scholarly journals Temporal trends in the epidemiology of childhood severe visual impairment and blindness in the UK

2021 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2021-320119
Author(s):  
Lucinda J Teoh ◽  
Ameenat Lola Solebo ◽  
Jugnoo S Rahi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Visual Disability ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
The Uk

Background/aimsUnderstanding temporal trends in childhood visual disability is necessary for planning and evaluating clinical services and health policies. We investigate the changing epidemiology of severe visual impairment (SVI) and blindness (BL) in children in the UK in the 21st century.MethodsComparative analysis of two national population-based epidemiological studies of incident childhood SVI/BL (ICD-10 definition; visual acuity worse than 1.0 LogMAR in the better eye). We carry out comparative analysis of studies conducted in 2000 and 2015 using identical methods.ResultsOverall annual and cumulative incidence rates remained broadly stable in 2015 at 0.38 per 10 000 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.41) for 0–15 years old and 5.65 per 10 000 (5.16 to 6.18) by 16 years, respectively, and with annual incidence in infancy (3.52 per 10 000, 3.13 to 3.97) remaining considerably higher than any other age. Mortality among children diagnosed in infancy declined (from 61.4 to 25.6 per 1000), despite an increase (from 77% to 84%, p=0.037) in the overall proportion with significant non-ophthalmic impairments/disorders. The relative contribution of all the main groups of disorders increased over time, most notably cerebral visual impairment (from 50% to 61%). Aetiological factors operating prenatally continued to predominate, with an increased relative contribution of hereditary conditions in all children (from 35% to 57%, p<0.001). The substantially elevated rates for any ethnic minority group and those born preterm were unchanged, with amplification of increased rates associated with low birth weight.ConclusionThe changing landscape of healthcare and increased survival of affected children, is reflected in increasing clinical complexity and heterogeneity of all-cause SVI/BL alongside declining mortality.

scholarly journals Leading causes of blindness and visual impairment in the region of Eastern Herzegovina

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 15-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lala Ceklic ◽  
Slobodanka Latinovic ◽  
Petar Aleksic
Keyword(s):  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
Visual Disability ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Blind Persons

Introduction. Visual impairment and blindness are serious social and health problems in the world. 1992 classification of visual disorders by World Health Organization has recently been implemented. The goal of this study was to determine common causes of visual impairment and blindness in the region of Eastern Herzegovina. Material and methods. In this population based study we have analyzed medical records stored in the regional Association of Visually Impaired and Blind Persons of the Republic of Srpska (Trebinje, Bileca, Foca, Eastern Sarajevo). The analysis included sex and age distribution of registered population, classification and leading causes of visual disability and blindness. Results. There are 298 registered persons with visual disability and blindness in the region of Eastern Herzegovina and Eastern Sarajevo. The prevalence of visual impairment and blindness in the aforementioned region is 0.1%. Among the studied population, there are more males than females with visual disability or blindness (56% versus 44%). Most (78%) of registered persons are blind, and only 22% are visually impaired. 43% of registered population are in the IV category and only 8.38% are registered in the II category. Only 2% of registered population are children. Common causes of visual disability and blindness in the region of Eastern Herzegovina are: glaucoma (22%), cataract (17%), myopia alta (13%), diabetic retinopathy (12%) and ocular trauma (11%). Common causes of children's visual impairment include: optic nerve anomalies, congenital cataract and premature retinopathy. Discussion and conclusion Compared with literature data, common causes of blindness and visual impairment in the region of Eastern Herzegovina do not differ significantly from those in other regions. Registration is based on the WHO model, but it is possible only by performing active epidemiological studies. .

