Aerobic Capacity as Related to Leg Strength in Youths with Mental Retardation

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Pitetti ◽  
Bo Fernhall
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Isokinetic Dynamometry ◽  
Average Force ◽  
Leg Strength ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Flexion And Extension

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between aerobic capacity (VO2peak) and leg strength of male (n = 17) and female (n = 12) youths (age = 14.2 ± 2.1 years) with mild to moderate mental retardation. Aerobic capacity was determined by a treadmill test (GXT) and isokinetic knee flexion and extension strength (peak torque, peak force, average force) was determined by isokinetic dynamometry. Results indicate that significant positive relationships (p < .05) exist between VO2peak (ml · min−1 · kg−1) and isokinetic leg strength expressed relative to body weight. The results indicate that leg strength is a contributor to aerobic fitness in youths with mental retardation. Additionally, when considering the low levels of both strength and VO2peak, leg strength may be a limiting factor of VO2peak in these youths, or the relationship may be explained by the concept of metabolic nonspecialization.

Leg Strength Is Related to Endurance Run Performance in Children and Adolescents with Mental Retardation

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Fernhall ◽  
Kenneth H. Pitetti
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Moderate Mental Retardation ◽  
Leg Strength ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shuttle Run

This study evaluated the relationship between leg strength and endurance run performance, independent of aerobic capacity (V̇O2peak), body size, and gender, in children and adolescents with mild or moderate mental retardation. Twenty-six individuals (15 boys and 11 girls) volunteered and underwent tests of V̇O2peak, isokinetic leg strength, and endurance run performance (600-yard ran/walk and 20-m shuttle run). Results showed that leg strength was significantly related to both types of run performance; however, when controlling for V̇O2peak, body size, and gender, leg strength was a more significant contributor to the 600-yard run/walk than to 20-m shuttle run performance. Gender did not influence these relationships. These data suggest that leg strength has a significant influence on endurance run performance in children and adolescents with mild or moderate mental retardation.

Effects of Hydraulic Resistance Strength Training on Isokinetic Measures of Leg Strength in Men with Mental Retardation

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rory Suomi ◽  
Paul R. Surburg ◽  
Peter Lecius
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Hydraulic Resistance ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
The Other ◽  
Isokinetic Strength ◽  
Total Work ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Leg Strength ◽  
Hip Abduction

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of hydraulic resistance (HR) training on total work and peak torque measures of isokinetic strength for tests of knee extension and hip abduction on men with mental retardation (MR). The subjects, 22 men with mild to moderate MR, were randomly assigned to two groups; 11 subjects trained three times a week for 12 weeks using HR exercise machines, while the other 11 served as controls. Prior to and after the 12 weeks of training, all subjects were assessed on isokinetic tests of knee extension at 60 deg/s and hip abduction at 30 deg/s. The strength trained subjects exhibited significant increases in total work scores on knee extension and hip abduction tests for both legs ranging from 25.0 to 177.1%. Significant increases ranging from 50.1 to 82.7% were also noted on two of the four peak torque measures. The control subjects did not exhibit significant changes in total work or peak torque scores on either muscle test between test sessions.

scholarly journals Are isokinetic leg torques and kick velocity reliable predictors for competitive success in taekwondo athletes?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Vieira Sarmet Moreira ◽  
Coral Falco ◽  
Luciano Luporini Menegaldo ◽  
Márcio Fagundes Goethel ◽  
Leandro Vinhas de Paula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peak Torque ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Hip Abduction ◽  
Competitive Success ◽  
Expertise Level ◽  
Hip Flexion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hip Extension ◽  
Flexion And Extension

