scholarly journals Spatial clustering and contextual factors associated with hospitalisation and deaths due to COVID-19 in Sweden: a geospatial nationwide ecological study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. e006247
Author(s):  
Osvaldo Fonseca-Rodríguez ◽  
Per E Gustafsson ◽  
Miguel San Sebastián ◽  
Anne-Marie Fors Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Spatial Clusters ◽  
Additive Regression Model ◽  
Additive Regression

IntroductionIn Sweden, thousands of hospitalisations and deaths due to COVID-19 were reported since the pandemic started. Considering the uneven spatial distribution of those severe outcomes at the municipality level, the objective of this study was, first, to identify high-risk areas for COVID-19 hospitalisations and deaths, and second, to determine the associated contextual factors with the uneven spatial distribution of both study outcomes in Sweden.MethodsThe existences of spatial autocorrelation of the standardised incidence (hospitalisations) ratio and standardised mortality ratio were investigated using Global Moran’s I test. Furthermore, we applied the retrospective Poisson spatial scan statistics to identify high-risk spatial clusters. The association between the contextual demographic and socioeconomic factors and the number of hospitalisations and deaths was estimated using a quasi-Poisson generalised additive regression model.ResultsTen high-risk spatial clusters of hospitalisations and six high-risk clusters of mortality were identified in Sweden from February 2020 to October 2020. The hospitalisations and deaths were associated with three contextual variables in a multivariate model: population density (inhabitants/km2) and the proportion of immigrants (%) showed a positive association with both outcomes, while the proportion of the population aged 65+ years (%) showed a negative association.ConclusionsOur study identified high-risk spatial clusters for hospitalisations and deaths due to COVID-19 and the association of population density, the proportion of immigrants and the proportion of people aged 65+ years with those severe outcomes. Results indicate where public health measures must be reinforced to improve sustained and future disease control and optimise the distribution of resources.

The Emergence of Spatial Clustering in Medical Vaccine Exemptions Following California Senate Bill 277, 2015–2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (7) ◽  
pp. 1084-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Gromis ◽  
Ka-Yuet Liu
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Spatial Association ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Senate Bill ◽  
Before And After

Objectives. To understand how the elimination of nonmedical vaccine exemptions through California Senate Bill 277 (SB277) may have resulted in increased spatial clustering of medical exemptions. Methods. We used spatial scan statistics and negative binomial regression models to examine spatial clustering in medical vaccine exemptions in California kindergartens from 2015 to 2018. Results. Spatial clustering of medical exemptions across schools emerged following SB277. Clusters were located in similar geographic areas to previous clusters of nonmedical vaccine exemptions, suggesting a spatial association between high nonmedical exemption prevalence and increasing rates of medical exemptions. Regression results confirmed this positive association at the local level. The sociodemographic characteristics of the neighborhoods in which schools were located explained some, but not all, of the positive spatial associations between exemptions before and after SB277. Conclusions. Elimination of nonmedical vaccine exemptions via SB277 may have prompted some parents to instead seek medical exemptions to required school vaccines. The spatial association of these 2 types of exemptions has implications for maintaining pockets of low vaccine compliance and increased disease transmission.

Spatial analysis of notified dengue fever infections

2010 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. HU ◽  
A. CLEMENTS ◽  
G. WILLIAMS ◽  
S. TONG
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Empirical Bayes ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Spatial Association ◽  
Spatial Clusters ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The North ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Low Incidence

SUMMARYThis study aimed to investigate the spatial clustering and dynamic dispersion of dengue incidence in Queensland, Australia. We used Moran'sIstatistic to assess the spatial autocorrelation of reported dengue cases. Spatial empirical Bayes smoothing estimates were used to display the spatial distribution of dengue in postal areas throughout Queensland. Local indicators of spatial association (LISA) maps and logistic regression models were used to identify spatial clusters and examine the spatio-temporal patterns of the spread of dengue. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of dengue was clustered during each of the three periods of 1993–1996, 1997–2000 and 2001–2004. The high-incidence clusters of dengue were primarily concentrated in the north of Queensland and low-incidence clusters occurred in the south-east of Queensland. The study concludes that the geographical range of notified dengue cases has significantly expanded in Queensland over recent years.

