scholarly journals Evaluation of Two Methods of Determining the Efficacies of Two Alcohol-Based Hand Rubs for Surgical Hand Antisepsis

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 3856-3861 ◽  
Author(s):  
G�nter Kampf ◽  
Christiane Ostermeyer ◽  
Peter Heeg ◽  
Daryl Paulson
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Reduction Factor ◽  
Test Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bacterial Reduction ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Application Mode ◽  
Hand Antisepsis ◽  
Sampling Times

ABSTRACT The antimicrobial efficacies of preparations for surgical hand antisepsis can be determined according to a European standard (prEN 12791 [EN]) and a U.S. standard (tentative final monograph for health care antiseptic drug products [TFM]). The U.S. method differs in the product application mode (hands and lower forearms, versus hands only in EN), the number of applications (11 over 5 days, versus a single application in EN), the sampling times (0, 3, and 6 h after application, versus 0 and 3 h in EN), the sampling methods (glove juice versus fingertip sampling in EN), and the outcome requirements (absolute bacterial reduction factor [RF], versus noninferiority to reference treatment in EN). We have studied the efficacies of two hand rubs according to both methods. One hand rub was based on 80% ethanol and applied for 2 min, and the other one was based on 45% propan-2-ol, 30% propan-1-ol, and 0.2% mecetronium etilsulfate and applied for 1.5 min. The ethanol-based hand rub was equally effective as the 3-min reference disinfection of prEN 12791 in both the immediate (RFs, 2.97 � 0.89 versus 2.92 � 1.03, respectively) and sustained (RFs, 2.20 � 1.07 versus 2.47 � 1.25, respectively) effects. According to TFM, the immediate effects were 2.99 log10 (day 1), 3.00 log10 (day 2), and 3.43 log10 (day 5), and bacterial counts were still below baseline after 6 h. The propanol-based hand rub was even more effective than the reference disinfection of prEN 12791 in both the immediate (RFs, 2.35 � 0.99 versus 1.86 � 0.87, respectively) and sustained (RFs, 2.17 � 1.00 versus 1.50 � 1.26, respectively) effects. According to TFM, the immediate effects were 2.82 log10 (day 1), 3.29 log10 (day 2), and 3.25 log10 (day 5), and bacterial counts were still below baseline after 6 h. Some formulations have been reported to meet the efficacy requirements of one of the methods but not those of the other. That is why we conclude that, despite our results, meeting the efficacy requirements of one test method does not allow the claim that the requirements of the other test method are also met.

Reproducibility and Workability of the European Test Standard EN 12791 Regarding the Effectiveness of Surgical Hand Antiseptics A Randomized, Multicenter Trial

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 935-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Rotter ◽  
Michael Kundi ◽  
Miranda Suchomel ◽  
Hans-Peter Harke ◽  
Axel Kramer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reduction Factor ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Test Model ◽  
Reference Formulation ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Skin Flora ◽  
Hand Antisepsis ◽  
Viable Bacteria ◽  
The Mean

