scholarly journals Prevalence, Persistence, and Molecular Characterization of Glycopeptide-Resistant Enterococci in Norwegian Poultry and Poultry Farmers 3 to 8 Years after the Ban on Avoparcin

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 516-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sørum ◽  
P. J. Johnsen ◽  
B. Aasnes ◽  
T. Rosvoll ◽  
H. Kruse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Poultry Farmers ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Junction Fragment

ABSTRACT Environmental reservoirs of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE) in Norway have been linked to former growth promoting use of the glycopeptide avoparcin in poultry production. We have examined the prevalence of fecal GRE in poultry and poultry farmers 3 to 8 years after the Norwegian avoparcin ban in 1995 and performed molecular analyses of the GRE population. Fecal samples from poultry farmers and their flocks on 29 previously avoparcin-exposed farms were collected on five occasions during the study period (1998 to 2003). All flocks (100%) were GRE positive in 1998. Throughout the study period, 78.5% of the poultry samples were GRE positive. Glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium (GREF) was isolated from 27.6% of the farmer samples in 1998 and from 27.8% of the samples collected between 1998 and 2003. The prevalence of fecal GRE in poultry declined significantly during the study period, but prevalence in samples from the farmers did not decline. PCR analysis revealed a specific Tn1546-plasmid junction fragment in 93.9% of E. faecium isolates. A putative postsegregation killing (PSK) system linked to Tn1546 was detected in 97.1% of the isolates examined. Multilocus sequence typing of glycopeptide-susceptible (n = 10) and -resistant (n = 10) E. faecium isolates from humans (n = 10) and poultry (n = 10) on two farms displayed 17 different sequence types. The study confirms the continuing persistence of a widespread common plasmid-mediated vanA-pRE25-PSK element within a heterogeneous GRE population on Norwegian poultry farms 8 years after the avoparcin ban. Moreover, it suggests an important role of PSK systems in the maintenance of antimicrobial resistance determinants in reservoirs without apparent antimicrobial selection.

scholarly journals Transmission of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in the Hospital Setting: Uncovering the Patient–Environment Interplay

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos L. Correa-Martinez ◽  
Hauke Tönnies ◽  
Neele J. Froböse ◽  
Alexander Mellmann ◽  
Stefanie Kampmeier
Keyword(s):  
Core Genome ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Environmental Isolates ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
And Control ◽  
Sequence Types

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are relevant nosocomial pathogens with an increasing incidence in the last decades. Their transmission is optimal in the hospital setting, as it offers two potential, large reservoirs that are closely related: susceptible patients and their environment. Here we investigate the role of the hospital environment in the nosocomial transmission of VRE by establishing concrete links between contaminated surfaces and colonized/infected patients in outbreak and non-outbreak settings. Environmental and patient VRE isolates were collected between 2013 and 2019 and analyzed by whole-genome sequencing (WGS), subsequent multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and core genome (cg) MLST. Pairs of isolates differing in <3 alleles were rated as closely related, making a transmission likely. Fifty-three environmental VRE isolates were analyzed. MLST sequence types (ST) ST203 (50.0%), ST192 (21.3%), ST117 (17.3%), ST721 (8.8%), ST80 (2%), and ST1489 (0.7%) were detected, carrying the resistance determinants vanA (72.7%), vanB (24%), or both (3.3%). Of the 53 environmental isolates, 51 were found to form five clusters with genetically related patient isolates (n = 97 isolates). WGS confirms the role of the environment in the transmission dynamics of VRE in both the outbreak and non-outbreak settings, highlighting the importance of prevention and control of VRE spread.

Identification and characterization of rice circular RNAs responding to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae invasion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peihong Wang ◽  
Sai Wang ◽  
Yan Wu ◽  
Wenhan Nie ◽  
Ayizekeranmu Yiming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Regulation ◽  
Identification And Characterization ◽  
Host Genes

Emerging role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in various biological processes have advanced our knowledge of transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation. To date, no research has been conducted to explore their roles in the rice- Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) interaction. Therefore, we identified 3517 circRNAs from the highly virulent Xoo strain PXO99A-infected rice leaves using the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) depleted RNA-sequencing technique coupled with the CIRI2 and CIRCexplorer2 pipeline. Characterization analyses showed that these circRNAs were distributed across the whole genome of rice, and most circRNAs arised from exons (85.13 %), ranged from 200 bp to 1000 bp and were with a non-canonical GT/AG (including CT/AC equivalent) splicing signal. Functional annotation and enrichment analysis of the host genes that produced the DEcircRNAs suggested that these identified circRNAs might play an important role in reprogramming rice responses to PXO99A invasion, mainly by mediating photorespiration, chloroplast, peroxisome and diterpenoid biosynthesis. Moreover, 31 differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs) were predicted to act as miRNA decoys in rice. The expression profile of 4 DEcircRNAs were validated by RT-qPCR with divergent primers, and the back-splicing sites of seven DEcircRNAs were verified by PCR analysis and Sanger sequencing. Collectively, these results inferred a potential functional role of circRNAs in the regulation of rice immunity and provide novel clues for revealing the molecular mechanisms of rice-PXO99A interaction.