scholarly journals Time Trend, Social Vulnerability, and Identification of Risk Areas for Tuberculosis in Brazil: an Ecological Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Paulo Silva de Paiva ◽  
Mônica Avelar Figueiredo Mafra Magalhães ◽  
Thiago Cavalcanti Leal ◽  
Leonardo Feitosa da Silva ◽  
Lucas Gomes da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Time Trend ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Spatial Clusters ◽  
Social Vulnerability Index ◽  
Risk Areas

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONTuberculosis is one of the ten leading causes of death and the leading infectious cause worldwide. The disease represents a challenge to health systems around the world. In 2018, it is estimated that 10 million people were affected by tuberculosis, and approximately 1.5 million people died due to the disease worldwide, including 251,000 patients coinfected with HIV. In Brazil, the disease caused 4,490 deaths, with rate of 2.2 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. The objective of this study was to analyze the time behavior, spatial distribution, and the effects of social vulnerability on the incidence of TB in Brazil during the period from 2001 to 2017.METHODSA spatial-temporal ecological study was conducted, including all new cases of tuberculosis registered in Brazil during the period from 2001 to 2017. The following variables were analyzed: incidence rate of tuberculosis, the Social Vulnerability Index, its subindices, its 16 indicators, and an additional 14 variables available on the Atlas of Social Vulnerability. The statistical treatment of the data consisted of the following three stages: a) time trend analysis with a joinpoint regression model; b) spatial analysis and identification of risk areas based on smoothing of the incidence rate by local empirical Bayesian model, application of global and local Moran statistics, and, finally, spatial-temporal scan statistics; and c) analysis of association between the incidence rate and the indicators of social vulnerability.RESULTSBrazil reduced the incidence of tuberculosis from 42.8 per 100,000 to 35.2 per 100,000 between 2001 and 2017. Only the state of Minas Gerais showed an increasing trend, whereas nine other states showed a stationary trend. A total of 326 Brazilian municipalities were classified as high priority, and 22 high-risk spatial clusters were identified. The overall Social Vulnerability Index and the subindices of Human Capital and Income and Work were associated with the incidence of tuberculosis. It was also observed that the incidence rates were greater in municipalities with greater social vulnerability.CONCLUSIONSThis study identified spatial clusters with high risk of TB in Brazil. A significant association was observed between the incidence rate of TB and the indices of social vulnerability.

scholarly journals High-risk areas of leprosy in Brazil between 2001-2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rayssa Nogueira Rodrigues ◽  
Heloisy Alves de Medeiros Leano ◽  
Isabela de Caux Bueno ◽  
Kleane Maria da Fonseca Azevedo Araújo ◽  
Francisco Carlos Félix Lana
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Spatial Scan Statistics ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Cluster Area ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Spatial Scan

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify high-risk areas of leprosy in Brazil from 2001 to 2015. Methods: this is an ecological study of spatial analysis based on Brazilian municipalities. Spatial scan statistics were used to identify spatial clustering and measure the relative risk from the annual detection rate of new cases of leprosy. By criterion based on the Gini index, only secondary clusters were considered. Results: spatial scan statistics detected 26 clusters, in which the detection rate was 59.19 cases per 100 thousand inhabitants, while in the remainder of the country it was 11.76. Large part of the cluster area is located in the Legal Amazon. These groups included only 21.34% of the total population, but 60.40% of the new cases of the disease. Conclusions: Leprosy remains concentrated in some areas, showing the need for control programs to intensify actions in these municipalities.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Scrub Typhus in Jiangxi Province, China, from 2006 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4599
Author(s):  
Shu Yang ◽  
Xiaobo Liu ◽  
Yuan Gao ◽  
Baizhou Chen ◽  
Liang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Scrub Typhus ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Spatiotemporal Dynamics ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Hilly Region ◽  
Time Scan

