scholarly journals Presence and Persistence of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium in the Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere of Spray-Irrigated Parsley

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
pp. 4030-4036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Kisluk ◽  
Sima Yaron
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Spray Irrigation ◽  
Fresh Foods ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACTSalmonella entericais one of the major food-borne pathogens associated with ready-to-eat fresh foods. Although polluted water might be a significant source of contamination in the field, factors that influence the transfer ofSalmonellafrom water to the crops are not well understood, especially under conditions of low pathogen levels in water. The aim of this study was to investigate the short- and long-term (1 h to 28 days) persistence ofSalmonella entericaserotype Typhimurium in the phyllosphere and the rhizosphere of parsley following spray irrigation with contaminated water. Plate counting and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)-based methods were implemented for the quantification. By applying qRT-PCR with enrichment, we were able to show that even irrigation with water containing as little as ∼300 CFU/ml resulted in the persistence ofS. Typhimurium on the plants for 48 h. Irrigation with water containing 8.5 log CFU/ml resulted in persistence of the bacteria in the phyllosphere and the rhizosphere for at least 4 weeks, but the population steadily declined with a major reduction in bacterial counts, of ∼2 log CFU/g, during the first 2 days. Higher levels ofSalmonellawere detected in the phyllosphere when plants were irrigated during the night compared to irrigation during the morning and during winter compared to the other seasons. Further elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the transfer ofSalmonellafrom contaminated water to crops, as well as its persistence over time, will enable the implementation of effective irrigation and control strategies.

Current status, problems and control strategies of water resources pollution in China

Water Policy ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wu ◽  
Tong Qi ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Huijuan Yang ◽  
Guoqing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Major River ◽  
And Control ◽  
Research And Policy

The surface water of 10 major river systems across China has been under intermediate pollution with striking eutrophication problems in major lakes (reservoirs). More data from the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China showed that underground water in 57% of monitoring sites across Chinese cities was polluted or extremely polluted. Rural water pollution, the rising number of incidents of industrial pollution, outdated sewerage systems, and the overuse of pesticides and chemical fertilizers also endanger the health of rural inhabitants in China. Nearly 0.2 billion rural residents could not use drinking water in accordance with the national standard, and there were reports of ‘cancer villages' and food-borne diseases (cancer village refers to a village where a certain proportion of its inhabitants suffer from the same kind of cancer or where there is a hike in cancer incidence in that area). This study aims to raise awareness of the prevention and control of water pollution and to propose a set of national research and policy initiatives for the future safety of the water environment in China.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Infection or Colonization with CTX-M Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Positive Escherichia coli

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 5575-5580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer H. Han ◽  
Kei Kasahara ◽  
Paul H. Edelstein ◽  
Warren B. Bilker ◽  
Ebbing Lautenbach
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Urinary Culture ◽  
Multivariable Analyses ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACTThere has been a significant increase in the prevalence ofEnterobacteriaceaethat produce CTX-M-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases. The objective of this study was to evaluate risk factors for infection or colonization with CTX-M-positiveEscherichia coli. A case-control study was conducted within a university system from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2008. All patients with clinical cultures withE. colidemonstrating resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins were included. Case patients were designated as those with cultures positive for CTX-M-positiveE. coli, and control patients were designated as those with non-CTX-M-producingE. coli. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate risk factors for CTX-M-positive isolates. A total of 83 (56.8%) of a total of 146 patients had cultures with CTX-M-positiveE. coli. On multivariable analyses, there was a significant association between infection or colonization with CTX-M-type β-lactamase-positiveE. coliand receipt of piperacillin-tazobactam in the 30 days prior to the culture date (odds ratio [OR], 7.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.61 to 33.8;P= 0.01) and a urinary culture source (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.77;P= 0.008). The rates of resistance to fluoroquinolones were significantly higher in isolates from case patients than in isolates from control patients (90.4 and 50.8%, respectively;P< 0.001). We found that nonurinary sources of clinical cultures and the recent use of piperacillin-tazobactam conferred an increased risk of colonization or infection with CTX-M-positiveE. coli. Future studies will need to focus on outcomes associated with infections due to CTX-M-positiveE. coli, as well as infection control strategies to limit the spread of these increasingly common organisms.

Development of a soft cable-driven hand exoskeleton for assisted rehabilitation training

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawen Xu ◽  
Qingcong Wu ◽  
Yanghui Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Force Transmission ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rehabilitation Training ◽  
Local Structures ◽  
Hand Exoskeleton ◽  
And Control