Objectives.To evaluate the reproducibility and workability of the in vivo test model of the European test standard EN 12791 regarding the effectiveness of surgical hand antiseptics and, as a secondary objective, to evaluate the power of the model to discriminate between the effectiveness of various formulations of surgical hand antiseptics.Design.Prospective, randomized, multicenter study with a Latin square design.Setting.Five laboratories at 2 universities, 2 disinfectant manufacturers, and 1 private testing institution.Participants.Twenty healthy adults in each laboratory.Intervention.Surgical hand antisepsis was performed by scrubbing with chlorhexidine gluconate 4% detergent (CHG) or by rubbing the hands with propan-2-OL (70% by volume; Iso 70) or ethanol 85% (E 85); rubbing the hands and forearms for 3 minutes with propan-1-OL (N 60) was used as the reference disinfection procedure. We deliberately chose to use these antiseptics at the given concentrations because they were intended to cover the range of typical antiseptics submitted for approval according to EN 12791.Methods.In once-weekly tests, the immediate effects of the 4 antiseptics were established according to the method laid down in EN 12791 by assessing the release of skin flora from the fingertips as viable bacteria counts per milliliter of sampling fluids before treatment and viable bacteria counts immediately after treatment, separately for both hands, such that after 4 weeks each volunteer had used every formulation once.Results.The mean log reduction factor (RF) for the release of bacterial skin flora (the log RF was calculated as the log count before treatment minus the log count after treatment) and corresponding standard deviations for the 4 hand antisepsis formulations were as follows: for CHG, 1.1 ± 0.3 colony-forming units (cfu) per milliliter of sampled fluid; for Iso 70, 1.7 ± 0.3 cfu/mL; for E 85, 2.1 ± 0.3 cfu/mL; and for N 60, 2.4 ± 0.4 cfu/mL. The differences between these values proved significant (P<.001) by analysis of variance and in Tukey's “honestly significantly different” (HSD) post hoc test. Although, with regard to their immediate antibacterial activity, the same ranking of these antiseptics was found at all laboratories, the levels of efficacy were significantly different across laboratories (P<.001); no statistical difference was found between left and right hands (P>.01). Relating the log RF values of the other 3 formulations to those of the reference formulation (N 60) abolished differences between laboratories (P = .16); in addition, the interclass correlation coefficient decreased from 9.1% to 4.5%. With 20 volunteers, a minimum difference of 0.47 log between the mean log RFs of the reference formulation and an inferior test formulation will be detected as significant at an α of .05 (1-sided) and a 1 — β value of .8.Conclusion.The test method described in EN 12791 yielded the same conclusion on the effectiveness of the tested formulations in every laboratory and proved, therefore, reproducible and workable.

scholarly journals Checklist of lizards of the Juruti, state of Pará, Brazil

Check List ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Lúcia Costa Prudente ◽  
Fernanda Magalhães ◽  
Alessandro Menks ◽  
João Fabrício De Melo Sarmento
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Species List ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road

We present the first lizard species list for the municipality of Juruti, state of Pará, Brazil. The list was drawn up as a result of data obtained from specimens deposited in the Herpetological Collection of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi and from inventories conducted in 2008-2011. Sampling methods included pitfall traps with drift fences and time constrained searches. We considered the data collected by other researchers, incidental encounters and records of dead individuals on the road. We recorded 33 species, 26 genera and ten families. Norops tandai was the most abundant species. Compared with the other regions of Amazonia, the region of Juruti presented a large number of lizards. However, further studies with an increase in the sampling effort, could prove this area to be richer in lizards than that observed so far.

scholarly journals A minimal apparatus method for counting bacteria: comparison with reference method in surveying beef carcasses at three commercial abattoirs

1983 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Hudson ◽  
T. A. Roberts ◽  
O. P. Whelehan
Keyword(s):  
Reference Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Tile Method

SUMMARYIn two surveys of three commercial abattoirs a minimal apparatus method for making bacterial counts, the ‘loop-tile’ method, detected the same trends in bacterial numbers on beef carcasses as the ISO reference method applied to the same samples. Both methods showed the carcasses from one abattoir, that with an export licence, to carry consistently higher numbers of bacteria, and one of the four sites sampled on each carcass to be consistently dirtier than the other three.

scholarly journals AGROFORESTRI BERBASIS ROTAN TERHADAP SOSIAL EKONOMI MASYARAKAT DI BARITO SELATAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Johanna Maria Rotinsulu ◽  
Sosilawaty Sosilawaty ◽  
Yanarita Yanarita
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
The Other ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Central Kalimantan ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
The Village ◽  
Society Research