Background: Scrub typhus (ST) has become a significant potential threat to public health in Jiangxi. Further investigation is essential for the control and management of the spatiotemporal patterns of the disease. Methods: Time-series analyses, spatial distribution analyses, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and space-time scan statistics were performed to detect spatiotemporal dynamics distribution of the incidence of ST. Results: From 2006 to 2018, a total of 5508 ST cases occurred in Jiangxi, covering 79 counties. The number of ST cases increased continuously from 2006 to 2018, and there was obvious seasonality during the variation process in each year, with a primary peak in autumn (September to October) and a smaller peak in summer (June to August). From 2007 to 2018, the spatial distribution of the ST epidemic was significant heterogeneity, and Nanfeng, Huichang, Xunwu, Anyuan, Longnan, and Xinfeng were hotspots. Seven spatiotemporal clusters were observed using Kulldorff’s space-time scan statistic, and the most likely cluster only included one county, Nanfeng county. The high-risk areas of the disease were in the mountainous, hilly region of Wuyi and the southern mountainous region of Jiangxi. Conclusions: Targeted interventions should be executed in high-risk regions for the precise prevention and control of ST.

scholarly journals Analysis of Malaria Incidence in Banyumas Using Spacial-Temporal Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Supriyanto Supriyanto ◽  
Nunung Nurhayati ◽  
Dwi Sarwani Sri Rejeki
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽  
Spatial Clusters ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Unstable Transmission

Malaria still becomes a public health problem in Indonesia although has declined the last decades. The incidences of malaria in Banyumas shows unstable transmission and still risk of epidemic . Thus, the spatial and temporal distribution is required as part of efforts towards the elimination of malaria in Banyumas. Temporal spatial statistical methods is used to identify a group of malaria incidence at the district level. Purely spatial clusters of malaria incidence from 2004 to 2015 shows that the disease is not distributed randomly in the study area. A total of nine districts of high risk is determined by analysis of Morans I. The analysis showed that by the Morans I test, there is spatial autocorrelation found in the percentage malaria incidence from 2004 to 2015 in Banyumas. The use of the model can provide a means to detect the spatial distribution, temporal, and spatiotemporal malaria, as well as to identify areas of high risk of malaria. This research may help in prioritizing resources on high-risk areas for malaria control in the future and towards the elimination of malaria in Banyumas.

Analysis of the involvement of single nucleotide polymorphisms of redox-homeostasis genes in the development of isolated and comorbid cardioand cerebrovascular diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-49
Author(s):  
О.Ю. Бушуева
Keyword(s):  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Cerebral Stroke ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Additive Regression Model ◽  
Additive Regression

