scholarly journals Birth weight trends in England and Wales (1986–2012): babies are getting heavier

2017 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. F264-F270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Elisabeth Ghosh ◽  
Jacob Dag Berild ◽  
Anna Freni Sterrantino ◽  
Mireille B Toledano ◽  
Anna L Hansell
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
High Birth Weight ◽  
Data Set ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Increased Risk

IntroductionBirth weight is a strong predictor of infant mortality, morbidity and later disease risk. Previous work from the 1980s indicated a shift in the UK towards heavier births; this descriptive analysis looks at more recent trends.MethodsOffice for National Statistics (ONS) registration data on 17.2 million live, single births from 1986 to 2012 were investigated for temporal trends in mean birth weight, potential years of birth weight change and changes in the proportions of very low (<1500 g), low (<2500 g) and high (≥4000 g) birth weight. Analysis used multiple linear and logistic regression adjusted for maternal age, marital status, area-level deprivation and ethnicity. Additional analyses used the ONS NHS Numbers for Babies data set for 2006–2012, which has information on individual ethnicity and gestational age.ResultsOver 27 years there was an increase in birth weight of 43 g (95% CI 42 to 44) in females and 44 g (95% CI 43 to 45) in males, driven by birth weight increases between 1986–1990 and 2007–2012. There was a concurrent decreased risk of having low birth weight but an 8% increased risk in males and 10% increased risk in females of having high birth weight. For 2006–2012 the birth weight increase was greater in preterm as compared with term births.ConclusionsSince 1986 the birth weight distribution of live, single births in England and Wales has shifted towards heavier births, partly explained by increases in maternal age and non-white ethnicity, as well as changes in deprivation levels. Other potential influences include increases in maternal obesity and reductions in smoking prevalence particularly following the introduction of legislation restricting smoking in public places in 2007.

scholarly journals The hypothalamus–adipose axis is a key target of developmental programming by maternal nutritional manipulation

2012 ◽  
Vol 216 (2) ◽  
pp. R19-R31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Breton
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
High Birth Weight ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Increased Risk

Epidemiological studies initially demonstrated that maternal undernutrition leading to low birth weight may predispose for energy balance disorders throughout life. High birth weight due to maternal obesity or diabetes, inappropriate early post-natal nutrition and rapid catch-up growth may also sensitise to increased risk of obesity. As stated by the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease concept, the perinatal perturbation of foetus/neonate nutrient supply might be a crucial determinant of individual programming of body weight set point. The hypothalamus–adipose axis plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of energy homoeostasis controlling the nutritional status and energy storage level. The perinatal period largely corresponds to the period of brain maturation, neuronal differentiation and active adipogenesis in rodents. Numerous dams and/or foetus/neonate dietary manipulation models were developed to investigate the mechanisms underlying perinatal programming in rodents. These models showed several common offspring hypothalamic consequences such as impaired neurogenesis, neuronal functionality, nuclei structural organisation and feeding circuitry hardwiring. These alterations led to a persistent reprogrammed appetite system that favoured the orexigenic pathways, leptin/insulin resistance and hyperphagia. Impaired hypothalamic sympathetic outflow to adipose tissue and/or reduced innervation may also account for modified fat cell metabolism. Thus, enhanced adipogenesis and/or lipogenesis capacities may predispose the offspring to fat accumulation. Abnormal hypothalamus–adipose axis circadian rhythms were also evidenced. This review mainly focuses on studies in rodents. It highlights hormonal and epigenetic mechanisms responsible for long-lasting programming of energy balance in the offspring. Dietary supplementation may provide a therapeutic option using a specific regimen for reversing adverse programming outcomes in humans.

scholarly journals Metabolic programming in early life in humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1770) ◽  
pp. 20180123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline H. D. Fall ◽  
Kalyanaraman Kumaran
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Evolutionary Medicine ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
High Birth Weight ◽  
Preventive Strategy ◽  
Increased Risk

