Access to oxytocin and misoprostol for management of postpartum haemorrhage in Kenya, Uganda and Zambia: a cross-sectional assessment of availability, prices and affordability

ObjectiveTo assess access (availability and affordability) to oxytocin and misoprostol at health facilities in Kenya, Uganda and Zambia to improve prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH).DesignThe assessment was undertaken using data from Health Action International (HAI) research on sexual and reproductive health commodities based on a cross-sectional design adapted from the standardised WHO/HAI methodology.SettingData were collected from 376 health facilities in in Kenya, Uganda and Zambia in July and August 2017.Outcome measuresAvailability was calculated as mean percentage of sampled medicine outlets where medicine was found on the day of data collection. Medicine prices were compared with international reference prices (IRP) and expressed as median price ratios. Affordability was calculated using number of days required to pay for a standard treatment based on the daily income of the lowest paid government worker.ResultsAvailability of either oxytocin or misoprostol at health facilities was high; 81% in Kenya, 82% in Uganda and 76% in Zambia. Oxytocin was more available than misoprostol, and it was most available in the public sector in the three countries. Availability of misoprostol was highest in the public sector in Uganda (88%). Oxytocin and misoprostol were purchased by patients at prices above IRP, but both medicines cost less than a day’s wages and were therefore affordable. Availability of misoprostol was poor in rural settings where it would be more preferred due to lack of trained personnel and cold storage facilities required for oxytocin.ConclusionAvailability and affordability of either oxytocin or misoprostol at health facilities met the WHO benchmark of 80%. However, countries with limited resources should explore mechanisms to optimise management of PPH by improving access to misoprostol especially in rural areas.

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Baseline assessment of therapeutic injection practices in Pakistan in 2020: a cross-sectional study

Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association ◽

10.47391/jpma.0003 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 16-21

Author(s):

Syed Sharaf Ali Shah ◽

Safdar Pasha ◽

Nikhat Iftikar ◽

Altaf Ahmed Soomro ◽

Nazia Farrukh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Health Facilities ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Injection Equipment ◽

Public And Private ◽

Healthcare Facilities ◽

The Public ◽

Injection Safety

Objective: To assess the magnitude of the problem of injection safety in public and private health facilities in two districts of Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted between October and December 2020 among public and private health facilities of two districts of Pakistan: Gujarat in Punjab and Larkana in Sindh provinces. A convenient sample size of 60 healthcare facilities (30 from each district) was taken due to time and resource constraint. Six data collection tools were used which included structured observations and interviews with injection prescribers and providers based on WHO Revised Tool C, which were finalised after piloting. Results: Reuse of injection equipment was not observed in any of the 60 health facilities. In exit interviews of 120 patients, it was found that 27 (22.5%) patients reported receiving an injection, while 11 (9.2%) were prescribed intravenous (IV) drips. More injections and drips were prescribed in the private sector (n=15; 25.0%) in comparison with the public sector (n=12; 20.0%). Slightly higher proportion of IV drips were prescribed by the private providers when compared to public sector healthcare providers: 6 (10.0%) vs 5 (8.3%) respectively. Most of the prescribers (n=58; 96.7%) reported that patients who attended public and private health facilities demanded injectable medicines. Used syringes and drips were noted to be visible in open containers and buckets for final disposal in 20 (33.3%) assessed health facilities. Continuou...

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Do Project Managers' Emotional Leadership Competencies Affect the Success of Public Sector Projects in Pakistan?

International Journal of Information Technology Project Management ◽

10.4018/ijitpm.2021040105 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 83-98

Author(s):

Riaz Ahmed ◽

Khalid Mahmood Lodhi

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Leadership Competencies ◽

Project Managers ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Public ◽

Project Outcomes ◽

Emotional Leadership ◽

Cross Sectional Design

The importance of abilities and skills associated with the emotional leadership competencies has been discussed in project management literature. Project managers equipped with the emotional leadership competencies should be better in solving the challenges and problems to enhance project outcomes. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of project manager's emotional leadership competencies in the success of public sector projects. For this purpose, a survey-based methodology using cross-sectional design was adopted to collect data from 150 respondents from the public sector of Pakistan. The respondents of this study were the project managers/directors of information technology and telecommunication projects from the public sector of Pakistan. This quantitative study analyzed the data for reliability and validity of the constructs. To test research hypotheses, correlation and regression analyses were employed. Findings indicated significant impact of project manager's emotional leadership competencies on successful completion of Public sector projects in Pakistan.