Распространенные и зачастую сочетающиеся кардио- и цереброваскулярные заболевания (КЦВЗ), включающие артериальную гипертензию (АГ), ишемическую болезнь сердца (ИБС) и мозговой инсульт (МИ), представляют собой основную причину смертности во всем мире. Окислительный стресс имеет множество патологических эффектов на сосудистый гомеостаз и в настоящее время рассматривается как один из общих механизмов развития КЦВЗ. Целью исследования было изучение ассоциации однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов генов редокс-гомеостаза rs2070424 SOD1, rs4880 SOD2, rs769214 CAT, rs713041 GPX4, rs41303970 GCLM, rs17883901 GCLC, rs854560 PON1, rs7493 PON2, rs1695 GSTP1, rs2266782 FMO3 с развитием изолированных и сочетанных форм КЦВЗ. Материалом для исследования послужила выборка неродственных индивидов славянского происхождения, общей численностью 2702 человека. В исследование вошли 1815 пациентов с различными кардио- и цереброваскулярными заболеваниями и их сочетаниями: с изолированной АГ (иАГ), с изолированной ишемической болезнью сердца (иИБС), с сочетанием АГ и ИБС (АГ+ИБС), с мозговым инсультом (МИ) на фоне АГ (АГ+МИ); с коморбидной кардио- и цереброваскулярной патологией (АГ+ИБС+МИ). Из общей выборки здоровых лиц (N=887) были сформированы 5 контрольных групп, соответствующих по полу и возрасту каждой из групп нозологических форм заболеваний. Генотипирование SNP проводили методом ПЦР в режиме реального времени путем дискриминации аллелей с помощью TaqMan-зондов. Для анализа ассоциаций генотипов с развитием заболеваний пользовались лог-аддитивной регрессионной моделью. Все расчеты выполнены относительно минорного аллеля; введены поправки на пол и возраст. SNP rs1695 GSTP1 был связан исключительно с развитием иАГ (OR=1,19, 95%CI=1,01-1,39, р=0,034). SNP rs7493 PON2 был связан с развитием всех исследованных коморбидных кардио- и цереброваскулярных заболеваний: АГ+ИБС (adjOR=1,32, adj95%CI=1,07-1,63, adjp=0,01); АГ+МИ (adjOR=1,79, adj95%CI=1,45-2,21, adjp<0,0001); АГ+ИБС+МИ (adjOR=1,51, adj95%CI=1,09-2,09, adjp=0,01), а также с укорочением протромбинового времени (adjDifference=-0,35; adjp=0,01). SNP rs2266782 FMO3 был связан с фенотипом АГ+МИ (adjOR=1,24, adj95%CI=1,02-1,51, adjp=0,03), а также снижал возраст манифестации МИ (adjDifference=-2,31; adjp=0,03). Таким образом, установлено, что однонуклеотидные полиморфизмы генов редокс-гомеостаза могут представлять важную генетическую компоненту формирования дифференцированности кардио- и цереброваскулярных фенотипов. Common and often comorbid cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases (CCVD), including arterial hypertension (AH), coronary heart disease (CHD), and cerebral stroke (CS), are the leading cause of death worldwide. Oxidative stress has many pathological effects on vascular homeostasis and is currently regarded as one of the common mechanisms for the development of CCVD. The aim of our study was to investigate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the redox-homeostasis genes rs2070424 SOD1, rs4880 SOD2, rs769214 CAT, rs713041 GPX4, rs41303970 GCLM, rs17883901 GCLC, rs854560 PON1, rs7493 PON2, rs1695 GSTP1, rs2266782 FMO3 with the development of isolated and comorbid CCVD. A total 2702 individuals of Slavic origin were included for this study. The patients group included 1815 subjects with various CCVD and their combinations: isolated AH (IAH); isolated IHD (IIHD), combination of AH and IHD (AH+IHD); combination of AH and CS (AH+CS); comorbid cardio- and cerebrovascular pathology (AH+IHD+CS). From the total sample of healthy individuals (N=887), 5 sex- and age-matched control groups were formed. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan-based PCR. To analyze the associations of genotypes with the risk of diseases, a log-additive regression model was used. All calculations were performed relative to the minor allele; corrections for gender and age have been introduced. SNP rs1695 GSTP1 was associated with IAH exclusively (OR=1.19, 95%CI=1.01-1.39, P=0.034). SNP rs7493 PON2 was associated with the development of all studied comorbid CCVD: AH+IHD (adjOR=1.32, adj95%CI=1.07-1.63, adjP=0.01); AH+CS (adjOR=1.79, adj95%CI=1.45-2.21, adjP<0.0001); AH+IHD+CS (adjOR=1.51, adj95%CI=1.09-2.09, adjP=0.01), as well as shortening of prothrombin time (adjDifference=-0.35; adjP=0.01). SNP rs2266782 FMO3 was associated with the development of AH+CS (adjOR=1.24, adj95%CI=1.02-1.51, adjP=0.03), as well as decreased age of manifestation of CS (adjDifference=-2.31; adjP=0.03). Thus, it was found that genes involved in regulation of redox-homeostasis, can represent an important genetic component in the formation of differentiation of cardio- and cerebrovascular phenotypes.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution and determinant factors of anemia among adults aged 15–59 in Ethiopia; using mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression model

BMC Nutrition ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Biruk Shalmeno Tusa ◽  
Sewnet Adem Kebede ◽  
Adisu Birhanu Weldesenbet
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Moran’S I ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Targeted Prevention ◽  
Hotspot Analysis ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Moran's I ◽  
Determinant Factors