An association of low birth weight with an increased risk of adult cardiovascular disease and diabetes led to the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, which proposes that undernutrition during early development permanently ‘programmes’ organ structure and metabolism, leading to vulnerability to later cardio-metabolic disease. High birth weight caused by maternal gestational diabetes is also associated with later diabetes, suggesting that fetal over-nutrition also has programming effects. Post-natal factors (excess weight gain/obesity, smoking, poor diets and physical inactivity) interact with fetal exposures to increase disease risk. Animal studies have shown permanent metabolic effects in offspring after alterations to maternal or early post-natal diets but evidence in humans is largely limited to observational and quasi-experimental situations such as maternal famine exposure. Randomized trials of maternal nutritional interventions during pregnancy have so far had limited follow-up of the offspring. Moreover, interventions usually started after the first trimester and therefore missed key peri-conceptional or early pregnancy events such as epigenetic changes, placentation and fetal organogenesis. Recent and ongoing trials intervening pre-conceptionally and powered for long-term offspring follow-up will address these issues. While current preventive strategies for cardio-metabolic disease focus on high-risk individuals in mid-life, DOHaD concepts offer a ‘primordial’ preventive strategy to reduce disease in future generations by improving fetal and infant development. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Developing differences: early-life effects and evolutionary medicine’.

Very High Birth Weight of Offspring Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Leukemia in Their Mothers; Results of a Population-Based Cohort Study.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 4677-4677
Author(s):  
Ora Paltiel ◽  
Rebecca Yanetz ◽  
Ronit Calderon ◽  
Orly Manor ◽  
Susan Harlap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Childhood Leukemia ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
High Birth Weight ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Multivariate Adjustment ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract High birth weight (HBW) is related to maternal diabetes, height, BMI and weight gain during pregnancy. Many previous studies have shown an association between HBW and childhood leukemia. Postulated mechanisms have included exposure to growth factors involved in somatic growth and leukemogenesis (e.g. IGF-1), common genetic mechanisms or higher cell number in larger individuals providing increased opportunity for genetic errors. It is not known to what extent the association is due to heritable factors, intra-uterine factors or both. To our knowledge, the association between offspring’s birth weight and leukemia risk in the parents has not been addressed. Methods: We utilized data from the Jerusalem Perinatal Study, a population-based research cohort including all births in West Jerusalem between 1964 and 1976. The database contains information on birth characteristics of the newborns, obstetric complications and birth outcomes as well as demographic data on the parents. After excluding the parents of twins and offspring with congenital malformations, we linked 39,336 mothers and 38,031 fathers of live-born infants through their unique identification numbers to the Israel Cancer Registry. We examined the association between leukemia and the average birth weight of all offspring of the same mother or father, as a categorical and continuous variable, as well as the effect of having at least one offspring weighing ≥4500 gm. Fewer than 2% of parents had offspring weighing 4500 gm or more. Results: Leukemias developed in 57 mothers and 132 fathers. Controlling for maternal age, having at least 1 child weighing ≥4500 gm at birth was associated with a 3-fold increase in the risk of leukemia (hazard ratio -HR 3.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06–10.91, p=0.04), compared to having no children at the extremes of birth weight. This result was unchanged after multivariate adjustment. Furthermore having an average birth weight among all offspring of ≥4500 gm increased the risk of leukemia in mothers more than 8 fold (HR 8.3, 95% CI: 2.5–27.7, p=0.0006), after controlling for maternal age and diabetes, compared to an average birth weight of 2500–3999 gm. This result was strengthened after further multivariate adjustment for family size and socioeconomic status (HR 8.99, 95%CI: 2.8–29.27, p=0.001). In a subgroup for which these data were available (∼13,000 mothers), results were unchanged after adjusting for maternal height. Birth weight assessed as a continuous variable was not related to mother’s leukemia. Specific subgroups of leukemia in the mother which were associated with HBW were CLL (HR 11.04, p=0.002) and CML (7.84, p=0.05) but these analyses were severely limited by small numbers. There was no association between HBW and father’s risk of leukemia. Conclusions: HBW is associated with leukemia not only in infants and children, but appears to confer an increased risk among their mothers. Whether this is due to a common exposure (eg pelvic irradiation), shared genes, or epigenetic phenomena bears exploring, after confirmation of these results in other cohorts.