South Barito is an area of rattan and rattan production center of the province of Central Kalimantan, on the other hand is one area that has natural conditions very conducive to the development of rattan. This study reveals how patterns in addition to planting and processing of rattan traditionally also analyze the socio-economic level of society. Research conducted in South Barito regency, District Karau in Two Villages is Bangkuang and New Salat. The village of the second sample is determined gardens and population are farmers who cultivate cane with sampling methods by simple random sampling, because the peasant population is homogeneous, the number of samples in each village 34 respondents or 68 farmers overall. The result showed that in general the rattan garden where the studies were not well-maintained, where the average of respondents (45%) said that maintenance is only performed at the time of going to the harvesting or one for rattan planting. Besides the low price of rattan is led to a reduction of land management / rattan gardens intensively. and production of rattan average yield of 2.6 tons ha-1 or 245.5 clumps of cane ha-1. For the villagers of business administration studies despite conditions that are considered less favorable, but they still look forward to the Government's policy to remain aligned to the Farmers Rattan. In addition, because cane is inherited and used as a hallmark of South Barito society in general.Barito Selatan merupakan daerah penghasil rotan dan sentra produksi rotan provinsi Kalimantan Tengah, selain itu merupakan salah satu wilayah yang memiliki kondisi alam yang sangat mendukung bagi perkembangan rotan. Penelitian ini selain untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana pola tanam dan pengolahan rotan secara tradisional juga  menganalisis tingkat sosial ekonomi masyarakat. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Barito Selatan, Kecamatan Karau di Dua Desa yaitu Bangkuang dan Salat Baru. Dari kedua Desa tersebut ditentukan kebun sampel dan populasi masyarakat  yaitu  petani yang mengusahakan rotan dengan metode pengambilan sampel secara simple random sampling, karena populasi petani bersifat homogen, jumlah sampel di masing-masing desa 34 responden atau keseluruhan 68 petani. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa pada umumnya kebun rotan di tempat penelitian tersebut tidak terpelihara dengan baik, dimana rata-rata responden (45%) menyebutkan bahwa pemeliharaan hanya dilakukan pada saat akan dilakukan pemanenan atau satu kali selama rotan itu di tanam. Selain itu rendahnya  harga  rotan  sangat  berdampak pada berkurangnya pengelolaan lahan/kebun rotan secara intensif. dan hasil produksi rotan rata-rata diperoleh 2,6 ton ha-1 atau 245,5 rumpun rotan ha-1. Bagi masyarakat Desa studi walaupun kondisi tataniaga yang dianggap kurang menguntungkan, namun mereka masih berharap kebijakan Pemerintah tetap berpihak kepada Petani Rotan. Di samping itu  karena pada umumnya rotan merupakan warisan dan digunakan sebagai ciri khas masyarakat Barito Selatan.

Comparison of Two Sampling Methods for Escherichia coli O157:H7 Detection in Feedlot Cattle

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1724-1728 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. KHAITSA ◽  
M. L. BAUER ◽  
P. S. GIBBS ◽  
G. P. LARDY ◽  
D. DOETKOTT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Rank Tests ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Sampling Times

Two sampling methods (rectoanal swabs and rectal fecal grabs) were compared for their recovery of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from feedlot cattle. Samples were collected from 144 steers four times during the finishing period by swabbing the rectoanal mucosa with cotton swabs and immediately obtaining feces from the rectum of each individual steer. The number of steers with detectable E. coli O157:H7 increased from 2 of 144 (1.4%) cattle on arrival at the feedlot to 10 of 144 (6.9%) after 1 month, 76 of 143 (52.8%) after 7 months, and 30 of 143 (20.8%) at the last sampling time before slaughter. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests indicated that the two sampling methods gave different results for sampling times 3 and 4 (P &lt; 0.05) but not for sampling time 2 (P = 0.16). Agreement between the two sampling methods was poor (kappa &lt; 0.2) for three of the four sampling times and moderate (kappa = 0.6) for one sampling time, an indication that in this study rectoanal swabs usually were less sensitive than rectal fecal grabs for detection of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle. Overall, the herd of origin was not significantly associated with E. coli O157:H7 results, but the weight of the steers was. Further investigation is needed to determine the effects of potential confounding factors (e.g., size and type of swab, consistency of feces, site sampled, and swabbing technique) that might influence the sensitivity of swabs in recovering E. coli O157:H7 from the rectoanal mucosa of cattle.