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Doctor retention and distribution in post-apartheid South Africa: tracking medical graduates (2007–2011) from one university

Human Resources for Health ◽

10.1186/s12960-019-0439-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ann George ◽

Duane Blaauw ◽

Jarred Thompson ◽

Lionel Green-Thompson

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Public Sector ◽

South African ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Specialist Training ◽

Financial Loss ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Middle Income ◽

The Public ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Doctor emigration from low- and middle-income countries represents a financial loss and threatens the equitable delivery of healthcare. In response to government imperatives to produce more health professionals to meet the country’s needs, South African medical schools increased their student intake and changed their selection criteria, but little is known about the impact of these changes. This paper reports on the retention and distribution of doctors who graduated from the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa (SA), between 2007 and 2011. Methods Data on 988 graduates were accessed from university databases. A cross-sectional descriptive email survey was used to gather information about graduates’ demographics, work histories, and current work settings. Frequency and proportion counts and multiple logistic regressions of predictors of working in a rural area were conducted. Open-ended data were analysed using content analysis. Results The survey response rate was 51.8%. Foreign nationals were excluded from the analysis because of restrictions on them working in SA. Of 497 South African respondents, 60% had completed their vocational training in underserved areas. At the time of the study, 89% (444) worked as doctors in SA, 6.8% (34) practised medicine outside the country, and 3.8% (19) no longer practised medicine. Eighty percent of the 444 doctors still in SA worked in the public sector. Only 33 respondents (6.6%) worked in rural areas, of which 20 (60.6%) were Black. Almost half (47.7%) of the 497 doctors still in SA were in specialist training appointments. Conclusions Most of the graduates were still in the country, with an overwhelmingly urban and public sector bias to their distribution. Most doctors in the public sector were still in specialist training at the time of the study and may move to the private sector or leave the country. Black graduates, who were preferentially selected in this graduate cohort, constituted the majority of the doctors practising in rural areas. The study confirms the importance of selecting students with rural backgrounds to provide doctors for underserved areas. The study provides a baseline for future tracking studies to inform the training of doctors for underserved areas.

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An empirical investigation of fraud risk assessment and knowledge requirement on fraud related problem representation in Nigeria

Accounting Research Journal ◽

10.1108/arj-08-2014-0067 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 78-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Oluwatoyin Muse Johnson Popoola ◽

Ayoib B Che-Ahmad ◽

Rose Shamsiah Samsudin

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Public Sector Employment, Quality of Government, and Well-Being: A Global Analysis

International Area Studies Review ◽

10.1177/22338659211011747 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 223386592110117

Author(s):

Robert Davidson ◽

Alexander Pacek ◽

Benjamin Radcliff

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Global Analysis ◽

Well Being ◽

Subjective Well Being ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Political Factors ◽

The Public ◽

Employment Quality ◽

The Impact

While a growing literature within the study of subjective well-being demonstrates the impact of socio-political factors on subjective well-being, scholars have conspicuously failed to consider the role of the size and scope of government as determinants of well-being. Where such studies exist, the focus is largely on the advanced industrial democracies of the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development. In this study, we examine the size of the public sector as a determinant of cross-national variation in life satisfaction across a worldwide sample. Our findings strongly suggest that as the public sector grows, subjective well-being increases as well, conditional on the extent of quality of government. Using cross-sectional data on 84 countries, we show this relationship has an independent and separable impact from other economic and political factors.

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Compliance to mineral supplementation among pregnant women at a public health clinic in Malaysia

British Journal of Midwifery ◽

10.12968/bjom.2021.29.6.316 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (6) ◽

pp. 316-322

Author(s):

Nurul Nabilah Ahmad Fadzil ◽

Azura Abdul Halain ◽

Santhi A/P Yew Roan Nee ◽

Soh Kim Lam ◽

Salimah Japar

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Household Income ◽

Postpartum Haemorrhage ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Health Clinic ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mineral Supplementation ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

Vitamin And Mineral Supplementation ◽

Public Health Clinic

Background Prenatal supplementation has been introduced to pregnant women during early pregnancy to prevent complication to both mother and fetus. The complications include anaemia, postpartum haemorrhage, low birth weight and fetal defects. Aim To assess compliance with vitamin and mineral supplementation in pregnant women. Methods A cross-sectional design with simple random sampling was used in this study with 100 respondents who attended the maternal and child clinic in Selangor, Malaysia. Findings The findings showed that 86 respondents (86%) were compliance towards vitamin and mineral supplementation, whereas 35 respondents (35%) were non-compliance mainly due to forgetfulness. The result indicated a significant association between compliance with race (p=0.02), occupation (p<0.01), household income (p=0.02), education (p<0.01), parity (p<0.01) and trimester (p=0.02). Conclusion Majority of the respondents acknowledge that side effects and forgetfulness were the main influencing factors towards non-compliance.

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The Public Sector Mediation Process

Journal of Conflict Resolution ◽

10.1177/002200277802200202 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 209-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 129

Author(s):

Thomas A. Kochan ◽

Todd Jick

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Public Sector ◽

Personal Characteristics ◽

Mediation Process ◽

Municipal Governments ◽

The Public ◽

Situational Characteristics ◽

Alternative Sources ◽

Using Data ◽

The Impact

This paper develops and tests a model of the labor mediation process using data from a sample of negotiations involving municipal governments and police and firefighter unions in the State of New York. The test of the model also incorporates an estimate of the impact of a change in the statutory impasse procedures governing these groups. The model examines the impact of (1) alternative sources of impasse, (2) situational characteristics, (3) strategies of the mediators, and (4) personal characteristics of the mediators on the probability of settlement, percentage of issues resolved in mediation, movement or compromising behavior, and the tendency to hold back concessions in mediation. The results indicate that the change in the impasse procedure had a marginal affect on the probability of settlement in the small to medium cities in the sample but little or no effect on the larger cities. Furthermore, a number of other measures of the sources of impasse and mediator strategies and characteristics had a stronger impact on the effectiveness of the mediation process than the nature of the impasse procedure.