Role of maternal nutrition in programming adiposity in the offspring: potential implications of glucocorticoids

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Breton
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Birth Weight ◽  
Storage Unit ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractThe epidemiological studies initially indicated that maternal undernutrition leading to a low birth weight may predispose to the long-lasting energy balance disorders. A high birth weight due to maternal obesity or diabetes, inappropriate early postnatal nutrition, and rapid catch-up growth, may also sensitize to an increased risk of obesity. As stated by the developmental origin of health and disease concept, the perinatal perturbation of the fetus/neonate nutrient supply might be a crucial determinant of the individual programming of the body weight set point. The adipose tissue is considered as the main fuel storage unit involved in the maintenance of the energy homeostasis. Several models have demonstrated that this tissue is a prime target of the developmental programming in a gender- and depot-specific manner. In the rodents, the perinatal period of life corresponds largely to the period of adipogenesis. In contrast, this phenomenon essentially takes place before birth in bigger mammals. Despite these different developmental time windows, the altricial and precocial species share several common offspring programming mechanisms. Thus, the adipose tissue of the offspring from malnourished dams exhibited impaired glucose uptake and leptin/insulin resistance with increased proinflammatory markers. It also displayed a modified sympathetic activity, circadian rhythm, fatty acid composition, and thermogenesis. This might lead to the reprogrammed metabolism and distribution of the adipose tissue with enhanced adipogenesis and fat accumulation predisposing to adiposity. The inappropriate glucocorticoid (GC) levels and modified tissue sensitivity might be key actors of perinatal programming and long-lasting altered adipose tissue activity in the offspring. Following maternal malnutrition, the epigenetic mechanisms might also be responsible for the adipose tissue programming.

Birth Weight and Childhood Growth

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 828-834
Author(s):  
Nancy J. Binkin ◽  
Ray Yip ◽  
Lee Fleshood ◽  
Frederick L. Trowbridge
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Birth Certificate ◽  
High Birth Weight ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Childhood Growth ◽  
Supplemental Food

Most previous studies of the relationship between birth weight and childhood growth have concentrated on the growth of low birth weight infants. To examine this relationship throughout the full range of birth weights, growth data for children &lt;5 years of age from the Tennessee Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children linked to birth certificate records for 1975 to 1985 were used. Growth status was compared for 500-g birth weight categories from 1,000 g to 4,999 g using mean Z scores and the percentage of children more than 2 SD above or less than 2 SD below the median for height for age, weight for age, and weight for height. Infants with lower birth weights were likely to remain shorter and lighter throughout childhood, especially those who were intrauterine growth retarded rather than premature. Conversely, those infants with higher birth weights were likely to remain taller and heavier and to have a higher risk of obesity. Birth weight is a strong predictor of weight and height in early childhood, not only for low birth weight children but also for those of normal and high birth weight.

scholarly journals Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries – Maternal, Foetal and Sociodemographic Risk Factors: A Retrospective Register-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin André ◽  
Andrea Stuart ◽  
Kärin Kallén
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Anal Sphincter ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Vacuum Extraction ◽  
High Birth Weight ◽  
Previous Caesarean Section ◽  
Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries ◽  
Increased Risk

Objective. To determine risk and protective factors of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS). Design. A retrospective register-based observational study. Setting. Sweden. Population. A cohort of 988, 988 singleton term deliveries 2005-2016 were included. Methods. Data from the Swedish Medical Birth Registry and Statistics Sweden were extracted to identify cases of OASIS and maternal and foetal characteristics. Modified Poisson Regression analyses were performed to assess risk factors. Main outcome measures. Risk ratios for OASIS with 95% confidence interval associated with maternal and foetal risk factors were calculated. Results. The rate of OASIS was 3.5% (n=34, 583). Primiparity (aRR 3.13 95% CI 3.05–3.21), vacuum extraction (aRR 2.79 95% CI 2.73–2.86), forceps (aRR 4.27 95% CI 3.86–4.72) and high birth weight (aRR 2.61 95% CI 2.50–2.72) were associated with a significantly increased risk of OASIS. Increasing maternal age and decreasing maternal height increased the risk of OASIS. Smoking (aRR 0.74 95% CI 0.70–0.79) and low maternal education (aRR 0.87 95% CI 0.83–0.92) were associated with a decreased frequency of reported OASIS. Obesity decreased the risk of OASIS (aRR 0.90 95% CI 0.87–0.94), but only after adjusting for foetal birth weight. Previous caesarean section increased the risk of OASIS (aRR 1.41; 95% CI 1.36–1.47). Conclusion. Primiparity, instrumental delivery and high birth weight increased the risk of OASIS. Risk factors including BMI, height, age, smoking, maternal education, ethnicity and previous caesarean section also contribute to the overall risk of OASIS. Keywords. Obstetric sphincter injuries, risk factors, pregnancy.

