Attained Size and Growth Rate of Female Volleyball Players between 9 and 13 Years of Age

The growth status and rate of a mixed-longitudinal sample (N = 19) of female volleyball players 9–13 years of age were compared to reference data for the general population. The athletes were measured at the beginning and end of the school year. Growth rates in stature and weight adjusted to 6-month intervals were calculated. The results indicate mean statures that are above U.S. reference medians and mean weights that are near the medians (i.e., tall girls with average body weights). Estimated half-year growth rates in stature and weight from 10.0–13.0 years closely match the respective medians of the Fels longitudinal study. The data thus suggest that the larger body size of young volleyball players is not a function of accelerated growth rate during these early adolescent ages and, thus, not due to earlier maturation; body size is likely genotypic and probably reflects selection at relatively young ages for the size demands of the sport.

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REARING OF DAIRY CALVES ON PASTURE WITH OR WITHOUT WHOLE OATS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas67-032 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 211-216

Author(s):

A. D. L. Gorrill

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Body Weight ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Average Growth Rate ◽

Average Growth ◽

Bull Calves ◽

Body Weights ◽

Weight Gains ◽

Average Body

Three groups of 10 Ayrshire bull calves born in May and June, 1963 were placed on pasture at 2 weeks of age, after weaning at 55 kg body weight, or at 15 weeks of age. Half the calves in each group also received whole oats while on pasture to a maximum of 1.4 kg/day. Prior to going on pasture, calves were fed a starter ration and timothy hay. The calves were removed from pasture at 21 weeks of age and fed hay and grain until 52 weeks of age. There were no differences between groups in rate of gain from 1 week of age to weaning, the average growth rate for all calves being 427 g/day. Calves put on pasture after weaning gained 223 g/day from weaning to 15 weeks of age, and calves put on pasture at 15 weeks of age gained only 177 g/day from 15 to 21 weeks of age. Weight gains during these same two periods for calves put on pasture at 2 weeks of age were 432 and 500 g/day, respectively. Feeding oats to calves on pasture did not increase growth rates to weaning or to 15 weeks of age. Average body weights at 52 weeks of age were 251, 228, and 242 kg, respectively for calves started on pasture at 2 weeks of age, after weaning, and at 15 weeks of age.

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Growth rate and body size differences in Rangifer, a study of causes and effects

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.3.1.463 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 3 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Eigil Reimers

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Body Size ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Maximum Growth ◽

The Body ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Minor Effect ◽

Reduced Body ◽

Body Weights ◽

A Minor

The paper discusses growth rate- and body size differences in Rangifer; their causes and effects. Growth rates and autumn body weights vary considerably both within and between Rangifer subspecies. The variation measured is within limits found in animals of same genetical stock subjected to different environments. Reproductive age, pregnancy rate, calving time and mortality either are or may be functionally related to autumn body weights. The differences in growth rates and body size among Rangifer in different areas are caused primarily by differences in environmental factors during the summer, including stress. The quality of the winter pastures has a minor effect on the body size in areas where the summer conditions allow the animals to grow at their maximum rate. In areas where maximum growth rates for various reasons are counteracted, severely overgrazed winter pastures will contribute to reduced body size. Stress in the terms of human disturbance, insects and predators and the effect on Rangifer activity pattern and hence on growth rates and body size need to be more thoroughly dealt with.Forskjeller i vekst og størrelse hos Rangifer, en studie over årsaker og virkninger.Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Arbeidet diskuterer årsaker til og virkninger av vekst- og størrelsesforskjeller hos Rangifer. Vekst og høstvekter varierer betydelig både innen og mellom de enkelte Æangj/er-underartene. Variasjonene er imidlertid ikke større enn de som er beskrevet i bestander med samme genetiske utgangspunkt og utsatt for ulike miljøforhold. Alder ved kjønnsmodning, drektighetsfrekvens, kalvingstid og dødelighet er eller synes å være relatert til høstvektene. Vekst-og størrelsesforskjeller hos rein og caribou i ulike områder skyldes i første rekke forskjeller i miljøfaktorene om sommeren, stress inkludert. Kvaliteten av vinterbeitene har liten effekt på kroppsstørrelse i områder hvor forholdene sommerstid tillater maksimal veksthastighet. I områder hvor dette av forskjellige grunner ikke skjer, vil sterkt overbeitede vinterbeiter bidra til reduserte kroppsvekter. Stress i form av menneskelige forstyrrelser, insekter og rovdyr og effekten på reinens/caribouens aktivitetsbudsjett og derigjennom på vekst og kroppsvekt har krav på større forskningsinteresse.Rangiferin kasvun ja suuruuden eroavaisuuksia. Tutkielma syistå ja vaikutuksista.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Tyo kåsittelee syitå ja vaikutuksia Rangiferin kasvu - ja suuruuseroavaisuuksista. Kasvu ja syyspainot vaihtelevat huomattavasti sekå yksittåisisså Rangifer - alalajeissa ettå lajien kesken. Vaihtelu ei ole kuitenkaan suurempi kuin se mitå on kerrottu laumoista, joilla on sama perinnollinen låhtokohta ja jotka ovat joutuneet erilaisten ymparistotekijoiden vaikuttamiksi. Sukukypsyysikå, tiinehtyvyystaajuus, vasonta-aika ja kuolleisuus on tai nåyttåå olevan suhteessa syyspainoihin. Syy kasvu - ja suuruuseroavaisuuksiin poroilla ja karibulla eri seuduilla nåyttåå ensi sijassa olevan ympåristotekijoiden eroavaisuudet kesållå, stressi mukaanluettuna. Talvilaitumien laadulla on pieni vaikutus ruumiin suuruuteen seuduilla, joissa olosuhteet kesåaikaan sallivat enimmåiskasvunopeuden. Seuduilla, joissa tåta ei tapahdu - eri syistå johtuen, voimakkaasti ylirasitetut talvilaitumet vaikuttavat alentuneisiin ruumiinpainoihin. Stressi, inhimillisten håirioden muodossa, hyonteiset ja petoelåimet ja poron/karibun vaikutus toimintaan sekå siten kasvuun ja ruumiinpainoon ovat seikkoja, jotka vaativat suurempaa tutkimuskiinnostusta.

