scholarly journals Gender-related data missingness, imbalance and bias in global health surveys

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. e007405
Author(s):  
Ann M Weber ◽  
Ribhav Gupta ◽  
Safa Abdalla ◽  
Beniamino Cislaghi ◽  
Valerie Meausoone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Surveys ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Gender Identification ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
National Programmes ◽  
Gender Information ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Gender Based

Global surveys have built-in gender-related biases associated with data missingness across the gender dimensions of people’s lives, imbalanced or incomplete representation of population groups, and biased ways in which gender information is elicited and used. While increasing focus is being placed on the integration of sex-disaggregated statistics into national programmes and on understanding effects of gender-based disparities on the health of all people, the data necessary for elucidating underlying causes of gender disparities and designing effective intervention programmes continue to be lacking. Approaches exist, however, that can reasonably address some shortcomings, such as separating questions of gender identification from biological sex. Qualitative research can elucidate ways to rephrase questions and translate gendered terms to avoid perpetuating historical gender biases and prompting biased responses. Non-health disciplines may offer lessons in collecting gender-related data. Ultimately, multidisciplinary global collaborations are needed to advance this evolving field and to set standards for how we measure gender in all its forms.

scholarly journals How The Virtually Embodied Gender Influences Social and Temporal Decision Making

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Bolt ◽  
Jasmine Tian-He Ho ◽  
Marte Roel ◽  
Alexander Soutschek ◽  
Philippe N. Tobler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Gender Identification ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Intertemporal Discounting ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Social Decision Making

Mounting evidence has demonstrated that embodied virtual reality, during which physical bodies are replaced with virtual surrogates, can strongly alter cognition and behavior even when the virtual body radically differs from one’s own. One particular emergent area of interest is the investigation of how virtual gender swaps can influence choice behaviors. Economic decision making paradigms have repeatedly shown that women tend to display more prosocial sharing choices than men. To examine whether a virtual gender swap can alter gender-specific differences in prosociality, 48 men and 51 women embodied either a same- or different-gender avatar in immersive virtual reality. In a between-subjects design, we differentiated between specifically social and non-social decision making by means of an interpersonal and intertemporal discounting task, respectively. We hypothesized that a virtual gender swap would elicit social behaviors that stereotypically align with the gender of the avatar. To relate potential effects to changes in self-perception, we measured implicit and explicit gender identification, and used questionnaires that assessed the strength of the illusion. Contrary to our hypothesis, our results show that participants made less prosocial decisions (i.e., became more selfish) in different-gender avatars, independent of their own biological sex. Moreover, women embodying a male avatar in particular were more sensitive to temptations of immediate rewards. Lastly, the manipulation had no effects on implicit and explicit gender identification. To conclude, while we showed that a virtual gender swap indeed alters decision making, gender-based expectancies cannot account for all the task-specific interpersonal and intertemporal changes following the virtual gender swap.

From Hell to High Water: The Life of Rohingya Refugee Women in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Mahanam Bhattacharjee Mithun
Keyword(s):  
High Water ◽  
Gender Mainstreaming ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
Refugee Women ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
The Government ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Community Decision

Abstract Bangladesh is currently hosting nearly a million Rohingya refugees from Myanmar and more than half of the refugee population comprises women. In Myanmar, due to the government-imposed securitization and relatively conservative culture, Rohingya women were not able to enjoy their rights and freedom and were mainly confined to their homes. Upon arriving in Bangladesh, they are facing additional challenges. This article aims to find the underlying causes that alienated women from enjoying their rights and whether the life of the Rohingya women has improved or not in Bangladesh. This article shows that, due to the lack of a women-friendly environment inside camps, gender norms and malpractices, breakdown of family ties, and increased number of gender-based violence against women, they are more vulnerable than ever. This paper argued that humanitarian organization and the government should promote gender mainstreaming towards bringing refugee women into the community decision-making process along with raising awareness among the Rohingya community.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Government Programs & Policies to Eradicate Gender Disparities in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol VI (III) ◽  
pp. 22-36
Author(s):  
Minahil Nawaz ◽  
Atif Bilal Aslam ◽  
Fariha Tariq
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Many ◽  
Public And Private Sector

