Fitness Level Moderates Executive Control Disruption During Exercise Regardless of Age

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronique Labelle ◽  
Laurent Bosquet ◽  
Said Mekary ◽  
Thien Tuong Minh Vu ◽  
Mark Smilovitch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Cardiovascular Exercise ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Modified Stroop ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of exercise intensity, age, and fitness levels on executive and nonexecutive cognitive tasks during exercise. Participants completed a computerized modified-Stroop task (including denomination, inhibition, and switching conditions) while pedaling on a cycle ergometer at 40%, 60%, and 80% of peak power output (PPO). We showed that a bout of moderate-intensity (60% PPO) to high-intensity (80% PPO) exercise was associated with deleterious performance in the executive component of the computerized modified-Stroop task (i.e., switching condition), especially in lower-fit individuals (p < .01). Age did not have an effect on the relationship between acute cardiovascular exercise and cognition. Acute exercise can momentarily impair executive control equivalently in younger and older adults, but individual’s fitness level moderates this relation.

scholarly journals Moderate Cardiovascular Exercise Speeds Up Neural Markers of Stimulus Evaluation During Attentional Control Processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winneke ◽  
Hübner ◽  
Godde ◽  
Voelcker-Rehage
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Control ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Short Version ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Cardiovascular Exercise ◽  
Stimulus Evaluation ◽  
Amplitude Data

Moderate intensity cardiovascular exercise appears to provide a low-cost “intervention” on neurocognitive processes such as attentional control, yet the effects vary depending, for example, on cognitive task, time of testing, or exercise intensity. However, while a number of studies show that brief bouts of acute exercise can modulate behavioral indices of cognitive control, relatively few studies have attempted to identify the brain activity associated with these changes immediately following exercise. Here, we tested 11 young adults in a crossover design with a Flanker task at rest and immediately (within 2–3 minutes) following 20 minutes of acute exercise at 60% of the individual VO2max. In order to prevent delayed exercise effects that might confound or dilute immediate effects, a short version of the Flanker task (8 minutes) was chosen and an EEG was recorded simultaneously. The N2 and P3 ERP components were analyzed in addition to accuracy and response time. The N2 reflects conflict resolution, and the P3 has been linked to stimulus evaluation processes. No effect of exercise was found for behavioral data but P3 peak latencies were shorter following exercise as compared to rest. The N2 amplitude data suggest that exercise seems to prevent a decline in resources of attentional control over time. These data indicate that acute exercise, at a moderate intensity level, speeds up neural processing of attentional control by modulating stimulus evaluation processes immediately following exercise and that exercise helps maintain a steady level of neurocognitive resources.

scholarly journals Effects of Acute Aerobic Exercise Combined with Resistance Exercise on Neurocognitive Performance in Obese Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huei-Jhen Wen ◽  
Chia-Liang Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Electrophysiological Signals

To the best of the author’s knowledge, there have been no previous studies conducted on the effects of a combination of acute aerobic and resistance exercise on deficit of inhibitory control in obese individuals. The aim of this study was, thus, to examine the effect of a single bout of such an exercise mode on behavioral and cognitive electrophysiological performance involving cognitive interference inhibition in obese women. After the estimated VO2max and percentage fat (measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic, Bedford, MA, USA) were assessed, 32 sedentary obese female adults were randomly assigned to an exercise group (EG) and a control group (CG), with their behavioral performance being recorded with concomitant electrophysiological signals when performing a Stroop task. Then, the EG engaged in 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise, and the CG rested for a similar duration of time without engaging in any type of exercise. After the interventions, the neurocognitive performance was measured again in the two groups. The results revealed that although acute exercise did not enhance the behavioral indices (e.g., accuracy rates (ARs) and reaction times (RTs)), cognitive electrophysiological signals were improved (e.g., shorter N2 and P3 latencies, smaller N2 amplitudes, and greater P3 amplitudes) in the Stroop task after the exercise intervention in the EG. The findings indicated that a combination of acute moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise may improve the neurophysiological inhibitory control performance of obese women.