Abstract T P365: Childhood Stroke: ICD-9 Code Positive Predictive Values for Identifying Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Events

Stroke ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane C Khoury ◽  
Kathleen Alwell ◽  
J, Michael Taylor ◽  
Heidi Sucharew ◽  
Charles J Moomaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Administrative Databases ◽  
Childhood Stroke ◽  
Stroke Event ◽  
Primary Position ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Percent Correct

Introduction: Childhood stroke event rates have been reported both using administrative databases and population-based epidemiological studies. The latter include verification of stroke as a case and categorization of type. Administrative databases allow cheaper, quicker estimation of rates and possible extrapolation of estimated rates to population-based rates. However, these estimations rely on the accuracy and interpretation of the ICD-9 coding. Methods: The Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study measures temporal trends in the incidence rates in a biracial population of 1.3 million. Discharge lists with primary and secondary ICD-9 codes 430-436 from 16 area hospitals for 2010 were obtained; 437-438, 674 and 747 were also included at the Children’s hospital. Detailed information from medical records of potential cases was abstracted by trained research nurses and reviewed by stroke physicians, who determined if the event was a case and, also the event type (hemorrhagic stroke, infarction or transient ischemic attack(TIA)). Results: A total of 89 potential events in children <20 years of age were reviewed, yielding 19 confirmed cases. Positive predictive values (PPV) for the primary ICD-9 codes for specific types varied from 0% to 100%. Primary and secondary ICD-9 codes, event types, and percent correct are presented in the Table. Conclusions: Childhood stroke cases captured through selected ICD-9 codes: 430-432, 434.x1, 434.9 and 435.9 (marked with an asterisk in the table) in the primary position would yield 14 strokes/TIAs, and underestimate the number of events by 26%. However, using both primary and secondary codes they would yield 34 strokes//TIAs, and overestimate the number of events by 79%. Population-based epidemiology studies are essential to monitor the validity of using ICD-9 codes to estimate childhood stroke/TIA incidence.

scholarly journals Declining Incident Dementia Rates Across Four Population-Based Birth Cohorts

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 1439-1445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J Sullivan ◽  
Hiroko H Dodge ◽  
Tiffany F Hughes ◽  
Chung-Chou H Chang ◽  
Xinmei Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Clinical Dementia Rating ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Incident Dementia

Abstract Background Incidence rates of dementia appear to be declining in high-income countries according to several large epidemiological studies. We aimed to describe declining incident dementia rates across successive birth cohorts in a U.S. population-based sample and to explore the influences of sex and education on these trends. Methods We pooled data from two community-sampled prospective cohort studies with similar study aims and contiguous sampling regions: the Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey (1987–2001) and the Monongahela-Youghiogheny Healthy Aging Team (2006–Ongoing). We identified four decade-long birth cohorts spanning birth years 1902–1941. In an analysis sample of 3,010 participants (61% women, mean baseline age = 75.7 years, mean follow-up = 7.1 years), we identified 257 cases of incident dementia indicated by a Clinical Dementia Rating of 1.0 or higher. We used Poisson regression to model incident dementia rates by birth cohort, age, sex, education, and interactions of Sex × Cohort and Sex × Education. We further examined whether cohort effects varied by education, testing a Cohort × Education interaction and stratifying the models by education. Results Compared to the earliest birth cohort (1902–1911), each subsequent cohort had a significantly lower incident dementia rate (1912–1921: incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.655, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.477–0.899; 1922–1931: IRR = 0.387, 95% CI = 0.265–0.564; 1932–1941: IRR = 0.233, 95% CI = 0.121–0.449). We observed no significant interactions of either sex or education with birth cohort. Conclusions A decline in incident dementia rates was observed across successive birth cohorts independent of sex, education, and age.

scholarly journals Striking Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Liver Cancer Incidence Rates and Temporal Trends in California, 1988–2012

2018 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 1259-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Pham ◽  
Tse-Ling Fong ◽  
Juanjuan Zhang ◽  
Lihua Liu
Keyword(s):  
Asian American ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Annual Percent Change ◽  
Southeast Asians ◽  
Ethnic Populations ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

AbstractBackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by disparate risk patterns by race/ethnicity. We examined HCC incidence patterns and temporal trends among detailed racial/ethnic populations, including disaggregated Asian-American subgroups.MethodsUsing data from the population-based California Cancer Registry, we identified 41 929 invasive HCC cases diagnosed during 1988–2012. Patients were grouped into mutually exclusive racial/ethnic groups of non-Hispanic (NH) white, NH black, Hispanic, and NH Asian/Pacific Islander (API), as well as Asian subgroups of Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Laotian, and South Asian. Age-adjusted and age-specific incidence rates by sex, race/ethnicity, and time period were calculated. The average annual percent change (AAPC) in incidence rates was estimated using joinpoint regression. All estimates were provided with the 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsAggregated NH API had higher HCC risk than NH whites, NH blacks, and Hispanics. When disaggregated, Southeast Asians (Vietnamese, Cambodians, and Laotians) had overall HCC incidence rates eight to nine times higher than NH whites and more than twice that of other ethnic Asians. Statistically significant rising temporal trends of HCC were found in NH whites, NH blacks, and Hispanics, especially those older than age 50 years. Overall HCC risk declined in Chinese males (AAPC = –1.3%, 95% CI = –2.0 to –0.6), but rose in Filipino (AAPC = +1.2%, 95% CI = 0.3 to 2.1) and Japanese males (AAPC = +3.0%, 95% CI = 0.4 to 5.6) and Vietnamese (AAPC = +4.5%, 95% CI = 0.7 to 8.5) and Laotian (+3.4%, 95% CI = 0.1 to 6.8) females.ConclusionsOur findings provide valuable information for the identification of at-risk ethnic subgroups of Asian Americans while underscoring the importance of disaggregating ethnic populations in cancer research.

scholarly journals Temporal trends in the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in the South Indian state of Telangana: a population-based cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e029114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivas Marmamula ◽  
Rohit C Khanna ◽  
Shashank Yellapragada ◽  
Rajesh Challa ◽  
Javed Mohd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Care Services ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Indian State ◽  
And Gender

ObjectivesTo investigate the temporal trends in the prevalence and causes of visual impairment (VI) in South India.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional studies conducted during the years 2011–2012 and 2017 using identical study methods and in geographical locations are compared. The L V Prasad Eye Institute established services in Khammam and not in Warangal district after the 2011–2012 study.SettingKhammam and Warangal districts in Telangana, India.ParticipantsIn total, 5357 participants aged ≥40 years were examined from two districts in the 2011–2012 study and 4923 participants were examined in the 2017 study.Main outcome measuresAge-adjusted and gender-adjusted temporal trends in the prevalence and causes of VI.Blindness and moderate VI (MVI) were defined as presenting visual acuity worse than 6/60 and 6/18–6/60 in the better eye, respectively. VI included MVI and blindness.ResultsNearly 2500 participants were examined in each location in both the 2011–2012 and 2017 studies. In Khammam district, overall VI declined by 2.5% from 15.5% to 13.0% (p<0.001). While there was no significant change in MVI (p=0.566), blindness declined by 3.0% from 5.4% to 2.4% (p<0.001). In Warangal district, the overall VI remained unchanged (p=0.60). While MVI increased by 3% from 9.3% to 12.3% (p=0.001), blindness declined by 3.5% from 6.5% to 3.0% (p<0.001). While MVI due to cataract increased in both districts, there was a significant decline in MVI due to refractive errors in Khammam.ConclusionThere was a significant decline in VI in Khammam district but not in Warangal district. The differential trends in prevalence and causes of VI can be explained by the availability and uptake of eye care services in these two districts.

scholarly journals 3 Advances in treating heart failure

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (1130) ◽  
pp. 685.3-686
Author(s):  
Martin Cowie
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Circulatory Support ◽  
List Type ◽  
Advance Care ◽  
The Uk ◽  
New Diagnosis

