Detection of C-peptide in human hair and nail: a comparison between healthy persons and persons with type 1 diabetes

ObjectivesSerum and urinary C-peptide has clinical implications in people with/without diabetes. Recently, C-peptide was detected in hair samples of healthy adults but not studied in people with diabetes. It is not known whether C-peptide can be detectable in nail tissue or not. This study aims to assess the detection of C-peptide in hair and nail samples and to find whether hair and nail C-peptide levels are different in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) compared with healthy individuals.Research design and methodsIn a prospective case-control study on 41 subjects with T1DM and 42 control subjects, hair and nail samples were collected and prepared. C-peptide was extracted by incubating the samples with methanol and measuring the extract with an immunoassay. The hair and nail C-peptide values were compared between the T1DM and control group and their correlations with each other and with other variables were assessed with a significant level set at 0.05.ResultsHair and nail C-peptide levels were detected in both groups, with significantly lower values in T1DM compared with the control group. T1DM with >7-year diabetes duration had significantly lower C-peptide in serum, nails and hair. Hair and nail C-peptide levels have significant positive correlations with each other and negative correlations with age.ConclusionsWe conclude that C-peptide are detectable in the hair and nails of healthy persons and persons with T1DM. Compared with the healthy persons, persons with T1DM had significantly lower hair and nail C-peptide and significant hair/nail C-peptide reduction after 7 years of diagnosis. Our results suggest that hair and nails are suitable matrices for the measurement of C-peptide in healthy persons and persons with T1DM.

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One repeated transplantation of allogeneic umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells in type 1 diabetes: an open parallel controlled clinical study

Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.1186/s13287-021-02417-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jing Lu ◽

Shan-mei Shen ◽

Qing Ling ◽

Bin Wang ◽

Li-rong Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Stromal Cells ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Adult Onset ◽

Β Cell ◽

Juvenile Onset ◽

C Peptide

Abstract Background The preservation or restoration of β cell function in type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains as an attractive and challengeable therapeutic target. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with high capacity of immunoregulation, which emerged as a promising cell-based therapy for many immune disorders. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of one repeated transplantation of allogeneic MSCs in individuals with T1D. Methods This was a nonrandomized, open-label, parallel-armed prospective study. MSCs were isolated from umbilical cord (UC) of healthy donors. Fifty-three participants including 33 adult-onset (≥ 18 years) and 20 juvenile-onset T1D were enrolled. Twenty-seven subjects (MSC-treated group) received an initial systemic infusion of allogeneic UC-MSCs, followed by a repeat course at 3 months, whereas the control group (n = 26) only received standard care based on intensive insulin therapy. Data at 1-year follow-up was reported in this study. The primary endpoint was clinical remission defined as a 10% increase from baseline in the level of fasting and/or postprandial C-peptide. The secondary endpoints included side effects, serum levels of HbA1c, changes in fasting and postprandial C-peptide, and daily insulin doses. Results After 1-year follow-up, 40.7% subjects in MSC-treated group achieved the primary endpoint, significantly higher than that in the control arm. Three subjects in MSC-treated group, in contrast to none in control group, achieved insulin independence and maintained insulin free for 3 to 12 months. Among the adult-onset T1D, the percent change of postprandial C-peptide was significantly increased in MSC-treated group than in the control group. However, changes in fasting or postprandial C-peptide were not significantly different between groups among the juvenile-onset T1D. Multivariable logistic regression assay indicated that lower fasting C-peptide and higher dose of UC-MSC correlated with achievement of clinical remission after transplantation. No severe side effects were observed. Conclusion One repeated intravenous dose of allogeneic UC-MSCs is safe in people with recent-onset T1D and may result in better islet β cell preservation during the first year after diagnosis compared to standard treatment alone. Trial registration ChiCTR2100045434. Registered on April 15, 2021—retrospectively registered, http://www.chictr.org.cn/

