scholarly journals AB0571 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM CALPROTECTIN LEVEL AND PRESENCE OF SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND ARTERIAL STIFFNESS IN PATIENT WITH PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1323.1-1323
Author(s):  
I. T. Cheng ◽  
M. LI ◽  
E. K. LI ◽  
A. P. W. Lee ◽  
L. S. Tam
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Carotid Plaque ◽  
Disease Duration ◽  
Augmentation Index ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Calprotectin Level

Background:Calprotectin is a member of S100 leukocyte. Serum calprotectin is a sensitive biomarker of disease activity in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). While various CV risk score only shown modest correlation with augmented CV risk in patient with PsA, whether calprotectin could play an addition role remains uncertain.Objectives:To elucidate the association between serum calprotectin and subclinical atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness in patient with PsAMethods:Seventy-eight PsA patient (age: 53±11 years, 47(54%) male) without CV event was recruited into this cross-sectional study. High resolution carotid ultrasound was performed to assess the presence of carotid plaque and intima-media thickness (IMT). Arterial stiffness was measured by branchial-ankle pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx). Serum calprotectin level was measured by QUANTA Lite Calprotectin Extended Range ELISA kit from (INOVA Diagnostics, San Diego, CA, USA).Results:29/78 (38%) of patient had carotid plaque (CP+). Subject in CP+ group were of older age and higher inflammatory burden in terms of higher number of swollen joint and longer disease duration. The use of statins were also higher in CP+ group. Serum calprotectin level were significantly higher in CP+ group (639.2ng/ml ±378.2 in CP- group vs 911.8ng/ml ±429.4 in CP+ group, p=0.005) (Figure 1). Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, higher level of ln calprotectin were significantly associated with presence of carotid plaque (OR: 3.25, 95%CI: 1.22 to 8.69, p=0.019) after adjusting for baseline covariates. There was also significant correlation between calprotectin level and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) (r=0.237, p=0.037), mean IMT (r=0.301, p=0.021) and maximum IMT (r=0.265, p=0.043). However, no significant association were observed between calprotectin level and PWV or AIx.Figure 1.Conclusion:Increased calprotectin level were associated with presence of plaque and increased IMT. Serum calprotectin may be a novel biomarker for assessing CV risk in patient with PsA.Table 1.Multivariate analysis for factors associated with presence of carotid plaque.OR95% CIpDisease duration (years)1.101.02 to 1.190.018Ln Calprotectin3.251.22 to 8.690.019*Factors included in the multivariate analysis: age, gender, disease duration, swollen joint count, hyperlipidemia, Framingham 10-year CVD risk >10%, current use of statins, and calprotectin levelDisclosure of Interests:Isaac T. Cheng: None declared., Martin Li: None declared., Edmund K. Li: None declared., Alex Pui Wai Lee: None declared., Lai-Shan Tam Grant/research support from: Grants from Norvatis, Pfizer.

scholarly journals Parameters of arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients with and without subclinical carotid atherosclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-435
Author(s):  
V. E. Gumerova ◽  
S. A. Sayganov ◽  
V. V. Gomonova
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Pulse Pressure ◽  
Augmentation Index ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Stiffness Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Arterial Stiffness Index ◽  
Plaque Detection