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Concentrations of glucose, albumin, inorganic phosphate and sodium in the blood of beef calves at 2 ½ months of age and their relationships with subsequent weight gain

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600027933 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 94 (1) ◽

pp. 95-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. J. Rowlands

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Inorganic Phosphate ◽

The Body ◽

The Other ◽

Growth Depression ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Beef Calves ◽

Body Weights

SummaryBlood samples were taken at 9, 10 and 11 weeks of age from 230 male Hereford × Friesian calves, the progeny of 12 Hereford bulls. Concentrations of blood glucose, serum albumin, inorganic phosphate and sodium were measured and correlated with body weights and growth rates until slaughter at 19½ months of age.Correlations between growth rates and glucose concentrations (0·44) and between growth rates and albumin concentrations (0·38) were observed until 4 months of age. Similar correlations between body weights and blood glucose or albumin concentrations persisted until 6 months of age. By 10 months, however, the correlations had begun to decline, and by slaughter they had become insignificant.Correlations between growth rates and inorganic phosphate or sodium concentrations were smaller, and also decreased with age.The effect of hypoglycaemia on growth rate was compared with the effect of enzootic pneumonia. Although the 10% of calves with the lowest glucose concentrations were growing 24% more slowly than the other calves at the time of sampling, this growth depression was not related to pneumonia, and they subsequently made up for most of the early loss of growth.Three blood samples were also taken from 22 Hereford bulls. No significant correlations were observed between the blood composition of the bulls and the body weights or weight gains of their progeny.

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Growth and body weight of free-range reindeer in western Alaska

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.20.4.1517 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 20 (2-3) ◽

pp. 221 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Greg L. Finstad ◽

Alexander K. Prichard

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Total Body Weight ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽

Adult Males ◽

Body Weights ◽

Total Body ◽

Reproductive Females ◽

Average Body

Total body weight of 9749 reindeer calves and 4798 adult reindeer were measured from 1984 to 1999 on the Seward Peninsula, western Alaska, USA. Growth rates of male and female calves, and annual growth patterns of adults were determined. Male calves grew faster than female calves. Reproductive females were lighter than non-reproductive females during summer but there was no effect of reproduction on average body weights the following winter. Adult males age 3-5 were heavier during summer than winter. Castrated males weighed the same as uncastrated males in summer, but were significantly heavier in winter, and did not display the large annual fluctuations in weight typical of reproductive males and females. Growth rates were higher and body weights greater in this herd than many other cir-cumpolar reindeer populations. We suggest these kinds of physiological indices should be used to monitor the possible effects of spatial and temporal variation in population density and to evaluate changes in herding practices.