The average age of a person with a new diagnosis of heart failure in the UK is now 80, and such a person is as likely to be female as male, to have 5–6 co-morbidities, and to be frail.1 Delivering appropriate care is a challenge, particularly where the evidence from clinical trials may be in patients who are typically 20 years younger and with less complex medical and social needs. Increased awareness of the need for a more holistic approach, with shared decision making, and advance care planning, is improving the experience and outcome of care, but there is marked variation across the NHS.2 3This talk will briefly summarise some of the recent advances in treating heart failure – particularly for those with systolic impairment of the left ventricle, and for those with valve disease. Mechanical circulatory support has improved greatly in recent years but is only ever an option for a tiny minority of patients. Treatment of co-morbidities, such as atrial fibrillation and diabetes, have also improved the outcome for those with heart failure. Despite much effort, cellular and genetic therapies remain a distant prospect. Digital approaches to care, and self-management, show considerable promise but integrating such approaches into a traditional healthcare system has proven challenging.The prognosis of heart failure has improved dramatically for many patients over the past 30 years –but the residual risk of mortality and urgent hospitalisation means that there is much work to be done.ReferencesConrad N, Judge A, Tran J, et al. Temporal trends and patterns in heart failure incidence: a population-based study of 4 million individuals. Lancet 2018;391:572–580.Chronic heart failure in adults: diagnosis and management (NG106). National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, September 2018. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng106Failure to Function: a review of the care received by patients who died in hospital following an admission with acute heart failure. National Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths, November 2019. Available at: https://www.ncepod.org.uk/2018report2/AHF%20full%20report.pdf

scholarly journals The impact of risk factor trends on intracerebral hemorrhage incidence over the last two decades—The Tromsø Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Carlsson ◽  
Tom Wilsgaard ◽  
Stein Harald Johnsen ◽  
Liv-Hege Johnsen ◽  
Maja-Lisa Løchen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Intracerebral Hemorrhages ◽  
The Impact

Background Studies on the relationship between temporal trends in risk factors and incidence rates of intracerebral hemorrhage are scarce. Aims To analyze temporal trends in risk factors and incidence rates of intracerebral hemorrhage using individual data from a population-based study. Methods We included 28,167 participants of the Tromsø Study enrolled between 1994 and 2008. First-ever intracerebral hemorrhages were registered through 31 December 2013. Hazard ratios (HRs) for intracerebral hemorrhage were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards models, risk factor levels over time by generalized estimating equations, and incidence rate ratios (IRR) by Poisson regression. Results We registered 219 intracerebral hemorrhages. Age, male sex, systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, and hypertension were associated with intracerebral hemorrhage. Hypertension was more strongly associated with non-lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (HR 5.08, 95% CI 2.86–9.01) than lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.12–3.25). In women, incidence decreased significantly (IRR 0.46, 95% CI 0.23–0.90), driven by a decrease in non-lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. Incidence rates in men remained stable (IRR 1.27, 95% CI 0.69–2.31). BP levels were lower and decreased more steeply in women than in men. The majority with hypertension were untreated, and a high proportion of those treated did not reach treatment goals. Conclusions We observed a significant decrease in intracerebral hemorrhage incidence in women, but not in men. A steeper BP decrease in women may have contributed to the diverging trends. The high proportion of untreated and sub-optimally treated hypertension calls for improved strategies for prevention of intracerebral hemorrhage.

scholarly journals Incidence rates and temporal trends of cervical cancer relating to opportunistic screening in two developed metropolitan regions of Brazil: a population-based cohort study

2019 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-328
Author(s):  
Júlio César Teixeira ◽  
Carlos Afonso Maestri ◽  
Helymar da Costa Machado ◽  
Luiz Carlos Zeferino ◽  
Newton Sérgio de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Opportunistic Screening ◽  
Metropolitan Regions

scholarly journals Incidence of Lyme disease in the United Kingdom and association with fatigue: a population-based, historical cohort study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Brellier ◽  
Mar Pujades-Rodriguez ◽  
Emma Powell ◽  
Kathleen Mudie ◽  
Eliana Mattos Lacerda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Historical Cohort ◽  
Historical Cohort Study ◽  
The Uk