scholarly journals A comparative analysis of determinants of low birth weight and stunting among under five children of adolescent and non-adolescent mothers using 2015/16 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS)

BMC Nutrition ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramadhani H. Mtongwa ◽  
Charles Festo ◽  
Ester Elisaria
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Adolescent Mothers ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Maternal Body Mass Index ◽  
Child Birth ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Children Under 5

Abstract Background Tanzania is one of the Sub-Saharan African country with nearly 12 out of 60 million people being adolescent. The prevalence of child marriage is higher with one out of every three girls being married before reaching their 18th birthday, 5 % being married by the age of 15, and 31% by the age of 18 years. Literature shows early pregnancy is associated with Low Birth Weight (LBW) and stunting among children under 5 years. This paper explores variation and factors associated with low birth weight and stunting among children born by adolescent and non-adolescent mothers. Methods Data from 13,266 women with children under 5 years collected as part of the 2015/2016 TDHS was re-analyzed using STATA version 14 software while accounting for survey design. A total of 6385 women (of which 7.2% were adolescent) and 8852 women (of which 6.7% were adolescent) were involved in the analysis of child birth weight and stunting respectively. Descriptive statistics stratified by maternal age was conducted with LBW and stunting as outcome variables followed by logistic regressions models controlling for confounding variables. Results The proportion of obese or overweight adolescent and non-adolescent mothers was 11.8 and 36.5% respectively. Antenatal care (ANC) attendance, areas of residence and social economic status were very similar in the two maternal age groups. Non- adolescent mothers had reduced odds of giving birth to LBW babies compared to adolescent mothers (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.22–0.50). Maternal undernutrition (AOR = 2.29; 95% CI: 1.43–3.67), being divorced, separated or widowed (AOR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.24–2.50) and having at least four ANC visits (AOR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.49–0.83) were significantly associated with reduced odds of having a LBW. Child stunting was not associated with maternal age. Maternal high socioeconomic status (AOR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.57–0.84) and maternal obesity or overweight (AOR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.64–0.92) were negatively associated with stunting. Child birth weight, sex, and age were significantly associated with stunting. Conclusion Maternal age was a predictor of LBW but not stunting. ANC attendance and not living with a spouse increase the risk of LBW babies. Stunting was associated with low maternal body mass index (BMI), low socioeconomic status, child birth weight, gender, and age. A multi-sectoral approach is needed to address child nutrition problems with teenagers ‘specific intervention that offer emotional support, and health education during pregnancies for improving immediate and later life child birth outcomes.

Abstract 092: No Change in Peripartum Cardiomyopathy Outcomes or Risk Factors Over the Past Decade

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nivedita Basu ◽  
Madeline Mahowald ◽  
Kris Kawamoto ◽  
Melinda Davis
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Icd Implantation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: Few studies have evaluated temporal trends in outcomes and risk factors for peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM). Prior research using administrative data could only assess short-term in-hospital adverse events. It has also been hypothesized that the incidence of PPCM is rising due to advancing maternal age and increased risk factors. Therefore, we examined long-term outcomes and prognostic factors to determine if there has been any change over the past decade. Methods: Patients seen at a tertiary care center between 2000 and 2011 with a diagnosis of PPCM were identified by ICD9 code 674.5x and confirmed by manual chart review. Year of diagnosis, clinical and demographic variables, echocardiographic data, and outcomes including myocardial recovery (defined as EF>=55%), ICD placement, LVAD, transplant, and death were reviewed for follow-up through November 2016. Results: Of 60 patients, 31 (52%) were diagnosed recently (2006-2011) and 29 (48%) were diagnosed prior to 2006 (1996-2005). There were no significant differences in the recent group compared to the past group in initial EF (19% vs 22%), final EF (39% vs 39%), and final recovery status (52% vs 48%). Similarly, there were no differences in rates of ICD implantation, LVAD/transplant, mortality, and years of survival. There were no differences in age at diagnosis or in rates of hypertension, smoking, or diabetes. Few patients in either category underwent a subsequent pregnancy. Mean years of follow-up (through 2016) were longer for those diagnosed prior to 2006 (8.3 years vs 3.4 years, p<0.001). Conclusions: There has been no improvement in outcomes for patients diagnosed with PPCM in the past decade. Maternal age and risk factors do not appear to be increasing. Despite advances in heart failure treatment and increased awareness of PPCM, more research about the management and follow-up of young mothers with PPCM is needed.

