Concentrations of glucose, albumin, inorganic phosphate and sodium in the blood of beef calves at 2 ½ months of age and their relationships with subsequent weight gain

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Rowlands

SummaryBlood samples were taken at 9, 10 and 11 weeks of age from 230 male Hereford × Friesian calves, the progeny of 12 Hereford bulls. Concentrations of blood glucose, serum albumin, inorganic phosphate and sodium were measured and correlated with body weights and growth rates until slaughter at 19½ months of age.Correlations between growth rates and glucose concentrations (0·44) and between growth rates and albumin concentrations (0·38) were observed until 4 months of age. Similar correlations between body weights and blood glucose or albumin concentrations persisted until 6 months of age. By 10 months, however, the correlations had begun to decline, and by slaughter they had become insignificant.Correlations between growth rates and inorganic phosphate or sodium concentrations were smaller, and also decreased with age.The effect of hypoglycaemia on growth rate was compared with the effect of enzootic pneumonia. Although the 10% of calves with the lowest glucose concentrations were growing 24% more slowly than the other calves at the time of sampling, this growth depression was not related to pneumonia, and they subsequently made up for most of the early loss of growth.Three blood samples were also taken from 22 Hereford bulls. No significant correlations were observed between the blood composition of the bulls and the body weights or weight gains of their progeny.

Author(s):  
D.F. Houlihan ◽  
K. Kelly ◽  
P.R. Boyle

Octopuses (Eledone cirrhosa (Octopoda: Cephalopoda)) held in an aquarium were subjected to varying conditions of feeding and starvation to evaluate putative indices of feeding and growth. Specific growth rate (%d−1) was linearly related to feeding rate (% of the body mass d−1) in animals with a mean body mass of 250 g at 15°C. Maximum growth rates varied between > 2% d−1 (body weights < 300 g) to < 1% d−1 (body weights ≤ 900 g) but specific growth rates were not related to body weight. Growth rates became negative (weight loss) after one week without food.The digestive gland index (DGI) was significantly correlated with short and long-term feeding and specific growth rates, and with body weight. Muscle RNA concentration was linearly correlated with growth rate during the previous 1–3 weeks but not with feeding rate. RNA:protein ratios were not different between mid-arm and mantle sample sites but arm tip values were significantly higher. RNA:protein ratio was related to body weight only in feeding animals. It is concluded that DGI is an index of feeding rate and that RNA:protein ratio can be used as an index of recent (~ 4 weeks) growth rate.


1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
AG Lyne ◽  
AM Downes ◽  
HB Chase

The autoradiographic technique was used to study the growth of the vibrissae in the mystacial, genal, and supraorbital regions of three brush-tailed possums. During the first cycle there were well-marked gradients in length within and between the rows of mystacial vibrissae. The length growth rates of the corresponding vibrissae on the left and right sides of the body were almost identical at any particular time, although the growth rates varied throughout the cycle. The variations in the final lengths of the vibrissae were due to variations in both the growth rate and the length of the cycle. The diameters increased continuously throughout the cycle. The rate of regrowth after plucking vibrissae from active and resting follicles was also studied. The new vibrissa in a particular follicle initially grew at a much faster rate than either the corres- ponding undisturbed vibrissa on the other side of the head or the vibrissa which had just been plucked. The subsequent rate of growth decreased progressively throughout the cycle. In spite of differences in growth rates during the first and later cycles, the overall dimensions of the successive vibrissae from a particular follicle were very similar. The normal retention of vibrissae was studied in one animal. At least some vibrissae were retained for more than a year after they had stopped growing. The results demonstrate that the vibrissae of T. vulgecula provide an excellent model for studies of the factors controlling follicle activity.