Objective. To assess the relationship between arterial stiffness parameters in hypertensive patients with and without atherosclerotic lesions.Design and methods. We included 127 subjects who were divided into 3 groups: patients with hypertension (HTN) without atherosclerosis (n = 42); patients with HTN and subclinical atherosclerosis (SА) (n = 52) and control group which consisted of individuals without HTN, SA, or coronary artery disease (n = 33). All groups matched by age and gender. All subjects underwent following examinations: ultrasonography of extracranial segments of carotid arteries, 24-hour blood pressure monitoring with the assessment of arterial stiffness parameters.Results. In subjects with HTN compared to controls, pulse wave velocity in aorta (PWVao) was significantly higher (11,3 ± 1,5; 12,3 ± 1,8 vs 10,4 ± 1,3 m/s; p < 0,05), as well as pulse pressure (PP) (46,4 ± 9,8; 45,6 ± 10,6 vs 39,9 ± 6,5 mmHg; p < 0,05), central pulse pressure (PPао) (35,5 ± 8,5; 34,9 ± 8,5 vs 30,9 ± 5,4 mmHg; p < 0,05), and arterial stiffness index (ASI) (141 (127, 159); 139 (128,5, 160,5) vs 126 (118, 138) mmHg; p < 0,05). In subjects with HTN and SA, PWVao was significantly higher compared to other groups (p < 0,05). No significant difference in augmentation index was found (–32,5 (–45, –12); –22 (–36, –12); –37 (–50, –17); p = 0,25). Аmbulatory arterial stiffness index was higher in controls (0,5 ± 0,2) compared to HTN group (0,4 ± 0,2; p = 0,05), while HTN and SA group did not differ significantly (0,5 ± 0,2; p = 0,3). PWVao above 11,15 m/s is associated with 4,3 (2,3–8,2) times higher rate of atherosclerosis plaque detection.Conclusions. In HTN patients, arterial stiffness is changed compared to healthy individuals. PWVao above 11,15 m/s is associated with 4,3 (2,3–8,2) times higher rate of atherosclerosis plaque detection. In patients with HTN and SA arterial stiffness is higher, which might have additional predictive value in risk stratification.

scholarly journals An Oral Glucose Load Decreases Postprandial Extracellular Vesicles in Obese Adults with and without Prediabetes

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Z. M. Eichner ◽  
Nicole M. Gilbertson ◽  
Luca Musante ◽  
Sabrina La Salvia ◽  
Arthur Weltman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Augmentation Index ◽  
Annexin V ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose Load ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Obese Adults

Although extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a novel biomediator of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), the effects of hyperglycemia on EVs in humans is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) would promote changes in EVs in relation to CVD risk. Twenty-five obese adults (Age: 52.4 ± 3.2 year, BMI: 32.5 ± 1.2 kg/m2) were screened for normal glucose tolerance (NGT, n = 8) and prediabetes (PD, n = 17) using American Diabetes Association criteria (75 g OGTT and/or HbA1c). Body composition (bioelectrical impedance) and fitness (VO2peak) were measured. Arterial stiffness (augmentation index; AIx) was measured at 0, 60- and 120-min while insulin, glucose, and free fatty acids were evaluated every 30 min during the OGTT to assess CVD risk. Annexin V positive (AV+) and Annexin V negative (AV-) total EVs, platelet EVs (CD31+/CD41+; CD41+), leukocyte EVs (CD45+; CD45+/CD41−), platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) (CD31+) and endothelial EVs (CD 31+/CD41−; CD105+) were collected at 0 and 120 min. There were no differences in age, BMI, or body fat between NGT and PD (all P > 0.63). Total EVs, AV+ CD31+ (PECAM), and AV+ CD31+/CD41- (endothelial) EVs decreased after the OGTT (P ≤ 0.04). Circulating insulin at 2-h correlated with elevated post-prandial AV- CD45+ (r = 0.48, P = 0.04) while arterial stiffness related to reduced total EVs (r = −0.49, P = 0.03) and AV+CD41+ (platelet) (r = −0.52, P = 0.02). An oral glucose load lowers post-prandial total, platelet, and endothelial EVs in obese adults with NGT and prediabetes in relation to CVD risk.

scholarly journals Comparison of carotid artery ultrasound and Framingham risk score for discriminating coronary artery disease in patients with psoriatic arthritis

RMD Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. e001364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac T Cheng ◽  
Ka Tak Wong ◽  
Edmund K Li ◽  
Priscilla C H Wong ◽  
Billy T Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Carotid Plaque ◽  
Framingham Risk Score ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Framingham Risk ◽  
Artery Disease

ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the performance of carotid ultrasound (US) parameters alone or in combination with Framingham Risk Score (FRS) in discriminating patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) with and without coronary artery disease (CAD).MethodsNinety-one patients with PsA (56 males; age: 50±11 years, disease duration: 9.4±9.2 years) without overt cardiovascular (CV) diseases were recruited. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), the presence of plaque and total plaque area (TPA) was determined by high-resolution US. CAD was defined as the presence of any coronary plaque on coronary CT angiography (CCTA). Obstructive-CAD (O-CAD) was defined as >50% stenosis of the lumen.ResultsThirty-five (38%) patients had carotid plaque. Fifty-four (59%) patients had CAD (CAD+) and 9 (10%) patients had O-CAD (O-CAD+). No significant associations between the presence of carotid plaque and CAD were found. However, cIMT and TPA were higher in both the CAD+ and O-CAD+ group compared with the CAD− or O-CAD− groups, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that mean cIMT was an independent explanatory variable associated with CAD and O-CAD, while maximum cIMT and TPA were independent explanatory variables associated with O-CAD after adjusting for covariates. The optimal cut-offs for detecting the presence of CAD were FRS >5% and mean cIMT at 0.62 mm (AUC: 0.71; sensitivity: 67%; specificity: 76%), while the optimal cut-offs for detecting the presence of O-CAD were FRS >10% in combination with mean cIMT at 0.73 mm (AUC: 0.71; sensitivity: 56%; specificity: 85%).ConclusionUS parameters including cIMT and TPA may be considered in addition to FRS for CV risk stratification in patients with PsA.

scholarly journals The Effect of Hypertriglyceridemia on Arterial Structure and Function Parameters in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egidija Rinkūnienė ◽  
Vilma Dženkevičiūtė ◽  
Žaneta Petrulionienė ◽  
Egle Majauskiene ◽  
Ligita Ryliškytė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Augmentation Index ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Arterial Structure ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background: Development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) augments risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), but pathophysiological mechanisms of this relation are still under discussion. Overlapping CVD risk factors make it difficult to assess the importance of individual elements. This study aimed to analyze subclinical atherosclerosis based on arterial structure and function parameters in patients with MetS and different triglycerides (TG) levels.Methods: Patients (aged 40-65 years) were divided into two groups: patients with MetS and with or without hypertriglyceridemia (hTG). Noninvasive assessment of vascular parameters—aortic augmentation index adjusted for heart rate 75 bpm (AIxHR75), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA IMT)—were performed.Results: Carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV) and carotid-radial PWV (crPWV) were significantly higher in patients with hTG. After adjusting for age, gender, waist circumference, fasting glucose, smoking status, cardiovascular family history and mean arterial pressure, crPWV (OR: 1.150; CI 95%: 1.04-1.28), cfPWV (OR: 1.283; CI 95%: 1.14-1.42) and CCA IMT (OR: 1.13; CI 95%: 1.02-1.25) were significantly associated with hTG (p<0.05), while AIxHR75 did not show significant association.Conclusion: Increased TG are independently associated with a cfPWV, crPWV, and CCA IMT, but not with a higher AIxHR75.

Association of obesity with arterial stiffness: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-318
Author(s):  
Jeongok G. Logan ◽  
Hyojung Kang ◽  
Soyoun Kim ◽  
Daniel Duprez ◽  
Younghoon Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Augmentation Index ◽  
Large Artery ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Small Artery ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Ethnic Study ◽  
Interaction With Age ◽  
The Relationship

Arterial stiffness (AS) and obesity are recognized as important risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between AS and obesity. AS was defined as high augmentation index (AIx) and low elasticity (C1, large artery elasticity; C2, small artery elasticity) in participants enrolled in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis at baseline. We compared AIx, C1, and C2 by body mass index (BMI) (< 25, 25–29.9, 30–39.9, ⩾ 40 kg/m2) and waist–hip ratio (WHR) (< 0.85, 0.85–0.99, ⩾ 1). The obesity–AS association was tested across 10-year age intervals. Among 6177 participants (62 ± 10 years old, 52% female), a significant inverse relationship was observed between obesity and AS. After adjustments for CVD risk factors, participants with a BMI > 40 kg/m2 had 5.4% lower AIx (mean difference [Δ] = −0.82%; 95% CI: –1.10, –0.53), 15.4% higher C1 (Δ = 1.66 mL/mmHg ×10; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.33), and 40.2% higher C2 (Δ = 1.49 mL/mmHg ×100; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.83) compared to those with a BMI < 25 kg/m2 (all p for trend < 0.001). Participants with a WHR ⩾ 1 had 5.6% higher C1 (∆ = 0.92 mL/mmHg ×10; 95% CI: 0.47, 1.37) compared to those with a WHR < 0.85. The WHR had a significant interaction with age on AIx and C2, but not with BMI; the inverse relationships of the WHR with AIx and C2 were observed only in participants < 55 years between the normal (WHR < 0.85) and the overweight (0.85 ⩽ WHR < 0.99) groups. Different associations of WHR and BMI with arterial stiffness among older adults should be further investigated.