scholarly journals Molecular Identification and Immunity Functional Characterization of Lmserpin1 in Locusta migratoria manilensis

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Beibei Li ◽  
Hongmei Li ◽  
Ye Tian ◽  
Nazir Ahmed Abro ◽  
Xiangqun Nong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fat Body ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Rnai Treatment ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Locusta Migratoria Manilensis

Serine protease inhibitors (Serpins) are a broadly distributed superfamily of proteins that exist in organisms with the role of immune responses. Lmserpin1 gene was cloned firstly from Locusta migratoria manilensis and then was detected in all tested stages from eggs to adults and six different tissues through qRT-PCR analysis. The expression was significantly higher in the 3rd instars and within integument. After RNAi treatment, the expression of Lmserpin1 was significantly down-regulated at four different time points. Moreover, it dropped significantly in the fat body and hemolymph at 24 h after treatment. The bioassay results indicated that the mortality of L. migratoria manilensis treated with dsSerpin1 + Metarhizium was significantly higher than the other three treatments. Furthermore, the immune-related genes (PPAE, PPO, and defensin) treated by dsSerpin1 + Metarhizium were significantly down-regulated compared with the Metarhizium treatment, but the activities of phenoloxidase (PO), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and multifunctional oxidase (MFO) were fluctuating. Our results suggest that Lmserpin1 plays a crucial role in the innate immunity of L. migratoria manilensis. Lmserpin1 probably took part in regulation of melanization and promoted the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).

Biosecurity practices in commercial poultry farms located in ElFashir Locality- Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 033-043
Author(s):  
Sami Ahmed Mohammed Arabi ◽  
Mohammed Ahmed Eltayeb Gumaa
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Control Measurement ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
Poultry Farmers ◽  
Biosecurity Practices ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection ◽  
Risk Limits

This study was conducted to assess the biosecurity practices in commercial poultry farms in the locality of ElFashir, North Darfur State Sudan. Thirty two farms biosecurity tests were used, biosecurity practices were evaluated in poultry farms using the checklist and organized questionnaires administered to commercial poultry farmers. Simple descriptive statistics were used (frequencies and percentages) to summarize and display the results. The results showed that 62.5% of the farms used the floor brooding system of the birds; 59.4% open barns; The domestic stock in access to the farm site 68.8%; Pets or wildlife birds have access to inside of barns or feed storage 71.9%; yearly water quality is not checked by a reputable laboratory 96.9%; employees have routine contact with other poultry species 84.4%; regular cleaning and disinfection of feeders and drinkers washing is done mainly by soap in addition to water. 43.8%; employees and their families with other people on poultry housing site 100%; poultry production, feed consumption, and mortality records are kept, but not reviewed daily 18.8%; there is untrimmed vegetation and debris within barn(s) 81.2%; vehicle flow designated way traffic onto premises and off premises 100% and perimeter fencing and gate present but not always locked or guarded or fence not completed 56.25%. The study concluded that there is a severe weakness in the application of biosecurity practices in its three branches isolation, cleaning disinfecting and traffic control. The adopted hygiene and traffic control measurement were all within the high and medium biosecurity risk limits whereas mismanagement resembled 60.4% the highest risk of biosecurity practices among the studies in commercial poultry farms of ElFashir Locality. Therefore, it is strongly recommended for local authorities to intervene with qualified teams of poultry professional and experts to train poultry farmers, managers and attendees on importance of implementing sound biosecurity practices.

scholarly journals Quantitative characterization of prostaglandins in the uterus of early pregnant cattle

Reproduction ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
S E Ulbrich ◽  
K Schulke ◽  
A E Groebner ◽  
H D Reichenbach ◽  
C Angioni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
High Transcript Abundance ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
And Function ◽  
Reproductive Processes