Rangifer ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eigil Reimers

<p>The paper discusses growth rate- and body size differences in Rangifer; their causes and effects. Growth rates and autumn body weights vary considerably both within and between Rangifer subspecies. The variation measured is within limits found in animals of same genetical stock subjected to different environments. Reproductive age, pregnancy rate, calving time and mortality either are or may be functionally related to autumn body weights. The differences in growth rates and body size among Rangifer in different areas are caused primarily by differences in environmental factors during the summer, including stress. The quality of the winter pastures has a minor effect on the body size in areas where the summer conditions allow the animals to grow at their maximum rate. In areas where maximum growth rates for various reasons are counteracted, severely overgrazed winter pastures will contribute to reduced body size. Stress in the terms of human disturbance, insects and predators and the effect on Rangifer activity pattern and hence on growth rates and body size need to be more thoroughly dealt with.</p><p>Forskjeller i vekst og st&oslash;rrelse hos Rangifer, en studie over &aring;rsaker og virkninger.</p><p>Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Arbeidet diskuterer &aring;rsaker til og virkninger av vekst- og st&oslash;rrelsesforskjeller hos Rangifer. Vekst og h&oslash;stvekter varierer betydelig b&aring;de innen og mellom de enkelte &AElig;angj/er-underartene. Variasjonene er imidlertid ikke st&oslash;rre enn de som er beskrevet i bestander med samme genetiske utgangspunkt og utsatt for ulike milj&oslash;forhold. Alder ved kj&oslash;nnsmodning, drektighetsfrekvens, kalvingstid og d&oslash;delighet er eller synes &aring; v&aelig;re relatert til h&oslash;stvektene. Vekst-og st&oslash;rrelsesforskjeller hos rein og caribou i ulike omr&aring;der skyldes i f&oslash;rste rekke forskjeller i milj&oslash;faktorene om sommeren, stress inkludert. Kvaliteten av vinterbeitene har liten effekt p&aring; kroppsst&oslash;rrelse i omr&aring;der hvor forholdene sommerstid tillater maksimal veksthastighet. I omr&aring;der hvor dette av forskjellige grunner ikke skjer, vil sterkt overbeitede vinterbeiter bidra til reduserte kroppsvekter. Stress i form av menneskelige forstyrrelser, insekter og rovdyr og effekten p&aring; reinens/caribouens aktivitetsbudsjett og derigjennom p&aring; vekst og kroppsvekt har krav p&aring; st&oslash;rre forskningsinteresse.</p><p>Rangiferin kasvun ja suuruuden eroavaisuuksia. Tutkielma syist&aring; ja vaikutuksista.</p><p>Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Tyo k&aring;sittelee syit&aring; ja vaikutuksia Rangiferin kasvu - ja suuruuseroavaisuuksista. Kasvu ja syyspainot vaihtelevat huomattavasti sek&aring; yksitt&aring;isiss&aring; Rangifer - alalajeissa ett&aring; lajien kesken. Vaihtelu ei ole kuitenkaan suurempi kuin se mit&aring; on kerrottu laumoista, joilla on sama perinnollinen l&aring;htokohta ja jotka ovat joutuneet erilaisten ymparistotekijoiden vaikuttamiksi. Sukukypsyysik&aring;, tiinehtyvyystaajuus, vasonta-aika ja kuolleisuus on tai n&aring;ytt&aring;&aring; olevan suhteessa syyspainoihin. Syy kasvu - ja suuruuseroavaisuuksiin poroilla ja karibulla eri seuduilla n&aring;ytt&aring;&aring; ensi sijassa olevan ymp&aring;ristotekijoiden eroavaisuudet kes&aring;ll&aring;, stressi mukaanluettuna. Talvilaitumien laadulla on pieni vaikutus ruumiin suuruuteen seuduilla, joissa olosuhteet kes&aring;aikaan sallivat enimm&aring;iskasvunopeuden. Seuduilla, joissa t&aring;ta ei tapahdu - eri syist&aring; johtuen, voimakkaasti ylirasitetut talvilaitumet vaikuttavat alentuneisiin ruumiinpainoihin. Stressi, inhimillisten h&aring;irioden muodossa, hyonteiset ja petoel&aring;imet ja poron/karibun vaikutus toimintaan sek&aring; siten kasvuun ja ruumiinpainoon ovat seikkoja, jotka vaativat suurempaa tutkimuskiinnostusta.</p>


1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Sackler ◽  
A. S. Weltman ◽  
R. Schwartz ◽  
P. Steinglass