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Hair nicotine concentration of cats with gastrointestinal lymphoma and unaffected control cases

Veterinary Record ◽

10.1136/vr.105564 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 186 (13) ◽

pp. 414-414 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Victoria Smith ◽

Clare Knottenbelt ◽

David Watson ◽

Dominic J Mellor ◽

Alexandra Guillen Martinez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Control Study ◽

Control Group ◽

Gastrointestinal Lymphoma ◽

Control Groups ◽

Nicotine Concentration ◽

Hair Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Unaffected Control ◽

And Control ◽

Control Study

BackgroundA previous study showed an association between owner-reported exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and lymphoma in cats. This study aimed to investigate the association between ETS exposure and gastrointestinal lymphoma in cats, using hair nicotine concentration (HNC) as a biomarker.MethodsThis was a prospective, multi-centre, case–control study. Gastrointestinal lymphoma was diagnosed on cytology or histopathology. Hair samples were obtained from 35 cats with gastrointestinal lymphoma and 32 controls. Nicotine was extracted from hair by sonification in methanol followed by hydrophilic interaction chromatography with mass spectrometry. Non-parametric tests were used.ResultsThe median HNC of the gastrointestinal lymphoma and control groups was not significantly different (0.030 ng/mg and 0.029 ng/mg, respectively, p=0.46). When the HNC of all 67 cats was rank ordered and divided into quartiles, there was no significant difference in the proportion of lymphoma cases or controls within these groups (p=0.63). The percentage of cats with an HNC≥0.1 ng/mg was higher for the lymphoma group (22.9%) than the control group (15.6%) but failed to reach significance (p=0.45).ConclusionA significant association was not identified between HNC (a biomarker for ETS) and gastrointestinal lymphoma in cats; however, an association may exist and further studies are therefore required.

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Muscle Mitochondrial Capacity and Endurance in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes

10.1101/862086 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Riley A. Hewgley ◽

Bethany T. Moore ◽

T. Bradley Willingham ◽

Nathan T. Jenkins ◽

Kevin K. McCully

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Oxidative Capacity ◽

Muscle Endurance ◽

Control Group ◽

And Control ◽

The Impact ◽

Reperfusion Rate ◽

Mitochondrial Capacity

ABSTRACTThe impact of type 1 diabetes (T1D) on muscle endurance and oxidative capacity is currently unknown.PurposeMeasure muscle endurance and oxidative capacity of adults with T1D compared to controls.MethodsA cross-sectional study design with a control group was used. Subjects (19-37 years old) with T1D (n=17) and controls (n=17) were assessed with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and casual glucose. Muscle endurance was measured with an accelerometer at stimulation frequencies of 2, 4, and 6 Hz for a total of nine minutes. Mitochondrial capacity was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy after exercise as the rate constant of the rate of recovery of oxygen consumption.ResultsT1D and control groups were similar in age, sex, height, and race. The T1D group had slightly higher BMI values and adipose tissue thickness over the forearm muscles. Casual glucose was 150±70 mg/dL for T1D and 98±16 mg/dL for controls (P=0.006). HbA1c of T1D subjects was 7.1±0.9% and 5.0±0.4% for controls (P<0.01). Endurance indexes at 2, 4, and 6 Hz were 94.5±5.2%, 81.8±8.4%, and 68.6±13.5% for T1D and 94.6±4.1%, 85.9±6.3%, and 68.7±15.4% for controls (p = 0.97, 0.12, 0.99, respectively). There were no differences between groups in mitochondrial capacity (T1D= 1.9±0.5 min−1 and control=1.8±0.4 min−1, P=0.29) or reperfusion rate (T1D= 8.8±2.8s and control=10.3±3.0s, P=0.88). There were no significant correlations between HbA1c and either muscle endurance, mitochondrial capacity or reperfusion rate.ConclusionsAdults with T1D did not have reduced oxidative capacity, muscle endurance or muscle reperfusion rates compared to controls. HbA1c also did not correlate with muscle endurance, mitochondrial capacity or reperfusion rates. Future studies should extend these measurements to older people or people with poorly-controlled T1D.