Purpose Hand motor dysfunction has seriously reduced people’s quality of life. The purpose of this paper is to solve this problem; different soft exoskeleton robots have been developed because of their good application prospects in assistance. In this paper, a new soft hand exoskeleton is designed to help people conduct rehabilitation training. Design/methodology/approach The proposed soft exoskeleton is an under-actuated cable-driven mechanism, which optimizes the force transmission path and many local structures. Specifically, the path of force transmission is optimized and cables are wound around cam-shaped spools to prevent cables lose during fingers movement. Besides, a pre-tightening system is presented to adjust the preload force of the cable-tube. Moreover, a passive brake mechanism is proposed to prevent the cables from falling off the spools when the remote side is relaxed. Findings Finally, three control strategies are proposed to assist in rehabilitation training. Results show that the average correlation coefficient of trajectory tracking is 90.99% and this exoskeleton could provide steady clamping force up to 35 N, which could meet the demands of activities in daily living. Surface electromyography (sEMG)-based intention recognition method is presented to complete assistance and experiments are conducted to prove the effectiveness of the assisted grasping method by monitoring muscle activation, finger angle and interactive force. Research limitations/implications However, the system should be further optimized in terms of hardware and control to reduce delays. In addition, more clinical trials should be conducted to evaluate the effect of the proposed rehabilitation strategies. Social implications May improve the ability of hemiplegic patients to live independently. Originality/value A novel under-actuated soft hand exoskeleton structure is proposed, and an sEMG-based auxiliary grasping control strategy is presented to help hemiplegic patients conduct rehabilitation training.

scholarly journals A Small Membrane Stabilizing Protein Critical to the Pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seána Duggan ◽  
Maisem Laabei ◽  
Alaa Abdulaziz Alnahari ◽  
Eóin C. O’Brien ◽  
Keenan A. Lacey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Significant Impairment ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains is making all types of S. aureus infections more challenging to treat. With a pressing need to develop alternative control strategies to use alongside or in place of conventional antibiotics, one approach is the targeting of established virulence factors. However, attempts at this have had little success to date, suggesting that we need to better understand how this pathogen causes disease if effective targets are to be identified. To address this, using a functional genomics approach, we have identified a small membrane-bound protein that we have called MspA. Inactivation of this protein results in the loss of the ability of S. aureus to secrete cytolytic toxins, protect itself from several aspects of the human innate immune system, and control its iron homeostasis. These changes appear to be mediated through a change in the stability of the bacterial membrane as a consequence of iron toxicity. These pleiotropic effects on the ability of the pathogen to interact with its host result in significant impairment in the ability of S. aureus to cause infection in both a subcutaneous and sepsis model of infection. Given the scale of the effect the inactivation of MspA causes, it represents a unique and promising target for the development of a novel therapeutic approach.

scholarly journals wksl3, a New Biocontrol Agent for Salmonella enterica Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium in Foods: Characterization, Application, Sequence Analysis, and Oral Acute Toxicity Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 1956-1968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun-Wol Kang ◽  
Jae-Won Kim ◽  
Tae-Sung Jung ◽  
Gun-Jo Woo
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
The Republic

ABSTRACTOf theSalmonella entericaserovars,S. Enteritidis andS. Typhimurium are responsible for most of theSalmonellaoutbreaks implicated in the consumption of contaminated foods in the Republic of Korea. Because of the widespread occurrence of antimicrobial-resistantSalmonellain foods and food processing environments, bacteriophages have recently surfaced as an alternative biocontrol tool. In this study, we isolated a virulent bacteriophage (wksl3) that could specifically infectS. Enteritidis,S. Typhimurium, and several additional serovars. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that phage wksl3 belongs to the familySiphoviridae. Complete genome sequence analysis and bioinformatic analysis revealed that the DNA of phage wksl3 is composed of 42,766 bp with 64 open reading frames. Since it does not encode any phage lysogeny factors, toxins, pathogen-related genes, or food-borne allergens, phage wksl3 may be considered a virulent phage with no side effects. Analysis of genetic similarities between phage wksl3 and four of its relatives (SS3e, vB_SenS-Ent1, SE2, and SETP3) allowed wksl3 to be categorized as a SETP3-like phage. A single-dose test of oral toxicity with BALB/c mice resulted in no abnormal clinical observations. Moreover, phage application to chicken skin at 8°C resulted in an about 2.5-log reduction in the number ofSalmonellabacteria during the test period. The strong, stable lytic activity, the significant reduction of the number ofS. Enteritidis bacteria after application to food, and the lack of clinical symptoms of this phage suggest that wksl3 may be a useful agent for the protection of foods againstS. Enteritidis andS. Typhimurium contamination.

scholarly journals Filariasis: Facts and Control Strategies in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Incident Rate ◽  
And Control ◽  
Filariasis Vector

Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical diseases, which infection occurs when filarial parasites are transmitted to human through mosquitoes’ bite. In Indonesia, the infection incidence was increased significantly throughout these recent years, it was reported about 6,998 cases in 2004, and whereas in 2018 there were 12,677 cases. Moreover, Indonesian government has conducted two strategies, firstly by applying MDA to reduce the incident rate (mf rate <1%), and secondly by managing and monitoring chronic filariasis patients. However, there were still limited reported studies on the filariasis vector surveillance and control. In this study, we are focus in urban filariasis with Culex quinquefasciatus as the main vector of Wuchereria bancrofti. This mosquito was active during night time, at around 10 pm and 2-4 am, more likely active outdoor rather than indoor, and catched mostly during biting rather than resting activities. Their breeding places were mostly in stagnant and polluted water. In some endemic areas showed the high genetic variation among these mosquitos and defend proteins were detected in positive mosquitos. These proteins present in mosquitos to fight back the filarial parasites.