DAPSA, carotid plaque and cardiovascular events in psoriatic arthritis: a longitudinal study

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 1320-1326
Author(s):  
Steven Ho Man Lam ◽  
Isaac T Cheng ◽  
Edmund K Li ◽  
Priscilla Wong ◽  
Jolie Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Carotid Plaque ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Carotid Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Models ◽  
Cv Disease

ObjectiveTo examine whether Disease Activity in Psoriatic Arthritis (DAPSA) reflecting the inflammatory component of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) can predict cardiovascular (CV) events independent of traditional CV risk factors and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis.MethodsA cohort analysis was performed in patients with PsA who had been followed since 2006. The outcome of interest was first CV event. Four different CV disease (CVD) risk scores and DAPSA were computed at baseline. The presence of carotid plaque (CP) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) was also determined in a subgroup of patients using high-resolution ultrasound. The association between DAPSA, CVD risk scores, CP, CIMT and the occurrence of CV events was assessed using Cox proportional hazard models.Results189 patients with PsA (mean age: 48.9 years; male: 104 (55.0%)) were recruited. After a median follow-up of 9.9 years, 27 (14.3%) patients developed a CV event. Higher DAPSA was significantly associated with an increased risk of developing CV events (HR: 1.04, 95% CI (1.01 to 1.08), p=0.009). The association remained significant after adjusting for all CV risk scores in the multivariable models. In the subgroup analysis, 154 patients underwent carotid ultrasound assessment and 23 (14.9%) of them experienced a CV event. CP was associated with increased risk of developing CV events after adjusting for three CV risk scores and DAPSA, with HR ranging from 2.35 to 3.42.ConclusionHigher DAPSA and the presence of CP could independently predict CVD events in addition to traditional CV risk scores in patients with PsA.

scholarly journals 963. Non-Invasive Detection of Cardiovascular Risk in People Living with HIV in Miami

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S511-S512
Author(s):  
Douglas Salguero ◽  
Jason Galo ◽  
Jornan Rodriguez ◽  
Mollie Pester ◽  
Alejandro Chedebau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Augmentation Index ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Early Markers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Living With Hiv

Abstract Background HIV is a risk factor for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), and CVD is the leading cause of mortality among Hispanics (H). Hispanics in the US are disproportionately affected by HIV with higher rates of HIV related morbidity and mortality, as well as adverse CVD outcomes. This study sought to identify early markers of CVD risk among Hispanics living with HIV. Methods Interim analysis of 38 H and non-Hispanics (NH) people living with HIV (PLWH), stable on antiretroviral regimen, 30-50 years of age, without previously detected CVD. Demographics, CD4 T cells, HIV RNA viral load, traditional early markers of CVD risk were collected. CVD risk markers were obtained with non-invasive tools: epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness was assessed by echocardiogram; arterial stiffness was assessed by applanation tonometry sequentially at the carotid, femoral and radial arteries (including central augmentation index - AI, peripheral AI, radial pulse wave velocity - PWV, and femoral PWV). The Framingham Coronary Event Risk Score (FCER) was calculated for each subject. Descriptive and linear regression analysis for predictors of FCER measures were age adjusted. Results Among the 38 participants enrolled the mean age was 42 years, 80% male, H 76%, NH 24%, Black 16%, with mean BMI of 26.7. 45% met clinical criteria for metabolic syndrome: high waist girth 24%, high blood pressure 18%, high Fasting Glucose 16%, high total cholesterol 21%, high triglycerides 26%, low HDL 45%, high LDL 18%, high TC/HDL ratio 68%. The mean EAT was 3.8 mm, mean central AI 20.2 %, mean peripheral AI 73%, mean femoral PWV 28.8 m/s, mean radial PWV 8.7 m/s. Older age was associated with greater central AI (r = 0.37, p =.01) and peripheral AI (r = 0.38, p =.01) but not with increased EAT. Regression analysis predicting FCER relationships showed radial PWV as an independent predictor of increased FCER (r = 0.36, p &lt; .05). Conclusion Risk factors leading to CVD are common among this group of PLWH and radial PWV is a moderate predictor of increased FCER. Although measures of arterial stiffness are available, they are not routinely used to assess CVD risk. Further studies should evaluate the use of noninvasive methods for diverse PLWH, to prevent the development of CVD. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Predictive Value of Arterial Stiffness and Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis for Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 1622-1630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eirik Ikdahl ◽  
Silvia Rollefstad ◽  
Grunde Wibetoe ◽  
Inge C. Olsen ◽  
Inger-Jorid Berg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Carotid Atherosclerosis ◽  
Augmentation Index ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Vascular Biomarkers