AbstractThe aim of the study was to analyzed the relationship between isokinetic knee and hip peak torques and Roundhouse-kick velocities and expertise level (Elite vs. Subelite) of Taekwondo athletes. Seven elite and seven sub-elite athletes were tested for kick kinematic, power of impact and for isokinetic peak torque (PT) at slow (60°/s) and high (240°/s) concentric mode. PTs were compared between groups and correlated with the data of kick performance. It was found inter-group differences in hip flexors and extensors PT at the isokinetic fast speed. The hip flexion PT at 60°/s and 240°/s were negatively correlated with the kick time (R = −0.46, and R = −0.62, respectively). Hip flexion torque at 60°/s was also positively correlated (R = 0.52) with the peak of linear velocity of the foot (LVF) and the power of impact (R = 0.51). Peak torque of hip extension at 60°/s and hip abduction at 240°/s were correlated with the LVF (R= 0.56 and R = 0.46). Discriminant analysis presented an accuracy of 85.7% in predicting expertise level based on fast torques of hip flexion and extension and on the knee extension velocity during the kick. This study demonstrated that hip muscles strength is probably the dominant muscular factor for determining kick performance. Knee angular velocity combined with hip torques are the best discriminators for the competitive level in taekwondo athletes.

Validity and Reliability of the 1/2-Mile Run-Walk as an Indicator of Aerobic Fitness in Children with Mental Retardation

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Fernhall ◽  
Ken Pitetti ◽  
Nancy Stubbs ◽  
Louis Stadler
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Reliable Test ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between VO2max and the 1/2-mile run-walk and the reliability of each in children with mental retardation (MR). Twenty-three children (13 boys, 10 girls) with mild or moderate MR participated in the study. Two maximal treadmill protocols with metabolic measurements and two 1/2-mile run-walk trials were randomly conducted on separate days. There was no difference between Trial 1 and Trial 2 for VO2max (28.2 vs. 29.6 ml · kg−1 · min−1), maximal heart rate (175 vs. 177 bpm), or run-walk time (7.2 vs. 7.1 min). The test-retest correlations were r = .90 for VO2max, r = .81 for maximal heart rate, and r = .96 for the 1/2-mile run-walk (p < .05). The correlation between VO2max and the 1/2-mile run-walk was r = −.60 (p < .05). Adding body mass index to the model improved R to .67 (SEE = 7.3). The 1/2-mile run-walk was a reliable test, but had questionable validity as an indicator of aerobic capacity in children with mild and moderate MR.

What Does Human Development Index Rating Mean in Terms of Individualism/Collectivism?

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria José Sotelo ◽  
Luis Gimeno
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Relationship

The authors explore an alternative way of analyzing the relationship between human development and individualism. The method is based on the first principal component of Hofstede's individualism index in the Human Development Index rating domain. Results suggest that the general idea that greater wealth brings more individualism is only true for countries with high levels of development, while for middle or low levels of development the inverse is true.

Ups and downs on the roller coaster of task conflict: the role of group cognitive complexity, collective emotional intelligence and team creativity

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-37
Author(s):  
Andreea Gheorghe ◽  
Oana Fodor ◽  
Anișoara Pavelea
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Task Conflict ◽  
Team Creativity ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Explanatory Mechanism ◽  
The Relationship

This study explores the association between task conflict and team creativity and the role of group cognitive complexity (GCC) as a potential explanatory mechanism in a sample of 159 students organized in 49 groups. Moreover, we analyzed the moderating effect of collective emotional intelligence (CEI)in the relationship between task conflict and GCC.As hypothesized, we found that task conflict has a nonlinear relationship with GCC, but contrary to our expectations, it follows a U-shaped association, not an inversed U-shape. In addition,the moderating role of CEI was significant only at low levels. Contrary to our expectation, the mediating role of GCC did not receive empirical support. Theoretical and practical contributions are discussed.