Objectives To evaluate incidence rates of Lyme disease in the UK and to investigate a possible association with subsequent fatigue Design Population-based historical cohort study with a comparator cohort matched by age, sex, and general practice Setting Patients treated in UK general practices contributing to IQVIA Medical Research Data Participants 2,130 patients with a first diagnosis of Lyme disease between 2000 and 2018, and 8,510 randomly-sampled matched comparators, followed-up for a median time of 3 years and 8 months. Main outcome measures Time from Lyme disease diagnosis to consultation for any fatigue-related symptoms or diagnosis and for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated from Cox models. Results Average incidence rate for Lyme disease across the UK was 5.18 per 100,000 py between 2000 and 2018, increasing from 2.55 in 2000 to 9.33 in 2018. In total 929 events of any types of fatigue were observed, i.e. an incidence rate of 307.90 per 10,000 py in the Lyme cohort (282 events) and 165.60 in the comparator cohort (647 events). Effect of Lyme disease on any subsequent fatigue varied by index season with highest adjusted HRs in autumn [3.14 (95%CI: 1.92 to 5.13)] and winter [2.23 (1.21 to 4.11)]. Incidence rates of ME/CFS were 11.16 per 10,000 py in Lyme patients (12 events) and 1.20 in comparators (5 events), corresponding to an adjusted HR of 16.95 (5.17 to 55.60). Effect on any types of fatigue and ME/CFS was attenuated 6 months after diagnosis but still clearly visible. Conclusions UK primary care records provided strong evidence that Lyme disease was associated with acute and chronic fatigue. Albeit weaker, these effects persisted beyond 6 months, suggesting that patients and healthcare providers should remain alert to fatigue symptoms months to years following Lyme disease diagnosis.

Sex-specific temporal trends in the incidence of atrial fibrillation in a large Norwegian population-based study 1986–2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Sharashova ◽  
T Wilsgaard ◽  
J Ball ◽  
E Gerdts ◽  
A Rosengren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
General Population ◽  
Linear Time ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Funding Source

Abstract Background Due to population aging, increasing prevalence of obesity and enhanced detection, the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) worldwide is increasing steadily. Considerable sex differences in the epidemiology of AF such as lower prevalence and later onset in women compared to men have been reported. However, little is known about sex-specific temporal trends in AF incidence within the general population. Purpose To explore sex-specific age-adjusted secular trends in the incidence of AF in a general population from Norway between 1986 and 2014. Methods A total of 16,865 men and 15,413 women aged 20 years or older and without AF were enrolled in a longitudinal population study between 1986 and 2008 and followed up for incident AF to the end of 2014. Follow-up was from the date of attendance to the date of AF, emigration or death, whichever came first. All AF cases were validated by an independent endpoint committee using hospital and death records. AF incidence rates were calculated for each calendar year by dividing the number of AF cases per year by the corresponding person-time at risk. To allow for non-linear time trends, calendar year was fitted using fractional polynomials. Poisson regression was used to estimate calendar year-specific AF incidence rates adjusted for age. All analyses were stratified by sex. Results A total of 911 AF events in women and 1,139 AF events in men occurred over 324,090 person-years and 294,531 person-years of follow-up, respectively. During the study period AF incidence rates in men were at least double that in women (Figure). Age-adjusted AF incidence rates in women increased from 1986, peaked at 0.87 per 1000 person-years in 1998 and then decreased slightly towards 2014. In men AF incidence rates increased up to 2.18 per 1000 person-years in 2005 and then steeply decreased. Conclusion(s) AF incidence rates decreased in both women and men towards the end of the study period. The decrease was more profound in men compared to that in women. One possible explanation is more pronounced reduction in incidence and better treatment of myocardial infarction in men compared to women given that the aetiology of AF in men is mainly ischemic heart disease-related. However, further epidemiological analyses should be undertaken to identify explanatory factors. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): University Hospital of North Norway, Northern Norway Regional Health Authority

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