction association: sex, race, and age differences in a big harmonized data set of 28,026 participants

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abanish Singh ◽  
Michael A. Babyak ◽  
Mario Sims ◽  
Solomon K. Musani ◽  
Beverly H. Brummett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Human Obesity ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Black Females ◽  
Allele Group

Abstract In prior work, we identified a novel gene-by-stress association of EBF1’s common variation (SNP rs4704963) with obesity (i.e., hip, waist) in Whites, which was further strengthened through multiple replications using our synthetic stress measure. We now extend this prior work in a precision medicine framework to find the risk group using harmonized data from 28,026 participants by evaluating the following: (a) EBF1 SNPxSTRESS interaction in Blacks; (b) 3-way interaction of EBF1 SNPxSTRESS with sex, race, and age; and (c) a race and sex-specific path linking EBF1 and stress to obesity to fasting glucose to the development of cardiometabolic disease risk. Our findings provided additional confirmation that genetic variation in EBF1 may contribute to stress-induced human obesity, including in Blacks (P = 0.022) that mainly resulted from race-specific stress due to “racism/discrimination” (P = 0.036) and “not meeting basic needs” (P = 0.053). The EBF1 gene-by-stress interaction differed significantly (P = 1.01e−03) depending on the sex of participants in Whites. Race and age also showed tentative associations (Ps = 0.103, 0.093, respectively) with this interaction. There was a significant and substantially larger path linking EBF1 and stress to obesity to fasting glucose to type 2 diabetes for the EBF1 minor allele group (coefficient = 0.28, P = 0.009, 95% CI = 0.07-0.49) compared with the same path for the EBF1 major allele homozygotes in White females and also a similar pattern of the path in Black females. Underscoring the race-specific key life-stress indicators (e.g., racism/discrimination) and also the utility of our synthetic stress, we identified the potential risk group of EBF1 and stress-induced human obesity and cardiometabolic disease.

scholarly journals Legume Consumption and Cardiometabolic Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. S437-S450
Author(s):  
Nerea Becerra-Tomás ◽  
Christopher Papandreou ◽  
Jordi Salas-Salvadó
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Stratified Analysis

ABSTRACT Legumes are key components of several plant-based diets and are recognized as having a wide range of potential health benefits. Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have summarized the evidence regarding different cardiometabolic outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), and legume consumption. However, those studies did not differentiate between nonsoy and soy legumes, which have different nutritional profiles. The aim of the present updated review, therefore, was to summarize and meta-analyze the published evidence regarding legume consumption (making a distinction between nonsoy and soy legumes) and cardiometabolic diseases. In addition, we reviewed randomized clinical trials assessing the effect of legume consumption on CVD risk factors in order to understand their associations. The results revealed a prospective, significant inverse association between total legume consumption and CVD and coronary heart disease risk, whereas a nonsignificant association was observed with T2D and stroke. In the stratified analysis by legume subtypes, only nonsoy legumes were associated with lower risk of T2D. Unfortunately, owing to the paucity of studies analyzing legumes and CVD, it was not possible to stratify the analysis for these outcomes. Because of the high degree of heterogeneity observed for most of the outcomes and the few studies included in some analyses, further prospective studies are warranted to determine the potential role of legume consumption on CVD and T2D.

scholarly journals Distinct phenotypic characteristics of normal-weight adults at risk of developing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 967-978
Author(s):  
Abishek Stanley ◽  
John Schuna ◽  
Shengping Yang ◽  
Samantha Kennedy ◽  
Moonseong Heo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
White Men ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Distinct Phenotype ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease Risk

ABSTRACT Background The normal-weight BMI range (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) includes adults with body shape and cardiometabolic disease risk features of excess adiposity, although a distinct phenotype developed on a large and diverse sample is lacking. Objective To identify demographic, behavioral, body composition, and health-risk biomarker characteristics of people in the normal-weight BMI range who are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases based on body shape. Methods Six nationally representative waist circumference index (WCI, weight/height0.5) prediction formulas, with BMI and age as covariates, were developed using data from 17,359 non-Hispanic (NH) white, NH black, and Mexican-American NHANES 1999–2006 participants. These equations were then used to predict WCI in 5594 NHANES participants whose BMI was within the normal weight range. Men and women in each race/Hispanic-origin group were then separated into high, medium, and low tertiles based on the difference (residual) between measured and predicted WCI. Characteristics were compared across tertiles; P values for significance were adjusted for multiple comparisons. Results Men and women in the high WCI residual tertile, relative to their BMI and age-equivalent counterparts in the low tertile, had significantly lower activity levels; higher percent trunk and total body fat (e.g. NH white men, X ± SE, 25.3 ± 0.2% compared with 20.4 ± 0.2%); lower percent appendicular lean mass (skeletal muscle) and bone mineral content; and higher plasma insulin and triglycerides, higher homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (e.g. NH white men, 1.45 ± 0.07 compared with 1.08 ± 0.06), and lower plasma HDL cholesterol. Percent leg fat was also significantly higher in men but lower in women. Similar patterns of variable statistical significance were present within sex and race/ethnic groups. Conclusions Cardiometabolic disease risk related to body shape in people who are normal weight according to BMI is characterized by a distinct phenotype that includes potentially modifiable behavioral health risk factors.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document