ABSTRACT This report was designed to determine combined effects of maternal endocrine imbalances and abnormal behaviour due to prolonged isolation stress of female mice on the behaviour, developmental growth rate and endocrine function of their offspring. Sixty female albino mice averaging 19 g were divided equally into isolated and control groups. The isolated females were housed singly; control females were maintained in groups of 2 mice per cage. After observation of behavioural and physiological effects characteristic of isolation stress in the test mice, all isolated and control mice were mated after a 6½ month experimental, isolation period. No differences were observed in fertility and fecundity of the two groups of mothers. Analyses of developmental growth rates of the litters of the isolated versus control mothers showed significantly lower body weights in the test offspring at 3 and 4 weeks of age. The body weights of the female offspring remained significantly lower from the 4th to 11th weeks. The effects on the body weights of the male offspring declined and were no longer statistically significant at the 5th to 11 weeks. Locomotor activity at 4½ and 8 weeks of age was markedly or significantly higher in the male and female mice from isolated mothers. Tail-blood samples taken prior to autopsy at 5 and 11 weeks of age revealed significant decreases in the total leukocyte and eosinophil counts of both sexes. At the two ages, the absolute and relative spleen and thymus weights of the male and female offspring were markedly and/or significantly lower than the values observed in counterpart young from control females. Significant decreases were also observed in the absolute gonadal organ weights of both sexes at 11 weeks of age. The various data indicated inhibited growth rates, heightened locomotor activity and evasiveness, as well as evidence of increased adrenocortical function in the offspring from test mothers. The gonadal weight decreases suggested retarded gonadal development. Further studies using split-litter techniques are required to differentiate the effects of prenatal endocrine imbalances versus postnatal maternal influence (i. e., nursing care) on the offspring.


2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 612-616
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal

Blood samples of One hundred and twenty patients from different hospitals in Baghdad infected with hydatidosis in different sites of the body (Liver, Lung, multiorgans and kidney) were collected for this study. On the other hand, 30 healthy individuals were included as a control group. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of this disease on the serum protein profile of the patients using electrophoresis. The results revealed four different protein banding patterns with difference in number of bands and their molecular weights in comparison to the control group, and these differences depended on the site of infection. However the data showed a presence of the same band in all patients with different site of infection.


1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-74
Author(s):  
G. J. Rowlands ◽  
Kathryn J. Bunch ◽  
P. A. Brookes ◽  
R. Manston

SUMMARYBlood samples were taken from 428 Friesian (Holstein) bulls on three occasions, on average at approximately 3-monthly intervals, between 3 and 15 months of age, and also from 214 of them on three occasions at 6-monthly intervals when they were between 2 and 6 years of age.The average concentrations of blood glucose and haemoglobin and of serum cholesterol, urea, albumin, globulin, inorganic phosphate, Ca, Mg, Na, K and Cu were calculated for each of these periods and correlated with improved contemporary comparisons of milk yield and quality.Repeatability estimates were similar within each of the two periods but were lower when mean concentrations calculated between 3 and 15 months of age were compared with those between 2 and 6 years. The main exceptions were cholesterol (0·52) and Cu (0·54) for which repeatability estimates were similar to those derived within the above two periods. The constituents with the next highest levels of repeatability were magnesium (0·44), globulin (0·43) and inorganic phosphate (0·39), which were approximately 30% lower than those obtained within the two periods.Correlations between blood concentrations and improved contemporary comparisons were negligible, indicating that it is not possible to use these blood constituents to predict the milk production potential of a bull's daughters.


1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 2189-2195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary D. Hawkins ◽  
R. E. Haist

In the rat, the magnitude of the hypoglycaemic response to a dose of tolbutamide (50 mg/kg per os) which does not depress blood glucose levels to the point where adrenal compensatory mechanisms are stimulated is unaffected by adrenalectomy. On the other hand, when a dose is given which induces a greater hypoglycaemia (100 mg/kg per os) a very significant difference between adrenalectomized and sham-operated animals is observed, the adrenalectomized rats displaying a far greater sensitivity to the hypoglycaemic action of this compound. In intact rats, the hypoglycaemia induced by tolbutamide (100 mg/kg per os) is lessened by pretreatment of the animals with Dibenzyline (4 mg/kg) but enhanced by the prior injection of dihydroergotamine (2 mg/kg). Larger doses of dihydroergotamine alone cause a reduction in glucose levels of tail blood which is greater than that found in carotid blood samples withdrawn at the same times.