scholarly journals The Relationship between VO2 and Muscle Deoxygenation Kinetics and Upper Body Repeated Sprint Performance in Trained Judokas and Healthy Individuals

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 861
Author(s):  
André Antunes ◽  
Christophe Domingos ◽  
Luísa Diniz ◽  
Cristina P. Monteiro ◽  
Mário C. Espada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Primary Phase ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Repeated Sprint ◽  
Incremental Step ◽  
The Relationship

The present study sought to investigate if faster upper body oxygen uptake (VO2) and hemoglobin/myoglobin deoxygenation ([HHb]) kinetics during heavy intensity exercise were associated with a greater upper body repeated-sprint ability (RSA) performance in a group of judokas and in a group of individuals of heterogenous fitness level. Eight judokas (JT) and seven untrained healthy participants (UT) completed an incremental step test, two heavy intensity square-wave transitions and an upper body RSA test consisting of four 15 s sprints, with 45 s rest, from which the experimental data were obtained. In the JT group, VO2 kinetics, [HHb] kinetics and the parameters determined in the incremental test were not associated with RSA. However, when the two groups were combined, the amplitude of the primary phase VO2 and [HHb] was positively associated with the accumulated work in the four sprints (ΣWork). Additionally, maximal aerobic power (MAP), peak VO2 and the first ventilatory threshold (VT1) showed a positive correlation with ΣWork and an inverse correlation with the decrease in peak power output (Dec-PPO) between the first and fourth sprints. Faster VO2 and [HHb] kinetics do not seem to be associated with an increased upper body RSA in JT. However, other variables of aerobic fitness seem to be associated with an increased upper body RSA performance in a group of individuals with heterogeneous fitness level.

Does Acute Exercise Switch Off Switch Costs? A Study With Younger and Older Athletes

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 609-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caterina Pesce ◽  
Michel Audiffren
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Task Switch ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Older Athletes ◽  
Cognitive Expertise ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the effects of acute exercise on 53 young (16–24 years) and 47 older (65–74 years) adults’ switch-task performance. Participants practiced sports requiring either low or high cognitive demands. Both at rest and during aerobic exercise, the participants performed two reaction time tasks that differed in the amount of executive control involved in switching between global and local target features of visual compound stimuli. Switch costs were computed as reaction time differences between switch and nonswitch trials. In the low demanding task, switch costs were sensitive only to age, whereas in the high demanding task, they were sensitive to acute exercise, age, and sport-related cognitive expertise. The results suggest that acute exercise enhances cognitive flexibility and facilitates complex switch-task performance. Both young age and habitual practice of cognitively challenging sports are associated with smaller switch costs, but neither age nor cognitive expertise seem to moderate the relationship between acute exercise and switch-task performance.

The Relation Between Aerobic Fitness and Cognitive Performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 102-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Hao Wang ◽  
Chun-Ming Shih ◽  
Chia-Liang Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Attention Performance ◽  
P3 Amplitude ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. This study aimed to assess whether brain potentials have significant influences on the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognition. Behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) data was collected from 48 young adults when performing a Posner task. Higher aerobic fitness is related to faster reaction times (RTs) along with greater P3 amplitude and shorter P3 latency in the valid trials, after controlling for age and body mass index. Moreover, RTs were selectively related to P3 amplitude rather than P3 latency. Specifically, the bootstrap-based mediation model indicates that P3 amplitude mediates the relationship between fitness level and attention performance. Possible explanations regarding the relationships among aerobic fitness, cognitive performance, and brain potentials are discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of Caffeine and Acute Aerobic Exercise on Working Memory and Caffeine Withdrawal

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anisa Morava ◽  
Matthew James Fagan ◽  
Harry Prapavessis
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Withdrawal Symptoms ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Caffeine Withdrawal ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Cognitive Benefits

AbstractStudies show that a single bout of exercise confers cognitive benefits. However, many individuals use psychoactive substances such as caffeine to enhance cognitive performance. The effects of acute exercise in comparison to caffeine on cognition remain unknown. Furthermore, caffeine use is associated with withdrawal symptoms upon cessation. Whether acute exercise can reduce withdrawal symptoms also remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of acute moderate intensity aerobic exercise to caffeine on working memory (WM) and caffeine withdrawal symptoms (CWS). In Phase I, non-caffeine (n = 29) and caffeine consumers (n = 30) completed a WM assessment, followed by acute exercise and caffeine. In Phase II, caffeine consumers (n = 25) from Phase I underwent the WM assessment and reported CWS following a 12-hour deprivation period. Acute moderate intensity aerobic exercise and caffeine (1.2 mg/kg) significantly improved WM accuracy and reduced CWS comparably. WM performance was not reduced following caffeine deprivation.