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Identification of Candida Species on The Skin of Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Sumatera Medical Journal ◽

10.32734/sumej.v1i1.441 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 11-18

Author(s):

OK. Muhammad Al Hafiz ◽

Rina Amelia ◽

Nelva Karmila Jusuf

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Candida Species ◽

Clinical Syndrome ◽

Exclusion Criteria ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Public ◽

Slide Culture ◽

Agar Media ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

Observational Descriptive Study

Intertriginous candidiasis is a type of candidiasis which the lesion lies in the folds of the armpit, groin, intergluteal, folding of the breast, between the fingers or the toes, glans penis, and the umbilicus. One of the risk factors for intertriginous candidiasis is diabetes mellitus (DM). DM is a typical clinical syndrome characterized by the presence of hyperglycemia which is caused by deficiency or the decrease of insulin effectivity. Fungal infection of the skin with Candida species becomes easier in patients with immunocompromised conditions such as DM patients. Objective: To identify the Candida species in DM patient's skin. Method: This research is an observational descriptive study with cross sectional design. This research identifies Candida species from 30 DM patients at The Public Health Center Sentosa Baru Medan who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria by skin scraping with KOH 10% and slide culture. Results: The location of the rash was found in the crotch folds 63.3% and in the intergluteal 36.7%. All samples (100%) showed positive fungus structure with KOH 10% examination. On the examination of slide culture with Saboraoud Dextrose Agar media and identification of slide colony with Corn Meal Agar medium as many as 60% Candida spesies was found with overall species are Candida albicans.

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Evaluation of rational prescribing and dispensing of medicines in Mali

Revue Malienne d'Infectiologie et de Microbiologie ◽

10.53597/remim.v0i9.929 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Yaya Coulibaly ◽

Fanta Sangho ◽

Aboubacar Alassane Oumar

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Private Sector ◽

Treatment Guidelines ◽

Generic Drugs ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical Practitioners ◽

The Public ◽

Quality Of Prescribing

Objective: The drug policy of Mali is based on the concept of essential generic drugs. The adoption of generic drugs in a program is often accompanied by irrational use of these drugs precisely because of the availability of these drugs. Thus, this study was initiated to assess the quality of prescribing and dispensing drugs in Mali. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from 2004 to 2013, the survey was conducted in 20 primary health centers and 20 private pharmacies in three regions of the country. In each of these structures, 30 prescriptions filled at the time of the survey were collected. Results: The average number of drugs per prescription was 3.0 ± 1.3 and 2.4 ± 1.2, respectively, in the public and private sectors. Prescription of drugs under international name was 91.6% in the public sector and 37.2% in the private sector. The public sector prescribed 33.7% of injectable drug against 16.2% in the private sector (p <0.001). The average cost of a prescription was lower in the public sector (3415.3 FCFA or 5.21euros) than in the private sector (7111 FCFA or 10.85 euros).Conclusion: Generic drugs are commonly used in the public, but much less in the private sector. The treatment guidelines are already available, should be introduced interactively to medical practitioners, through visits and intensive supervision by more experienced managers in the hierarchy, it would be likely to improve the quality of prescribing practitioners.

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Public Perception of the Role of the Nigeria Police Force in Curbing the Menace of Kidnapping in Benin Metropolis, Southern Nigeria: A Criminological Study

Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies ◽

10.2478/ajis-2018-0006 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 65-72

Author(s):

Barr. Emmanuel Imuetinyan Obarisiagbon ◽

Mannie Omagie

Keyword(s):

Public Perception ◽

Police Force ◽

Public Confidence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Public ◽

Southern Nigeria ◽

Crime Detection ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

Problem Oriented Policing

Abstract Kidnapping for ransom has been on the increase in the last ten years in Nigeria and there appears to be no end in sight despite the existence of a police force whose statutory function of crime detection and prevention has come under fire for its abysmal performance. This study therefore examined the public perception of the role of the Nigeria police force in curbing the menace of kidnapping in Benin Metropolis, Southern Nigeria. This study adopted the problem-oriented policing theory in its explanation of the topic under investigation. It also employed the survey and cross-sectional design. The quantitative technique was utilized to collect data from the respondents while a total of 960 respondents were quantitatively sampled. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the quantitative data collected from the field. Findings from this investigation showed that there is a very poor public perception of the police and that there are a multiplicity of obstacles hindering the efforts of the police at curbing the activities of kidnappers in Nigeria. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that government should improve the funding of the police to boost the morale of the rank and file while the police on its part should get rid of the bad elements within its system in order for public confidence to be restored in its ability.

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