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Association of prodromal type 1 diabetes with school absenteeism of Danish schoolchildren: a population-based case control study of 1,338 newly diagnosed children

10.2337/figshare.12795110 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Peter Thingholm ◽

Amanda Gaulke ◽

Tine M. Eriksen ◽

Jannet Svensson ◽

Niels Skipper

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Population Based ◽

Case Control ◽

Diabetes Diagnosis ◽

School Absenteeism ◽

Retrospective Case ◽

Design And Methods ◽

Control Study

Objectives To investigate school absenteeism before the clinical diagnosis in children who developed type 1 diabetes. Research Design and Methods Population based retrospective case control study involving all Danish public-school children that developed type 1 diabetes (n= 1 338) from 2010-2017 matched 1:5 on sex and date of birth to children without diabetes (n= 6 690). Monthly absenteeism was compared 12 months before to 12 months after the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Results Seven to 12 months before the diabetes diagnosis the mean (SD) number of days absent from school per month was 0.93 (1.78) among children with diabetes and 0.93 (1.82) among controls (difference: -0.004 days, p=0.94). From 4 months before diagnosis, children who developed diabetes had a statistically significant increase in absenteeism compared with controls (difference: 0.24 days, p<0.05). CONCLUSION Children who were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes had increased school absenteeism 4 months prior to diagnosis.

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Sense of Coherence, Locus of Control and Depression Symptoms in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

Roczniki Psychologiczne ◽

10.18290/rpsych21242-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sylwia Jankowicz ◽

Małgorzata M. Puchalska-Wasyl ◽

Małgorzata Łysiak

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Locus Of Control ◽

Sense Of Coherence ◽

Control Group ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Clinical Group ◽

Symptoms Of Depression ◽

And Control ◽

The Relationship

For patients with type 1 diabetes, sense of coherence (SOC), locus of control (LOC) and depression symptoms seem to be important variables in the context of compliance with a treatment regimen. The aim of this article is to describe the functioning of adolescents with type 1 diabetes—to define the common features and differentiating characteristics of the clinical group in comparison with the control group in terms of SOC, LOC and symptoms of depression. The other aim is to check whether LOC mediates the relationship between SOC and depression symptoms in the diabetics group. The study involved 100 adolescents aged 13–17. The clinical group contained adolescents with type 1 diabetes while the control group featured adolescents without diabetes. Antonovsky’s Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-29), the Locus of Control Questionnaire (LOCQ) by Krasowicz and Kurzyp-Wojnarska and the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) by Kovacs were used. The groups did not differ in their SOC level but varied in the level of depression symptoms and LOC. The clinical and control groups had undetermined and external LOC, respectively. Diabetics also had a lower level of depression symptoms. SOC correlated positively with LOC and negatively with depression symptoms. Additionally, within the clinical group, LOC mediated the relationship between SOC and symptoms of depression. Determining the level of key health variables in type 1 diabetics is important in educating them how to manage their disease. With regard to adolescents without diabetes, the results confirm the need to intensify activities aimed at monitoring their mental state.

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Profile Screening of Differentially Expressed lncRNAs of Circulating Leukocytes in Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Differences From Type 1 Diabetes

Frontiers in Endocrinology ◽

10.3389/fendo.2021.690555 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Jianyi Lv ◽

Yihan Liu ◽

Jia Cui ◽

Hongjuan Fang ◽

Ying Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Noncoding Rnas ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Epigenetic Mechanism ◽