Abstract Background Anemia is a global public health problem, particularly in developing countries. Assessing the geographic distributions and determinant factors is a key and crucial step in designing targeted prevention and intervention programmes to address anemia. Thus, the current study is aimed to assess the spatial distribution and determinant factors of anemia in Ethiopia among adults aged 15–59. Methods A secondary data analysis was done based on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS). Total weighted samples of 29,140 adults were included. Data processing and analysis were performed using STATA 14; ArcGIS 10.1 and SaTScan 9.6 software. Spatial autocorrelation was checked using Global Moran’s index (Moran’s I). Hotspot analysis was made using Gettis-OrdGi*statistics. Additionally, spatial scan statistics were applied to identify significant primary and secondary cluster of anemia. Mixed effect ordinal logistics were fitted to determine factors associated with the level of anemia. Result The spatial distribution of anemia in Ethiopia among adults age 15–59 was found to be clustered (Global Moran’s I = 0.81, p value <  0.0001). In the multivariable mixed-effectordinal regression analysis; Females [AOR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.42, 1.66], Never married [AOR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.96], highly educated [AOR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.84], rural residents [AOR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.23, 1.81], rich wealth status [AOR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.86] and underweight [AOR = 1.15; 1.06, 1.24] were significant predictors of anemia among adults. Conclusions A significant clustering of anemia among adults aged 15–59 were found in Ethiopia and the significant hotspot areas with high cluster anemia were identified in Somalia, Afar, Gambella, Dire Dewa and Harari regions. Besides, sex, marital status, educational level, place of residence, region, wealth index and BMI were significant predictors of anemia. Therefore, effective public health intervention and nutritional education should be designed for the identified hotspot areas and risk groups in order to decrease the incidence of anemia.

scholarly journals Association between Health Practice and Food Stockpiling for Disaster

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1414
Author(s):  
Moeka Harada ◽  
Rie Kobayashi ◽  
Jun Oka ◽  
Nobuyo Tsuboyama-Kasaoka
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Food Shortage ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Health Practices ◽  
Health Practice ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Good Score

In this study investigated the association between health practices and food stockpiling for disasters in predicted areas with a high risk of food shortage due to the Nankai Trough earthquake. A survey was conducted during 18–20 December 2019 using a self-administered web-based questionnaire. In total, 1200 individuals registered with an online survey company participated in the study. The association between health practices and food stockpiling status was analyzed (n = 998). 59.1% of participants had a poor Breslow’s seven health practice scores (BHPS), 32.9% had a moderate score, and 8.0% had a good score. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that higher BHPS had a significantly higher prevalence of food stockpiling. Additionally, the interrupted group had the highest percentage of participants with low BHPS. Lower BHPS was significantly associated with interrupted stockpiled in the adjusted models. Among the seven health practices, the odds ratio of the “eating breakfast” practice was high. There was a significant positive association between higher health practice scores and food stockpiling for disasters in areas with a high risk of food shortage due to the predicted earthquake. Particularly, it was clarified that individuals who had fewer good health practices were associated with ending up interrupting food stockpiling.

scholarly journals Polygenic risk for schizophrenia, transition and cortical gyrification: a high-risk study

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1532-1539 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Neilson ◽  
C. Bois ◽  
T.-K. Clarke ◽  
L. Hall ◽  
E. C. Johnstone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Polygenic Risk Score ◽  
Polygenic Risk ◽  
Score Analysis ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Heritable Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Symptoms

AbstractBackgroundSchizophrenia is a highly heritable disorder, linked to several structural abnormalities of the brain. More specifically, previous findings have suggested that increased gyrification in frontal and temporal regions are implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.MethodsThe current study included participants at high familial risk of schizophrenia who remained well (n= 31), who developed sub-diagnostic symptoms (n= 28) and who developed schizophrenia (n= 9) as well as healthy controls (HC) (n= 16). We first tested whether individuals at high familial risk of schizophrenia carried an increased burden of trait-associated alleles using polygenic risk score analysis. We then assessed the extent to which polygenic risk was associated with gyral folding in the frontal and temporal lobes.ResultsWe found that individuals at high familial risk of schizophrenia who developed schizophrenia carried a significantly greater burden of risk-conferring variants for the disorder compared to those at high risk (HR) who developed sub-diagnostic symptoms or remained well and HC. Furthermore, within the HR cohort, there was a significant and positive association between schizophrenia polygenic risk score and bilateral frontal gyrification.ConclusionsThese results suggest that polygenic risk for schizophrenia impacts upon early neurodevelopment to confer greater gyral folding in adulthood and an increased risk of developing the disorder.

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