Like many other developing nations, Pakistan is also facing a gender gap in its socio-cultural spheres. Since independence, many programs and policies have been made in public and private sector domains to eradicate these gender disparities. This paper aims to evaluate these programs and policies by encountering their salient features and how far these programs and policies proved to be fruitful in bridging this gap. The evaluation is done majorly through a desk review of the secondary data drawn from reports published by different government and local organizations. Mainly, the qualitative methods of content and thematic analyses were employed for exploring the gender-based disparities, and how these are affecting the pace of development in Pakistan. Moreover, an assessment of strategies and policies addressing the problem of the gender gap has also been done. Based on the study findings, this paper presents some policy recommendations to reduce gender base disparities which is one of the many prerequisites for the promotion of sustainable development agenda as gender equality is the 5th goal of the United Nations sustainable development agenda.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Gait Gender Identification using Gait Energy Image (GEI) and Gait Information Image (GII)

2018 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 15006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Andrie Asmara ◽  
Irtafa Masruri ◽  
Cahya Rahmad ◽  
Indrazno Siradjuddin ◽  
Erfan Rohadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gait Recognition ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Svm Classifier ◽  
Gender Classification ◽  
Gender Identification ◽  
Walking Gait ◽  
Gait Energy Image ◽  
Surveillance Technology ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Information Image

Identifying gender from the pedestrian video is one crucial key to study demographics in such areas. With current video surveillance technology, identifying gender from a distance is possible. This research proposed the utilization of computer vision to identify gender based on their walking gait. The data feature used to determine gender based on their walking gait divided into five parts, namely the head, chest, back, waist & buttocks, and legs. Two different methods are used to perform the real-time gender gait recognition process, i.e., Gait Energy Image (GEI) and Gait Information Image (GII), while the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method used as the data classifier. The experimental results show that the process of identifying gender based on walking with GEI method is 55% accuracy and GII method is 60% accuracy. From these results, it can conclude that the method GII with SVM classifier has the best accuracy in the process of gender classification

(In)Compatible Visions of Justice? Personal Culpability and Gender Justice at the ICC

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Liana Georgieva Minkova
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Gender Justice ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Strict Compliance ◽  
Substantive Justice ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Although the International Criminal Court (ICC) has been heralded as a success story for gender justice, in practice prosecutions of sexual and gender-based crimes (SGBC) have often ended with acquittal at the court. Gender studies in international relations explain the lack of successful SGBC prosecutions by looking to the influence of older gender biases in international law, which preclude the successful implementation of the novel Rome Statute provisions criminalizing SGBC. This article suggests that “forgetting” the gender justice norm insufficiently explains the outcome of the ICC's SGBC prosecutions. The article argues that ICC judges “remembered” another norm of criminal justice, long forgotten in international trials – strict compliance with the personal culpability principle – which has resulted in tension between different visions of justice in the court's practice: delivering substantive justice for SGBC victims v. safeguarding the defendant's rights by upholding criminal law principles.

Abstract 13452: Sex Differences in Presentation, Management, and Outcomes Among Patients Hospitalized With Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abby M Pribish ◽  
Sebastian Beyer ◽  
Anna K Krawisz ◽  
Ido Weinberg ◽  
Brett J Carroll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Acute Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Survival Difference ◽  
Advanced Therapies ◽  
Comorbidity Burden ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: The presence of gender disparities in cardiovascular disease has been well-described, but there is a paucity of data regarding the impact of gender on the presentation, management and outcomes of acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Hypothesis: We hypothesized that there are no gender-based differences in PE management or outcomes. Methods: We identified all patients admitted to our institution with acute PE from 8/1/2012-7/1/2018. We stratified presenting characteristics, management and outcomes between women and men. Outcomes included major bleeding, survival, 90-day readmission, and 90-day recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE). Inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to evaluate the independent association between sex and in-hospital and short-term outcomes. Results: The study included 2031 patients with PE, 53.2% of whom were women. Women had a higher mean age (63.8 years vs 62.3 years, P=0.04). PE severity was similar between women and men (massive: 4.9% vs 3.6%; submassive: 43.9% vs 41.8%; P=0.19), but women were more likely to present with dyspnea (59.8% vs 52.0%, P<0.001) and had higher median NT-pro-BNP levels (605 pg/mL [IQR 143-2582] vs 319 pg/mL [IQR 82-1576], P<0.001). Although the comorbidity burden was similar, women were less likely to have a history of PE (19.3% vs 24.2%, P=0.01), smoking (43.1% vs 53.3%, P<0.001), or myocardial infarction (6.6% vs 9.7%, P=0.01). In unadjusted analyses, women were less likely to survive to discharge (92.4% vs 94.7%, P=0.04), but after adjustment, there was no gender-based survival difference. There were also no gender differences in PE-related diagnostic studies, use of advanced therapies, or other short-term outcomes, before and after adjustment (p>0.05 for all) (Fig 1). Conclusions: In this large PE cohort from a tertiary care institution, women had different comorbidity profiles and PE presentations than men. Despite this, there were no gender disparities in PE management or outcomes.