Multiple Functions ◽

And Control ◽

Healthy Persons

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to have multiple functions and can be used as markers of various diseases, including diabetes. This study was conducted to determine the lncRNA profile in leukocytes from patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Differential expression of lncRNAs in T2D and type 1 diabetes (T1D) was also examined. RNA sequencing was performed in a critically grouped sample of leukocytes from T2D patients and healthy persons. A total of 845 significantly differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified, with 260 downregulated and 585 upregulated lncRNAs in T2D. The analysis of functions of DE-lncRNA and constructed co-expression networks (CNC) showed that 21 lncRNAs and 117 mRNAs harbored more than 10 related genes in CNC. Fourteen of 21 lncRNAs were confirmed to be significantly differentially expressed was detected by qPCR between the T2D and control validation cohorts. We also identified a panel of 4 lncRNAs showing significant differences in expression between T1D and T2D. Collectively, hundreds of novel DE-lncRNAs we identified in leukocytes from T2D patients will aid in epigenetic mechanism studies. Fourteen confirmed DE-lncRNAs can be regarded as diagnostic markers or regulators of T2D, including 4 lncRNAs that chould distinguish T1D and T2D in clinical practice to avoid misdiagnosis.

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Identification of alleles of genes TAF5L and PTPN22 predisposing to Type 1 Diabetes in nuclear affected families

Arterial’naya Gipertenziya (Arterial Hypertension) ◽

10.18705/1607-419x-2009-15-6-702-706 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 702-706

Author(s):

U. V. Kudryashova ◽

A. A. Kostareva ◽

E. O. Ulupova ◽

A. V. Klushina ◽

O. V. Kalinina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Genotype Frequency ◽

Control Group ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽

Ptpn22 Gene ◽

Single Nucleotide ◽

Nuclear Families ◽

Design And Methods ◽

Objective Type

Objective. Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a multigeniс autoimmune disease. The study addresses the polymorphism association between PTPN22, TAF5L genes and T1D. Design and methods. 154 nuclear families, each having affected children with T1D and non-diabetic siblings were recruited. The control group included 200 healthy individuals. Single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping of PTPN22 gene ((-1123), 549, 620, 692, 757) and TAF5L gene (241, 375, 744, 1362) were investigated. Results. The increase of AA genotype frequency and the decrease of CC genotype frequency were observed in T1D affected group in 744 codone of the TAF5L gene. The decrease of allele G frequency and the increase of allele C frequency in genotype CC in promoter loci (-1123) of PTPN22 gene were observed in T1D affected group. Conclusion. These data provide a better understanding of mechanisms underlying development of diabetes mellitus and could potentially lead to novel approaches to its treatment.

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Children with type 1 diabetes have elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein compared with a control group

BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care ◽

10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001424 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. e001424

Author(s):

Pilar Pérez-Segura ◽

Olaya de Dios ◽

Leticia Herrero ◽

Claudia Vales-Villamarín ◽

Isabel Aragón-Gómez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Control Group ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Inflammatory State ◽

Design And Methods

IntroductionOur objective was to compare high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels in children with type 1 diabetes, healthy controls, and children with obesity. Additionally, we aimed to analyze the association between hsCRP levels and glycemic control measured by glycohemoglobin A (HbA1c) and anthropometric and biochemical variables.Research design and methodsWe conducted a non-randomized descriptive study of children with type 1 diabetes matched for sex and age with a control group and group with obesity. We recorded anthropometric parameters and studied variables related to diabetes, blood pressure, lipid profile, and HbA1c. hsCRP was measured by ELISA.ResultsWe included 49 children with type 1 diabetes, 46 controls, and 40 children with obesity. hsCRP levels were significantly higher in the group with type 1 diabetes compared with controls and nearly significantly lower than in the group comprising children with obesity. We found no correlation between hsCRP and HbA1c and characteristics of type 1 diabetes with the exception of albumin to creatinine ratio. Statistically significant association was found between hsCRP and body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference Z-score.ConclusionsThe higher hsCRP levels observed in children with type 1 diabetes compared with a control group with a similar BMI suggest a basal inflammatory state that could increase cardiovascular risk. The main factors related to hsCRP are BMI and waist circumference, so obesity prevention should be a priority when performing follow-up in children with type 1 diabetes.