scholarly journals Risk factors of childhood leukemia

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 358
Author(s):  
Paulina K. Bangun ◽  
Bidasari Lubis ◽  
Sri Sofyani ◽  
Nelly Rosdiana ◽  
Olga R. Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Childhood Leukemia ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
High Birth Weight ◽  
Parental Age ◽  
Prenatal Risk Factors

Background The incidence of childhood leukemia has increasedannually. Recent studies have shown that childhood leukemia isinitiated in utero, and have focused on prenatal risk factors suchas birth weight and parental age. Exposure to pesticides andradiation, as well as parental smoking, breastfeeding, and thenumber of older siblings have also been sugges ted as risk factorsfor childhood leukemia.Objective To evaluate possible risk factors for childhood leukemia,including birth weight, parental age, and other risk factors.Methods This case-con trol study was conducted from October2011 to February 2012 in Haji Adam Malik Hospital, Medan .Case subjects were children aged below 18 years and diagnosedwith leukemia. Control subjects were children aged below 18years who were diagnosed with any non-cancerous acute illnessesin this hospital, and individually matched for age and gen der tothe case subject group. Patients and parents were asked to fill astructured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using conditionallogistic regression .Results A total of 140 subjects were eligible, with 70 subjects ineach group. Birth weight 2: 4000 g and maternal age 2:35 yearswere significant risk factors with OR 10.13 (95%CI 1.124 to 91.2 7)and OR 4.98 (95%CI 1.276 to 19.445), respectively. Paternal ageof 2:35 years was not a significant risk factor. Exposure to pesticideswas also noted as another significant risk factor (OR= 6.66; 95%CI2.021 to 21.966) .Conclusion High birth weight, advan ced maternal age, andexposure to pesticides are risk factors of childhood leukemia.

scholarly journals Association of high birth weight with overweight and obesity in Chinese students aged 6–18 years: a national, cross-sectional study in China

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. e024532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyong Zou ◽  
Zhongping Yang ◽  
Zhaogeng Yang ◽  
Xijie Wang ◽  
Di Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Chinese Students ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
High Birth Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk

BackgroundThe prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in China has drastically increased 57 times over the past 30 years, and to control birth weight is an effective way to reduce the risk of overweight and obesity across the life course.ObjectiveThis paper aimed to evaluate the association of high birth weight (HBW) with overweight and obesity in Chinese students aged 6–18 years.MethodsAll students with HBW (n=4981) aged 6–18 years were selected from a cross-sectional survey from seven provinces of China, and 4981 other students with normal birth weight (NBW) were randomly sampled with matched gender, age and province. Anthropometric parameters were measured and characteristics were collected by questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the OR of overweight and obesity with HBW, unadjusted and adjusted for confounding factors.ResultsParticipants with HBW revealed higher body mass index in childhood. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was significantly higher in the HBW group than in the NBW group (overweight 15.3% vs 13.1%, p<0.05; obesity 16.9% vs 10.6%, p<0.05), and the results were similar for overweight in all age groups except age 6–7, age 14–15 and age 16–18. Additionally, HBW was positively associated with overweight (OR=1.230; 95% CI 1.056 to 1.432) and obesity (OR=1.611; 95% CI 1.368 to 1.897) after adjustment for covariates.ConclusionsHBW leads to an increased risk of overweight and obesity in childhood; thus, measures to control birth weight, such as controlling gestational weight gain, should be taken from the earliest beginning of life.Trial registration numberNCT02343588; Post-results.

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