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Scaling of growth rate and mortality with size and its consequence on size spectra of natural microphytoplankton assemblages in the East China Sea

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-10-5267-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 5267-5280 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

F. H. Chang ◽

E. C. Marquis ◽

C. W. Chang ◽

G. C. Gong ◽

C. H. Hsieh

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Body Size ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Specific Growth ◽

Size Structure ◽

Scaling Exponent ◽

The East China Sea ◽

Size Category ◽

Grazing Mortality ◽

Specific Growth Rates

Abstract. Allometric scaling of body size versus growth rate and mortality has been suggested to be a universal macroecological pattern, as described by the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE). However, whether such scaling generally holds in natural assemblages remains debated. Here, we test the hypothesis that the size-specific growth rate and grazing mortality scale with the body size with an exponent of −1/4 after temperature correction, as MTE predicts. To do so, we couple a dilution experiment with the FlowCAM imaging system to obtain size-specific growth rates and grazing mortality of natural microphytoplankton assemblages in the East China Sea. This novel approach allows us to achieve highly resolved size-specific measurements that would be very difficult to obtain in traditional size-fractionated measurements using filters. Our results do not support the MTE prediction. On average, the size-specific growth rates and grazing mortality scale almost isometrically with body size (with scaling exponent ∼0.1). However, this finding contains high uncertainty, as the size-scaling exponent varies substantially among assemblages. The fact that size-scaling exponent varies among assemblages prompts us to further investigate how the variation of size-specific growth rate and grazing mortality can interact to determine the microphytoplankton size structure, described by normalized biomass size spectrum (NBSS), among assemblages. We test whether the variation of microphytoplankton NBSS slopes is determined by (1) differential grazing mortality of small versus large individuals, (2) differential growth rate of small versus large individuals, or (3) combinations of these scenarios. Our results indicate that the ratio of the grazing mortality of the large size category to that of the small size category best explains the variation of NBSS slopes across environments, suggesting that higher grazing mortality of large microphytoplankton may release the small phytoplankton from grazing, which in turn leads to a steeper NBSS slope. This study contributes to understanding the relative importance of bottom-up versus top-down control in shaping microphytoplankton size structure.

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Inheritance of geographic variation in body size, and countergradient variation in growth rates, in the southern brown bandicoot Isoodon obesulus.

Australian Mammalogy ◽

10.1071/am00009 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

ML Hale

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Body Weight ◽

Body Size ◽

Geographic Variation ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Habitat Type ◽

Adaptive Divergence ◽

Common Environment ◽

Countergradient Variation ◽

Large Animals

The inheritance of geographic variation in body size in the southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) was investigated through a common-environment crossbreeding experiment. The geographic variation in body size is related to habitat type, suggesting that it may be adaptive. Adults from two locations in Western Australia, Perth (large animals) and Albany (small animals), were collected and offspring from both hybrid and non-hybrid matings were reared under controlled conditions. All four variables examined (head length, pes length, ear length and body weight) were found to possess a large genetic component, supporting the interpretation that the geographic variation in size is adaptive. The three length variables initially showed additive genetic variation, although the variation in body weight displayed dominance. Genetically controlled differences in growth rate were also detected, with the smaller animals, found in the relatively poorer environment, possessing the faster intrinsic growth rate. Thus, not only does there appear to be adaptive divergence in initial body size, but the countergradient variation in growth rates provides additional evidence for adaptive divergence in this species.

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Incubation temperature and clutch effects on initial body sizes and growth rates in green iguana hatchlings (Iguana iguana)

Animal Biology ◽

10.1163/15707563-00002535 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 67 (3-4) ◽

pp. 239-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yuleimis T. Martínez-Caballero ◽

Brian C. Bock ◽

Isabel Pérez ◽

Ángela M. Ortega-León ◽

Vivian P. Páez

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Body Size ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Egg Size ◽

Incubation Temperature ◽

Size Variation ◽

Early Growth ◽

Rate Variation ◽

Body Sizes ◽

Green Iguanas

Large initial body size and rapid early growth rate are important in many species, both because predation rates decline as individuals grow and because females that attain a larger adult body size are more fecund. To identify possible factors contributing to size and growth rate variation in hatchling green iguanas, we artificially incubated six clutches at three constant temperatures to test for effects of incubation temperature and/or clutch effects on initial size and growth rate. Higher incubation temperatures resulted in significantly shorter incubation periods but did not influence initial body size. There were significant differences among clutches in egg size, and also in initial hatchling body size, even after correcting for differences in egg size among clutches. A subset of hatchlings from each nest was reared in semi-natural conditions for four months, with individuals from the high incubation temperature condition exhibiting the slowest longer-term growth rates. No clutch effects were detected in the growth rate analyses. The observed variation in early growth rate of juvenile iguanas seems to be selectively important and this variation may be due in part to the conditions the eggs experience during incubation, but clutch effects in this study were limited to egg size and initial hatchling body size variation, but were not found for subsequent growth rates.