Prostaglandins (PGs) are important regulators of reproductive processes including early embryonic development. We analyzed the most relevant PG in bovine uteri at different preimplantation pregnancy stages when compared with non-pregnant controls. Additionally, endometrium and trophoblast tissues were examined regarding specific enzymes and receptors involved in PG generation and function. Simmental heifers were artificially inseminated or received seminal plasma only. At days 12, 15, or 18, post-estrus uteri were flushed for PG determination by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Endometrium and trophoblast tissues were sampled for RNA extraction and quantitative real-time PCR analysis. At all days and points of time examined, the concentration of 6-keto PGF1α (stable metabolite of PGI2) was predominant followed by PGF2α>PGE2>PGD2≈TXB2 (stable metabolite of TXA2). At days 15 and 18, PG increased from overall low levels at day 12, with a much more pronounced increase during pregnancy. The PGF2α/PGE2 ratio was not influenced by status. The highest PG concentration was measured at day 15 with 6-keto PGF1α (6.4 ng/ml) followed by PGF2α (1.1 ng/ml) and PGE2 (0.3 ng/ml). Minor changes in endometrial PG biosynthesis enzymes occurred due to pregnancy. Trophoblasts revealed high transcript abundance of general and specific PG synthases contributing to uterine PG. As PGI2 and PGF2α receptors were abundantly expressed by the trophoblast, abundant amounts of PGI2 and PGF2α in the uterine lumen point towards an essential role of PG for the developing embryo. High amounts of PG other than PGE2 in the preimplantation uterus may be essential rather than detrimental for successful reproduction.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica from poultry farms in Ilorin, north-central Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-207
Author(s):  
I.A. Raufu ◽  
O.A. Ahmed ◽  
A. Aremu ◽  
J.A. Ameh ◽  
A. Ambali
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
North Central ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Sequence Types

Poultry salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica is one of the most important bacterial diseases posing serious challenges to poultry production and human health worldwide. This study investigated the occurrence, serotypes, multilocus sequence types (MLSTs), antimicrobial resistance, plasmids, and 12 selected virulence genes of non-typhoidal Salmonella from poultry layer farms using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) methods. Two hundred cloaca swab samples were aseptically collected from four commercial poultry farms (layers) and transferred in sterile universal bottles on ice to the laboratory for analysis. Presumptive Salmonella isolates were detected with selective media and conventional biochemical tests. Serovars were confirmed by serotyping using the slide agglutination and Seqsero methods. Seven samples were positive for Salmonella consisting of Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) (n = 4), S. Albany (n = 2), and S. Agama with an occurrence rate of 3.5 % (7/200). Overall, 3 isolates showed the parC mutation expected not to cause resistance. Similarly, one S. Typhimurium isolate carried plasmid replicons of IncFIB(S)/IncFII(S) type without antimicrobial resistance genes. Three sequence types (STs); 19 (S. Typhimurium), 5317 (S. Albany), and 467 (S. Agama) were obtained. Salmonella Agama harboured 12 virulence genes, while S. Typhimurium and S. Albany harboured 11 virulence genes each. This study highlights the importance of S. Typhimurium, S. Albany, and S. Agama as major pathogens associated with poultry farms in Ilorin, north-central Nigeria. It equally provided baseline information on the serovar distribution, STs, resistance and the virulence gene profiles of all the serovars. Therefore, chickens can serve as a potential source of Salmonella transmission to humans, and this constitutes a potential health risk to the human population. Hence, there is a need for a specific Salmonella control program to be instituted as part of a national food safety strategy.

scholarly journals Papaya (Carica papaya L.) seed as a potent functional feedstuff for poultry – A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1613-1619
Author(s):  
Sugiharto Sugiharto
Keyword(s):  
Steady Increase ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Protein Feed ◽  
Papaya Seed

The steady increase in the price of protein feed ingredients and the retraction of antibiotics from diets has encouraged nutritionists to search the alternatives for protein source and functional feedstuffs that can substitute the role of antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production. With crude protein of 24-30%, in vitro protein digestibility of 80% and proportion of essential amino acids of 47%, seed from ripe papaya may be exploited as the alternative protein feed ingredient for poultry. Moreover, the growth promoting effect, antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities, and immunomodulatory and antioxidative activities may confirm the potential of papaya seed as a functional feedstuff that could replace the role of antibiotic growth promoters for poultry. The in-depth study is needed to further elucidate the functionalities of papaya seed on poultry. This review provides the updates on the nutritional contents of papaya seed, the potential of papaya seed as an alternative to conventional protein-rich ingredient, the growth-promoting effect of feeding papaya seed, the antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities of papaya seed, antioxidative activities of papaya seed, and the immunomodulatory activity of papaya seed on poultry.

scholarly journals Livelihood improvement through family poultry farming in Mymensingh district

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Kabir ◽  
M Asaduzzaman ◽  
DS Dev
Keyword(s):  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Poultry Farmers ◽  
Physical Assets ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Poultry Farming