scholarly journals Incidence of base rot and wilt, sanitary severity and influence about seed pathology by cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateus Paulino Braga ◽  
Luana Machado Rezende ◽  
Lucinete Martins Barbosa Estrela ◽  
Natanael Marcos Lemes ◽  
Anderson Rodrigues Rietjens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Test Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Seed Pathology ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to conduct a temporal evaluation of incidence of rot base and sanitary severity, and to relate the impact on the seed pathology of common bean cultivars. In the 2015-2016 harvest, in the city of Ipameri, Goiás, ten cultivars of common bean were evaluated (BRS Estilo©, BRS Pérola©, IPR Tangará©, IPR Tuiuiú©, IPR Uirapuru©, IAC Milênio©, Imperador©, IAC F3 R2©, IAC OTG© and IPR Campos Gerais©) and distributed into five blocks, totaling 40 experimental units. The incidence of wilt and base rot and sanitary severity were analyzed by taking ten random samples per block at 21, 28, 56, 63 and 69 days after planting. At the end of 120 days, a total of 20 plants were harvested per cultivar, and 250 seeds were harvested for application of the Blotter Test method. From 21 to 69 days after planting, the cultivars BRS Pérola© and IPR Campos Gerais© deserve to be highlighted for presenting the lowest incidence of wilt in the reproductive and vegetative cycles. The cultivar BRS Pérola© showed the lowest incidence of wilt and sanitary severity. In the analysis of harvested seeds, the cultivar BRS Pérola© presented high physiological quality for all evaluated parameters. On the other hand, Cramberry (OTG)© showed low physiological potential in germination and vigor tests.

The Comparison of the Loess Mechanical Properties under Plane Strain and Conventional Triaxial Experiments

2014 ◽  
Vol 919-921 ◽  
pp. 791-794
Author(s):  
Lin Ma
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Plane Strain ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Test Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strain Condition ◽  
Plane Strain Problem ◽  
Plain Strain ◽  
The Impact

Plane strain problem is currently prevalent in the loess engineering. However, this problem still using conventional triaxial test method for processing. So the paper conducted the plain strain test, analyze differences in plane strain experiments with conventional triaxial experiments under different moisture content and confining pressure. Research shows two points, the first one is the impact on the strength of the soil is more under moisture content than confining pressure, the other is that the soil strength under the plane strain condition is significantly greater than conventional triaxial conditions. It shows that the results were conservative under the plane strain problem at past. It played a certain role in guiding the engineering.

Laboratory testing protocol to identify critical factors in bacterial compliance monitoring

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
M. Abbaszadegan ◽  
P. Ghatpande ◽  
J. Brereton ◽  
A. Alum ◽  
R. Narasimhan
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
The Other ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Service Line ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Representative Sampling

This research focused on providing guidelines for water utilities on the collection and handling of routine bacteriological samples and in developing scientifically-based approaches in selecting the most representative sampling locations. A laboratory-scale pilot distribution system was designed comprising two parallel loops, one using unlined cast-iron pipe and one using PVC pipe. Each loop contained six sampling ports, including (1) a distribution main dead end faucet, (2) one long (5.5 m; 18 feet) and (3) one short (0.3 m; 1 foot) household copper service line with threaded hose-bibb taps, (4) one hose-bibb with welded faucet, (5) one dedicated sampling port (modeled after a manufacturer’s specifications) and (6) one laboratory-style (PVC) stop-cock sampling port. Residual chlorine concentrations were maintained at 0, 0.5, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L stages during the course of the experiment. Bacterial samples were collected from the different sampling ports and assayed by membrane filtration and/or spread plate. Nutrient and R2A agars were used for heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), m-Endo agar for total coliform (TC) counts and Chromocult agar for injured bacterial analyses. Several methods of sample collection were tested using various combinations of flushing and tap disinfection, including “first flush” (no flushing, without tap disinfection), flushing only, tap disinfection only (using alcohol or hypochlorite solution) and flushing coupled with tap disinfection. The results indicated that the bacterial counts in samples drawn from dead ends were not significantly different from counts in samples from the other sample port configurations. First flush samples consistently produced the highest bacterial count results. Bacterial counts in samples from the long household copper service line were typically three orders of magnitude higher than in samples from the other sample ports. Thus, there is evidence that long copper household service connections may be unsuitable sample tap configurations for collecting samples intended to represent microbial quality in the distribution system.