Objective.We evaluated the predictive value of these vascular biomarkers for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA): aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV), augmentation index (AIx), carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), and carotid plaques (CP). They are often used as risk markers for CVD.Methods.In 2007, 138 patients with RA underwent clinical examination, laboratory tests, blood pressure testing, and vascular biomarker measurements. Occurrence of CVD events was recorded in 2013. Predictive values were assessed in Kaplan-Meier plots, log-rank, and crude and adjusted Cox proportional hazard (PH) regression analyses.Results.Baseline median age and disease duration was 59.0 years and 17.0 years, respectively, and 76.1% were women. CVD events occurred in 10 patients (7.2%) during a mean followup of 5.4 years. Compared with patients with low aPWV, AIx, cIMT, and without CP, patients with high aPWV (p < 0.001), high AIx (p = 0.04), high cIMT (p = 0.01), and CP (p < 0.005) at baseline experienced more CVD events. In crude Cox PH regression analyses, aPWV (p < 0.001), cIMT (p < 0.001), age (p = 0.01), statin (p = 0.01), and corticosteroid use (p = 0.01) were predictive of CVD events, while AIx was nonsignificant (p = 0.19). The Cox PH regression estimates for vascular biomarkers were not significantly altered when adjusting individually for demographic variables, traditional CVD risk factors, RA disease-related variables, or medication. All patients who developed CVD had CP at baseline.Conclusion.CP, aPWV, and cIMT were predictive of CVD events in this cohort of patients with RA. Future studies are warranted to examine the additive value of arterial stiffness and carotid atherosclerosis markers in CVD risk algorithms. Regional Ethical Committee approval numbers 2009/1582 and 2009/1583.

scholarly journals Association of subclinical atherosclerosis with retinal vein occlusion: A prospective, case-control study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minhyung Lyu ◽  
Yonggu Lee ◽  
Byung Sik Kim ◽  
Hyun-Jin Kim ◽  
Rimkyung Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Retinal Vein Occlusion ◽  
Carotid Plaque ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vein Occlusion

Abstract Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is known to be associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk factors, but the association between specific markers of subclinical atherosclerosis has not been established. To investigate this association, we compared the results of cardiovascular examinations of 76 patients with RVO and 175 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) were significantly higher in the RVO group than in the control group. Carotid plaque (54.3% vs. 28.6%, p = 0.004) was more frequent in the RVO group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of carotid plaque [odds ratio (OR) 3.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.38–7.16, p = 0.006], as well as smoking, LDL-C level, and baPWV was associated with RVO. Additionally, a multinomial logistic regression model showed that the presence of carotid plaque (OR 3.94, 95% CI 1.65–9.41, p = 0.002) and LDL-C level were associated with branch RVO, whereas smoking and baPWV were associated with central RVO. In conclusion, RVO is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis markers, including carotid plaques and baPWV. These results support the hypothesis of a vascular etiology of RVO and suggest the evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with RVO.

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