scholarly journals Effects of a virtual gender swap on social and temporal decision-making

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Bolt ◽  
Jasmine T. Ho ◽  
Marte Roel Lesur ◽  
Alexander Soutschek ◽  
Philippe N. Tobler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Intertemporal Discounting ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Social Decision Making ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractMounting evidence has demonstrated that embodied virtual reality, during which physical bodies are replaced with virtual surrogates, can strongly alter cognition and behavior even when the virtual body radically differs from one’s own. One particular emergent area of interest is the investigation of how virtual gender swaps can influence choice behaviors. Economic decision-making paradigms have repeatedly shown that women tend to display more prosocial sharing choices than men. To examine whether a virtual gender swap can alter gender-specific differences in prosociality, 48 men and 51 women embodied either a same- or different-gender avatar in immersive virtual reality. In a between-subjects design, we differentiated between specifically social and non-social decision-making by means of a virtually administered interpersonal and intertemporal discounting task, respectively. We hypothesized that a virtual gender swap would elicit social behaviors that stereotypically align with the gender of the avatar. To relate potential effects to changes in self-perception, we also measured implicit and explicit identification with gendered (or gender-typical) traits prior to and following the virtual experience, and used questionnaires that assessed the strength of the illusion. Contrary to our hypothesis, our results show that participants made less prosocial decisions (i.e., became more selfish) in different-gender avatars, independent of their own biological sex. Moreover, women embodying a male avatar in particular were more sensitive to temptations of immediate rewards. Lastly, the manipulation had no effects on implicit and explicit identification with gendered traits. To conclude, while we showed that a virtual gender swap indeed alters decision-making, gender-based expectancies cannot account for all the task-specific interpersonal and intertemporal changes following the virtual gender swap.

scholarly journals Effects of female political leaders and child socialisation on Gender-Based Violence in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Simister
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Gender Based

This paper studies the risk of domestic violence between husband & wife in India, and the acceptance or rejection of such violence.  It investigates how child socialisation influences a person’s attitudes and behaviour in adult life, via a maladaptive pathway.  Specifically, it tests the hypothesis that attitudes of men to domestic violence are influenced by whether or not a female politician took on a powerful political role, when they were about 5 years old.  Empirical evidence is reported, from ‘Demographic and Health Surveys’ in India.  Results indicate that election of a female Prime Minister or President does appear to affect boys; such effects can be detected at the time of interview, sometimes decades after the election of a female leader.  This paper does not test effects of childhood socialisation on girls.

scholarly journals A Feminist Discourse Analysis of Writer's Gender Biases about Violence Against Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (44) ◽  
pp. 21-45
Author(s):  
Dhafar Jamal Fadhil ◽  
◽  
May Stephan Rezq Allah ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
English Novel ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Feminist Discourse ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Gender Influences

The present study is concerned with the writer's ideologies towards violence against women. The study focuses on analyzing violence against women in English novel to see the extent the writers are being affected and influenced by their genders. It also focuses on showing to what extent the writer's ideologies are reflected in their works. Gender influences social groups ideologies; therefore, when a writer discusses an issue that concerns the other gender, they will be either subjective or objective depending on the degree of influence, i.e., gender has influenced their thoughts as well as behaviors. A single fact may be presented differently by different writers depending on the range of affectedness by ideologies. The study aims to uncover the hidden gender-based ideologies by analyzing the discursive structure of a novel based on Van Dijk's model (2000) of ideology and racism. The selected novel is based on discussing violence against women. The study will later on reveal the real writer’s gender-based ideologies and whether the writer is a feminist or an anti-feminist? Or Is he prejudiced? Or Is he biased?

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