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CD226rs763361 Is Associated with the Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes and Greater Frequency of GAD65 Autoantibody in a Brazilian Cohort

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2014/694948 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Teresa Cristina Colvara Mattana ◽

Aritania Sousa Santos ◽

Rosa Tsuneshiro Fukui ◽

Debora Teixeira Oliveira Mainardi-Novo ◽

Vinícius Silva Costa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Second Step ◽

Strong Linkage Disequilibrium ◽

C Peptide ◽

Entire Cohort ◽

Coding Regions ◽

Brazilian Cohort ◽

Control Study

CD226rs763361 variant increases susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Caucasians. There is no data aboutCD226variants in the very heterogeneous Brazilian population bearing a wide degree of admixture. We investigated its association with T1D susceptibility, clinical phenotypes, and autoimmune manifestations (islet and extrapancreatic autoantibodies).Casuistry. 532 T1D patients and 594 controls in a case-control study. Initially,CD226coding regions and boundaries were sequenced in a subset of 106 T1D patients and 102 controls. In a second step, twoCD226variants, rs763361 (exon 7) and rs727088 (3′ UTR region), involved withCD226regulation, were genotyped in the entire cohort. C-peptide and autoantibody levels were determined. No new polymorphic variant was found. The variants rs763361 and rs727088 were in strong linkage disequilibrium. The TT genotype of rs763361 was associated with TID risk (OR=1.503; 95% CI=1.135–1.991;P=0.0044), mainly in femalesP=0.0012, greater frequency of anti-GAD autoantibody (31.9% × 24.5%;OR=1.57;CI=1.136–2.194;P=0.0081), and lower C-peptide levels when compared to those with TC + CC genotypes (0.41±0.30 ng/dL versus0.70±0.53 ng/dLP=0.0218).Conclusions. The rs763361 variant ofCD226gene (TT genotype) was associated with susceptibility to T1D and with the degree of aggressiveness of the disease in T1D patients from Brazil. Ancestry had no effect.

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Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in a Mouse Model (BALB/c) Is Not an Effective Model for Research on Transplantation Procedures in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9121790 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1790

Author(s):

Michal Wszola ◽

Marta Klak ◽

Anna Kosowska ◽

Grzegorz Tymicki ◽

Andrzej Berman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Mouse Model ◽

Cell Mass ◽

Beta Cell Mass ◽

Control Group ◽

Diabetes In Animals ◽

C Peptide ◽

Diabetes Model

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the destruction of over 90% of the β-cells. C-peptide is a parameter for evaluating T1D. Streptozotocin (STZ) is a standard method of inducing diabetes in animals. Eight protocols describe the administration of STZ in mice; C-peptide levels are not taken into account. The aim of the study is to determine whether the STZ protocol for the induction of beta-cell mass destruction allows for the development of a stable in vivo mouse model for research into new transplant procedures in the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Materials and methods: Forty BALB/c mice were used. The animals were divided into nine groups according to the STZ dose and a control group. The STZ doses were between 140 and 400 mg/kg of body weight. C-peptide was taken before and 2, 7, 9, 12, 14, and 21 days after STZ. Immunohistochemistry was performed. The area of the islet and insulin-/glucagon-expressing tissues was calculated. Results: Mice who received 140, 160, 2 × 100, 200, and 250 mg of STZ did not show changes in mean fasting C-peptide in comparison to the control group and to day 0. All animals with doses of 300 and 400 mg of STZ died during the experiment. The area of the islets did not show any differences between the control and STZ-treated mice in groups below 300 mg. The reduction of insulin-positive areas in STZ mice did not exceed 50%. Conclusions: Streptozotocin is not an appropriate method of inducing a diabetes model for further research on transplantation treatments of type 1 diabetes, having caused the destruction of more than 90% of the β-cell mass in BALB/c mice.

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