Exercise training increases branched-chain oxoacid dehydrogenase kinase content in human skeletal muscle

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (3) ◽  
pp. R1335-R1341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krista R. Howarth ◽  
Kirsten A. Burgomaster ◽  
Stuart M. Phillips ◽  
Martin J. Gibala
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Branched Chain

The branched-chain oxoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCOAD) is rate determining for the oxidation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in skeletal muscle. Exercise training blunts the acute exercise-induced activation of BCOAD (BCOADa) in human skeletal muscle (McKenzie S, Phillips SM, Carter SL, Lowther S, Gibala MJ, Tarnopolsky MA. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 278: E580–E587, 2000); however, the mechanism is unknown. We hypothesized that training would increase the muscle protein content of BCOAD kinase, the enzyme responsible for inactivation of BCOAD by phosphorylation. Twenty subjects [23 ± 1 yr; peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak) = 41 ± 2 ml·kg−1·min−1] performed 6 wk of either high-intensity interval or continuous moderate-intensity training on a cycle ergometer ( n = 10/group). Before and after training, subjects performed 60 min of cycling at 65% of pretraining V̇o2peak, and needle biopsy samples (vastus lateralis) were obtained before and immediately after exercise. The effect of training was demonstrated by an increased V̇o2peak, increased citrate synthase maximal activity, and reduced muscle glycogenolysis during exercise, with no difference between groups (main effects, P < 0.05). BCOADa was lower after training (main effect, P < 0.05), and this was associated with a ∼30% increase in BCOAD kinase protein content (main effect, P < 0.05). We conclude that the increased protein content of BCOAD kinase may be involved in the mechanism for reduced BCOADa after exercise training in human skeletal muscle. These data also highlight differences in models used to study the regulation of skeletal muscle BCAA metabolism, since exercise training was previously reported to increase BCOADa during exercise and decrease BCOAD kinase content in rats (Fujii H, Shimomura Y, Murakami T, Nakai N, Sato T, Suzuki M, Harris RA. Biochem Mol Biol Int 44: 1211–1216, 1998).

THE EFFECT OF EXECUTIVE INCENTIVES ON TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION OF DECLINING ENTERPRISES – THE MODERATING EFFECT OF DECLINE DEGREE AND ORGANISATIONAL SLACK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAIYAN DUAN ◽  
KAMRAN AHMED ◽  
MARTHIN NANERE
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Executive Incentives ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Equity Incentive

We examine the effects of different types of executive incentives on technological innovation of declining firms and the moderating effects of the degree of decline and organisational slack on executive incentives and enterprise technological innovation. We also assess the synergetic effects of different types of executive incentives on technological innovation of declining enterprises. We find the following: first, executive compensation incentive, equity incentive and control incentives are beneficial to promote technological innovation in declining enterprises. Second, the degree of decline negatively moderates the relationship between equity incentive and technological innovation. Third, organisational slack positively moderates the relationship between equity incentive and technological innovation, as well as the relationship between control incentives and technological innovation, especially for severely declining enterprises. Fourth, there are synergistic effects between executive control incentive and compensation incentive, control incentives and equity incentive on technological innovation. The contributions are as follows: first, taking declining enterprises as sample, we suggest that to increase the role of compensation incentive and equity incentive in promoting technological innovation in declining enterprises, the control incentives should be strengthened. Second, organisational slack should be fully exploited for severely declining enterprises so that executives should have the motivation and conditions to carry out technological innovation and further help declining enterprises to turnaround successfully.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document