Illicit Economies and Political Violence in Central Asia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence P. Markowitz ◽  
Mariya Y. Omelicheva
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Drug Trade ◽  
Weak States ◽  
Collaborative Relationships ◽  
Organized Violence ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Terrorist Violence

This chapter examines low levels of terrorist violence in Muslim-majority societies. Studies of terrorism have tended to view the relationship between religion and violence through the narrow lens of security, thereby overpredicting the extent of terrorist violence across societies. After reviewing the various explanations for terrorist violence, and applying them to Central Asia, this chapter explores the conditions under which a state’s involvement in illicit economies—specifically its collusion in the drug trade—can dampen levels of terrorist violence. Combining quantitative analysis (including GIS-enabled tools) with a series of in-depth expert interviews conducted in Central Asia, it emphasizes the complex political economy of security that defines infrastructurally weak states, where political and security apparatuses are often immersed in informal and illicit economies. This approach helps uncover the complex links between religion and organized violence, where state apparatuses are often drawn into collaborative relationships with nonstate actors.

scholarly journals Intramachine and Intermachine Reliability of the Biodex and Cybex®II for Knee Flexion and Extension Peak Torque and Angular Work

1991 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 329-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Gross ◽  
Greta M. Huffman ◽  
Cheryl N. Phillips ◽  
J. Ann Wray
Keyword(s):  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Flexion And Extension

scholarly journals 395 Impact of pig mortality on U.S. pig producers

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 184-185
Author(s):  
Caleb M Shull
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Step

Abstract Swine producers in the U.S. face a significant challenge. On top of the ever-changing market dynamics that lead to wide swings in profitability or loss, is an underlying issue of pig mortality that the industry must address. While significant improvements in total piglets born per litter have been achieved over the last 10 years, pig mortality has seen no improvement or has worsened (Figure 1). When expressed as a percentage of piglets born (excluding mummies), a total of 7.9% were recorded as stillborn and 13.4% died prior to weaning in 2019. Assuming a typical mortality range of 7–10% from weaning to harvest, a typical U.S. producer could expect to lose around 27–30% of all piglets born. In addition, the average producer had around 12% annual sow mortality (Figure 1). Litter size and post-weaning growth rate and feed efficiency will always factor heavily into research priorities due to the economic impact associated with those traits; however, the opportunity to drive value through reduction in pig losses across the production cycle is staggering. In defense of the industry, improving pig survival is not an easy task for a number of reasons. The sample size (i.e., number of pigs) required to do mortality research correctly is often a limiting factor for many production systems. Furthermore, a cross-functional approach is likely required to make significant improvements in mortality. Specifically, the relationship between genetics, health, and management practices warrant consideration. Recent collaboration across the industry to improve mortality is a positive step forward and this collaboration should continue moving forward.

Entrepreneurs and Burnout. How Hardy Pesonality works in this process

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412199697
Author(s):  
Laura Quiun ◽  
Marta Herrero ◽  
Maria del Carmen Yeo Ayala ◽  
Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Exhaustion ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Burnout Syndrome ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Occupational Factors ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Background Considering the importance of entrepreneurship and the impact of burnout on workers’ health, this study aims to explore the presence of burnout in entrepreneurs and the interaction of hardy personality (HP) in this process. Method The sample included 255 Spanish entrepreneurs. Occupational factors, working hours, labour immersion, HP, burnout syndrome (i.e. Emotional exhaustion, Depersonalization and Lack of accomplishment) and burnout consequences were assessed. Results Descriptive analysis showed that entrepreneurs had low levels of occupational factors, burnout syndrome and consequences. Hierarchical regression exploratory results indicated that working hours, labour immersion, and Emotional exhaustion were the most relevant predictors of the consequences. Besides, mediation models with PROCESS macro (v.3.0) highlighted the indirect effect of occupational factors and showed that emotional exhaustion was the only component of burnout that mediated in between the predictors and the consequences. As well, HP moderated the relationship between occupational factors and emotional exhaustion. Conclusions Occupational factors are the main predictor of burnout in entrepreneurs and HP could prevent their effect on Emotional exhaustion. The results suggest the importance of training to promote HP for better health and performance of entrepreneurs.

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