Author(s):  
M Wan Zahari ◽  
J K Thompson ◽  
D Scott

The effects of plane of nutrition on the body composition of growing sheep are very apparent when animals are compared at the same age following different nutritional histories. These differences are, however, less obvious when animals of the same breed and sex are compared at the same body weight and at present there is some conjecture whether composition is affected by growth rate. This uncertainty is not limited to fat and protein but includes the bone and ash, fraction and the ash composition.The primary objective of this trial was to study the effects of different growth rates achieved by feeding different amounts of the same concentrate diet on the composition of empty-body gain and on the retention of minerals by growing lambs. A secondary objective was to examine the effect of adding supplementary calcium carbonate to the basal diet at the fast rate of growth.


1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Parsons ◽  
RL Specht

In southern Australia, deep calcareous and deep siliceous sands each carry a distinctive assemblage of eucalypts. Three of these species with contrasting edaphic ranges were investigated: Eucalyptus baxteri, which is widespread on acidic soils and is never found on highly alkaline soils like the calcareous sands; E. incrassata, which is widespread on acidic and neutral soils, occurs occasionally on some highly alkaline soils, but is also absent from calcareous beach sands; and E. diversifolia, which is found on both acidic and highly alkaline soils and is widespread on calcareous beach sands. All three species occur on siliceous sands, with E. baxteri in wetter areas than the other two species. Comparative pot experiments in which typical calcareous and siliceous sands were used showed that: (1) E. baxteri is stunted by severe lime chlorosis when grown on calcareous sand, while the other two species are not affected. (2) E. baxteri markedly outyields the other two species on siliceous sands. It is suggested that E. baxteri is absent from calcareous sands because it is physiologically intolerant of highly alkaline soils, and that E. baxteri replaces the other two species on the wetter siliceous sands because its faster growth rate enables it to outcompete them when rainfall is adequate. However, the slower growth rates of E. diversifolia and E. incrassata will be accompanied by slower rates of water use and this may give them an advantage over E. baxteri on drier siliceous sands. The wide edaphic range of E. diversifolia is considered to be the outcome of the wide physiological tolerance of individual plants rather than of intraspecific differentiation.


2005 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Zecconi ◽  
Enrica Binda ◽  
Vitaliano Borromeo ◽  
Renata Piccinini

Staphylococcus aureus isolates produce several pathogenic factors. The combination of these products influences the pathogenic role of different isolates, but their specific effects are well known in the pathogenesis of udder infections. This study focused on the association of polymorphism of the coagulase gene, protein A gene, collagen-binding protein gene, and of fibrinogen-binding protein gene on somatic cell count (SCC) and on Staph. aureus growth rate. Fifty Staph. aureus isolates from 13 dairy cow herds, located in seven different provinces, were considered. The results showed a low frequency of cna gene, similar to the one observed in human isolates. Meanwhile, the high frequency of efb gene indirectly confirmed the role of this factor in bacterial pathogenesis, being associated with adhesion to epithelia. The association of these two single genes with SCC and growth rate showed to be not significant. The polymorphism of spa gene was confirmed to be significantly associated with inflammatory response and growth rate, albeit with a pattern different from the one suggested for human isolates. Sorting of isolates based on the clusters obtained by combining polymorphisms of spa and coa genes and the presence of cna and efb genes, showed that a single cluster (cluster V) was prevalent in the different herds and provinces, while the other six clusters identified were widely spread among the remaining 60% of the isolates. Results showed that clusters VI and VII had significantly higher growth rates at 3, 4, and 6 h in comparison with the other clusters. Meanwhile, quarters infected with these strains showed significantly lower SCC levels. The frequency of isolates from cluster V, suggested that they should possess pathogenic factors increasing their invasiveness, even if in the presence of a stronger inflammatory response. These results indirectly confirm previous findings on the different interactions between isolates and the udder immune system. They also suggest that isolates with higher growth rates and inducing a lower inflammatory response have better chances to spread among the herd. The relatively simple genomic method proposed in this study could be applied by an increasing number of diagnostic laboratories and could be useful in studying the epidemiology of Staph. aureus intramammary infections in dairy herds when collecting data from the field.


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