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Placental restriction of fetal growth reduces size at birth and alters postnatal growth, feeding activity, and adiposity in the young lamb

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00430.2006 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 292 (2) ◽

pp. R875-R886 ◽

Cited By ~ 72

Author(s):

Miles J. De Blasio ◽

Kathryn L. Gatford ◽

Jeffrey S. Robinson ◽

Julie A. Owens

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Feeding Activity ◽

Later Life ◽

Postnatal Growth ◽

Postnatal Life ◽

Absolute Growth ◽

Accelerated Growth ◽

Early Postnatal Life ◽

Size At Birth

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with accelerated growth after birth. Together, IUGR and accelerated growth after birth predict reduced lean tissue mass and increased obesity in later life. Although placental insufficiency is a major cause of IUGR, whether it alters growth and adiposity in early postnatal life is not known. We hypothesized that placental restriction (PR) in the sheep would reduce size at birth and increase postnatal growth rate, fat mass, and feeding activity in the young lamb. PR reduced survival rate and size at birth, with soft tissues reduced to a greater extent than skeletal tissues and relative sparing of head width ( P < 0.05 for all). PR did not alter absolute growth rates (i.e., the slope of the line of best fit for age vs. parameter size from birth to 45 days of age) but increased neonatal fractional growth rates (absolute growth rate relative to size at birth) for body weight (+24%), tibia (+15%) and metatarsal (+18%) lengths, hindlimb (+23%) and abdominal (+19%) circumferences, and fractional growth rates for current weight ( P < 0.05) weekly throughout the first 45 days of life. PR and small size at birth reduced individual skeletal muscle weights and increased visceral adiposity in absolute and relative terms. PR also altered feeding activity, which increased with decreasing size at birth and was predictive of increased postnatal growth and adiposity. In conclusion, PR reduced size at birth and induced catch-up growth postnatally, normalizing weight and length but increasing adiposity in early postnatal life. Increased feeding activity may contribute to these alterations in growth and body composition following prenatal restraint and, if they persist, may lead to adverse metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes in later life.

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Errata

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400036500 ◽

1948 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 349-349

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Methyl Bromide ◽

Rapid Growth ◽

White Rats ◽

Body Weights ◽

Rapid Growth Rate ◽

Average Body

The Toxicity of Methallyl Chloride and Methyl Bromide towards White RatsBy N. van Tiel, 46, No. 2, p. 217p. 219, column 1, lines 9–11 should read:“The effect of the several gassings upon those rats which survived was studied during and after treatment.”p. 220, column 1, lines 12–16 should read:“This rapid growth rate diminished the differences between the average body weights of the treated and untreated rats.”

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Relationship between body size and population growth rate in two opportunistic polychaetes

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315402005647 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 82 (3) ◽

pp. 403-408 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

D. Prevedelli ◽

R. Simonini

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Body Size ◽

Sex Ratio ◽

Population Growth ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Life Histories ◽

Population Growth Rate ◽

Population Growth Rates ◽

The Relationship ◽

Dinophilus Gyrociliatus

The relationship between body size and population growth rate λ has been studied in two species of opportunistic polychaetes, Dinophilus gyrociliatus and Ophryotrocha labronica, which colonize harbour environments. These species exhibit a semi-continuous iteroparous reproductive strategy, are phylogenetically closely-related but differ in body size and in some aspects of their sexuality. Ophryotrocha labronica is about 4 mm in body length, displays only slight sexual dimorphism and its sex ratio is biased towards the female sex in the ratio 2:1. Dinophilus gyrociliatus is about 1 mm in length, the males are extremely small and the sex ratio is strongly biased (3:1) in favour of the females. In spite of the considerable differences in all traits of their life histories and in many demographic parameters, the growth rates of the two populations are very similar. The analyses carried out have shown that the rapid attainment of sexual maturity of D. gyrociliatus gives it an advantage that offsets the greater fecundity of O. labronica. It is very likely that the reproductive peculiarities of D. gyrociliatus help to raise the population growth rates. The ‘saving’ on the male sex achieved both by the shift of the sex ratio in favour of the females and by the reduction in the males' body size would appear to enable D. gyrociliatus to grow at the same rate as O. labronica, a larger and more fecund species.

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