scholarly journals Detection and Identification of Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Shigella spp. via PCR-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Isolate Testing and Analysis of Food Samples

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (23) ◽  
pp. 8403-8411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Pierce ◽  
Rebecca L. Bell ◽  
Rosalee S. Hellberg ◽  
Chorng-Ming Cheng ◽  
Kai-Shun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Electrospray Ionization ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Reference Database ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Biosensor System

ABSTRACTAn assay to identify the common food-borne pathogensSalmonella,Escherichia coli,Shigella, andListeria monocytogeneswas developed in collaboration with Ibis Biosciences (a division of Abbott Molecular) for the Plex-ID biosensor system, a platform that uses electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) to detect the base composition of short PCR amplicons. The new food-borne pathogen (FBP) plate has been experimentally designed using four gene segments for a total of eight amplicon targets. Initial work built a DNA base count database that contains more than 140Salmonella enterica, 139E. coli, 11Shigella, and 36Listeriapatterns and 18 otherEnterobacteriaceaeorganisms. This assay was tested to determine the scope of the assay's ability to detect and differentiate the enteric pathogens and to improve the reference database associated with the assay. More than 800 bacterial isolates ofS. enterica,E. coli, andShigellaspecies were analyzed. Overall, 100% ofS. enterica, 99% ofE. coli, and 73% ofShigellaspp. were detected using this assay. The assay was also able to identify 30% of theS. entericaserovars to the serovar level. To further characterize the assay, spiked food matrices and food samples collected during regulatory field work were also studied. While analysis of preenrichment media was inconsistent, identification ofS. entericafrom selective enrichment media resulted in serovar-level identifications for 8 of 10 regulatory samples. The results of this study suggest that this high-throughput method may be useful in clinical and regulatory laboratories testing for these pathogens.

Supply chain risk management dimensions in Indian automobile industry

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1023-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satyendra Kumar Sharma ◽  
Anil Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Supplier Development ◽  
Supply Chain Risk Management ◽  
Supply Chain Risk ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
And Control

Purpose – Globalization and outsourcing have rendered Indian automotive companies more vulnerable to supply chain (SC) risks. Consequently, companies adopt different supply chain risk management (SCRM) strategies to mitigate SC risks. The purpose of this paper is to explore SCRM strategies in Indian automobile industry and to classify automobile firms based on SCRM dimensions. Design/methodology/approach – A survey instrument on SCRM dimensions was designed and data were collected from 79 automobile firms. Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed on the collected data to derive the factors underlying SCRM dimensions. Further, cluster analysis using extracted factors as a clustering variate was performed to identify strategic groups from the given set of firms. Findings – PCA derived seven factors, namely: avoidance, supplier development, flexibility, risk pooling, redundancy, integration and control strategies. The surveyed firms were classified into two clusters as low and high SCRM level. Research limitations/implications – A limitation of this study is that data were collected from a single industry and in a single country. Practical implications – Understanding of SCRM dimensions shall increase the use of these dimensions and firms can mitigate negative effects of SC risks. The detailed operationalization of SCRM strategies highlights the importance of three strategies: avoidance, integration and supplier development. Managers’ understanding of SCRM strategies will improve the firm's performance and business excellence. Originality/value – This research empirically validates SCRM strategies and investigates how these create differences among firms.

scholarly journals Significance of the Bacteriophage Treatment Schedule in Reducing Salmonella Colonization of Poultry

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (18) ◽  
pp. 6600-6607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlota Bardina ◽  
Denis A. Spricigo ◽  
Pilar Cortés ◽  
Montserrat Llagostera
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Treatment Schedule ◽  
Bacterial Reduction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
The Many

ABSTRACTSalmonellaremains the major cause of food-borne diseases worldwide, with chickens known to be the main reservoir for this zoonotic pathogen. Among the many approaches to reducingSalmonellacolonization of broilers, bacteriophage offers several advantages. In this study, three bacteriophages (UAB_Phi20, UAB_Phi78, and UAB_Phi87) obtained from our collection that exhibited a broad host range againstSalmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis andSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium were characterized with respect to morphology, genome size, and restriction patterns. A cocktail composed of the three bacteriophages was more effective in promoting the lysis ofS.Enteritidis andS.Typhimurium cultures than any of the three bacteriophages alone. In addition, the cocktail was able to lyse theSalmonella entericaserovars Virchow, Hadar, and Infantis. The effectiveness of the bacteriophage cocktail in reducing the concentration ofS.Typhimurium was tested in two animal models using different treatment schedules. In the mouse model, 50% survival was obtained when the cocktail was administered simultaneously with bacterial infection and again at 6, 24, and 30 h postinfection. Likewise, in the White Leghorn chicken specific-pathogen-free (SPF) model, the best results, defined as a reduction ofSalmonellaconcentration in the chicken cecum, were obtained when the bacteriophage cocktail was administered 1 day before or just after bacterial infection and then again on different days postinfection. Our results show that frequent treatment of the chickens with bacteriophage, and especially prior to colonization of the intestinal tract bySalmonella, is required to achieve effective bacterial reduction over time.

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