Efficacy of a ciprofloxacin/amikacin combination against planktonic and biofilm cultures of susceptible and low-level resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 3252-3259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anaïs Soares ◽  
Kévin Alexandre ◽  
Fabien Lamoureux ◽  
Ludovic Lemée ◽  
François Caron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Strain ◽  
Bacterial Reduction ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Mechanical Dispersion ◽  
Resistant Mutants ◽  
High Level

Abstract Background Eradicating bacterial biofilm without mechanical dispersion remains a challenge. Combination therapy has been suggested as a suitable strategy to eradicate biofilm. Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of a ciprofloxacin/amikacin combination in a model of in vitro Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Methods The antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin and amikacin (alone, in combination and successively) was evaluated by planktonic and biofilm time–kill assays against five P. aeruginosa strains: PAO1, a WT clinical strain and three clinical strains overexpressing the efflux pumps MexAB-OprM (AB), MexXY-OprM (XY) and MexCD-OprJ (CD), respectively. Amikacin MIC was 16 mg/L for XY and ciprofloxacin MIC was 0.5 mg/L for CD. The other strains were fully susceptible to ciprofloxacin and amikacin. The numbers of total and resistant cells were determined. Results In planktonic cultures, regrowth of high-level resistant mutants was observed when CD was exposed to ciprofloxacin alone and XY to amikacin alone. Eradication was obtained with ciprofloxacin or amikacin in the other strains, or with the combination in XY and CD strains. In biofilm, bactericidal reduction after 8 h followed by a mean 4 log10 cfu/mL plateau in all strains and for all regimens was noticed. No regrowth of resistant mutants was observed whatever the antibiotic regimen. The bacterial reduction obtained with a second antibiotic used simultaneously or consecutively was not significant. Conclusions The ciprofloxacin/amikacin combination prevented the emergence of resistant mutants in low-level resistant strains in planktonic cultures. Biofilm persister cells were not eradicated, either with monotherapy or with the combination.

Evaluation of the Scott bond test method

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christer Fellers ◽  
Sören Östlund ◽  
Petri Mäkelä
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Test ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Speed Photography ◽  
Tensile Tester ◽  
Delamination Resistance ◽  
Energy Consuming

Abstract The Scott bond test is the most commonly used test method for quantifying the delamination resistance of paper and board. The objective of this investigation was to validate the hypothesis that the Scott bond value would be dominated by the total energy under the force elongation curve in a z-directional tensile test. The investigation comprised three types of hand sheets with comparatively low strength values. Three test methods were used to obtain the energy for delamination: 1) Z-test, a z-directional tensile test, 2) Scott bond test, and 3) Simulated Scott bond test, a Scott bond type of test performed in a hydraulic tensile tester. The test data were expressed as a correlation between the failure energy obtained from the Z-test and the other two tests. The results showed that the Scott bond test gave slightly higher values than the Z-test for the weakest paper, but that the value tended to be much higher for the stronger papers. On the other hand the Simulated Scott bond test tended to give lower values than the Z-test. High speed photography was used to reveal several energy consuming mechanisms in the Scott bond test that can explain why this test gave higher values than the Ztest. The lower values from the Simulated Scott bond values are more difficult to explain. At this stage we can suggest that the failure mechanism is different if the paper is delaminated by pure tension or by a gradual delamination as in the Scott bond test.

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