The present study was done to examine the employment and income generation of small farmers through family poultry. The objectives of the study were to identify socio economic features of family poultry, to examine the impact of family poultry on household improvement, to determine cost, return and profitability of family poultry, to identify the problems faced by family poultry farmer and for its improvement. The data were collected from 90 family poultry farms from Sadarupazila and Trishalupazila of Mymensingh district through face to face interview. The result of the study shows that, the average gross return, gross cost and net return of family poultry farms were Tk. 7314.84, Tk. 3698.90 and Tk. 3615.94 respectively. The Benefit cost ratio was 1.98. Therefore, family poultry farm is highly profitable. The study also determined the impact of family poultry production on livelihood of poultry farmers. The income of 60% poultry farms has increased and for savings, it was 32%. The physical assets (agricultural tools and furniture and equipment’s) of poultry farms have improved by 57% and 27% respectively. Sanitation, drinking water facility and medicinal facility of poultry farmers were improved by 26%, 18% and 37% respectively. It is also found from the study that the livelihood of 38% poultry farmers was improved through family poultry production.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 13(2): 247-254, December 2015

scholarly journals Prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella and risk factors on poultry farms in Chitwan, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 426-436
Author(s):  
Sumit Sharma ◽  
Peter D. Fowler ◽  
Dhan Kumar Pant ◽  
Subir Singh ◽  
Melinda J. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Farm Management ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Management Style ◽  
Baseline Data ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Poultry Farms

Background and Aim: Poultry is becoming an increasingly important source of protein in the Nepalese diet. The Chitwan region of Nepal is the hub of the emerging poultry industry. Little is known about the prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) on poultry farms or the role of farm management practices that may contribute to the presence of NTS on farms. The role of poultry in the transmission of Salmonella enterica to humans is also poorly defined. This descriptive study seeks establish baseline data through estimation of the prevalence of NTS on broiler and layer operations in various farms of the Chitwan district of Nepal. Materials and Methods: Based on district documents on poultry production and meat marketing, a purposive sampling of 18 commercial poultry farms comprising ten broilers farms and eight layers farms was conducted. Environmental samples including water, litter, feces, feed, farm, and eggshell swabs were randomly collected from each farm. Samples were cultured and tested for the presence of NTS; positives were serotyped, and antimicrobial susceptibility determined. A comprehensive farm and practice questionnaire was administered to each farm manager. Results: The farm level point prevalence rate was 55% (10 of 18 farms) for S. enterica. Of the total 288 farm environmental samples collected, 26 samples (9%) were positive. The rate of isolation varied according to the origin of samples: Water (27.5%), feces (10.6%), litter (8.6%), farm swabs (5%), feed (1.8%), and eggshells (0%). Farm management variables/risk factors are summarized and categorized as non-modifiable and modifiable for analysis. Broiler operations were more likely to be positive than layer operations as were poultry houses with two or less open sides. All-in/all-out management style was found to be protective. Due to the small sample size (18 farms), no associations reached statistical significance. Conclusion: Based on environmental sampling results, NTS is highly prevalent on the poultry farms in the Chitwan district of Nepal. Certain risk factors are associated with finding NTS on farms. Our findings are generally in agreement with other studies in similar countries with rapidly emerging poultry industries. The identification of risk factors provides owners, technicians, and veterinarians with some guidance to help reduce the prevalence of NTS on farms. This baseline data are critical to understanding the epidemiology of zoonotic strain of NTS in the region and are necessary for the design of future studies and mitigation plans and underlines the need for a one-health approach to protect public health-related to Salmonella spp. from poultry farms.

Digital x-ray mapping of nanometer-size supported bimetallic catalysts

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 530-531
Author(s):  
L. T. Germinario
Keyword(s):  
Background Radiation ◽  
Metal Cluster ◽  
Single Element ◽  
Beam Diameter ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Induced Changes

Understanding the role of metal cluster composition in determining catalytic selectivity and activity is of major interest in heterogeneous catalysis. The electron microscope is well established as a powerful tool for ultrastructural and compositional characterization of support and catalyst. Because the spatial resolution of x-ray microanalysis is defined by the smallest beam diameter into which the required number of electrons can be focused, the dedicated STEM with FEG is the instrument of choice. The main sources of errors in energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS) are: (1) beam-induced changes in specimen composition, (2) specimen drift, (3) instrumental factors which produce background radiation, and (4) basic statistical limitations which result in the detection of a finite number of x-ray photons. Digital beam techniques have been described for supported single-element metal clusters with spatial resolutions of about 10 nm. However, the detection of spurious characteristic x-rays away from catalyst particles produced images requiring several image processing steps.

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