scholarly journals Cigarette smoking and oral microbiota in low-income and African-American populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 1108-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaohua Yang ◽  
Wei Zheng ◽  
Qiu-Yin Cai ◽  
Martha J Shrubsole ◽  
Zhiheng Pei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundCigarette smoking is a common risk factor for diseases and cancers. Oral microbiota is also associated with diseases and cancers. However, little is known about the impact of cigarette smoking on the oral microbiota, especially among ethnic minority populations.MethodsWe investigated cigarette smoking in relationship with the oral microbiota in a large population of predominately low-income and African-American participants. Mouth rinse samples were collected from 1616 participants within the Southern Community Cohort Study, including 592 current-smokers, 477 former-smokers and 547 never-smokers. Oral microbiota was profiled by 16S ribosomal RNA gene deep sequencing.ResultsCurrent-smokers showed a different overall microbial composition from former-smokers (p=6.62×10−7) and never-smokers (p=6.00×10−8). The two probiotic genera, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, were enriched among current-smokers when compared with never-smokers, with Bonferroni-corrected p values (PBonferroni) of 1.28×10−4 and 5.89×10−7, respectively. The phylum Actinobacteria was also enriched in current-smokers when compared with never-smokers, with a median relative abundance of 12.35% versus 9.36%, respectively, and with a PBonferroni=9.11×10−11. In contrast, the phylum Proteobacteria was depleted in current smokers (PBonferroni=5.57×10−13), with the relative abundance being almost three times that of never-smokers (7.22%) when compared with that of current-smokers (2.47%). Multiple taxa within these two phyla showed differences in abundance/prevalence between current-smokers and never-smokers at PBonferroni <0.05. The differences in the overall microbial composition and abundance/prevalence of most taxa were observed among both African-Americans and European-Americans. Meanwhile, such differences were not observed between former-smokers and never-smokers.ConclusionSmoking has strong impacts on oral microbial community, which was recovered after smoking cessation.

Abstract P204: Tobacco Use And The AHA 2030 Impact Goals: A Simulation

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Levy ◽  
Sydney L Goldberg ◽  
Emily P Hyle ◽  
Krishna P Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
The Us ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
The Impact

Background: The AHA’s 2030 Impact Goals seek to increase population health-adjusted life expectancy (LE) by 2y. Tobacco is a top contributor to all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We estimated the potential contribution of improved tobacco control to achieve the 2030 Impact Goals in the US. Methods: We used the validated STOP microsimulation model with NHIS estimates of age- and sex-stratified mortality and CVD incidence to project changes in LE, as well as 10y, 20y, and lifetime CVD cumulative incidence, if cigarette smoking declined among the current US population. We assessed the impact of preventing initiation (current v never smokers) or increasing cessation (current v former smokers) at different ages. To examine the maximum impact of population-wide cessation, we projected changes in population LE and CVD incidence if smoking prevalence among those ≥20yo went immediately to 0%. Results: Preventing smoking initiation increases LE by 10.2y (men [M]) and 9.1y (women [W]) and reduces lifetime CVD incidence by 16.8% (M) and 26.2% (W) compared to lifetime smoking. Even cessation at age 60 extends LE by 3.7y (M) and 2.5y (W) and reduces 10y CVD incidence by 39.1% (M) and 59.4% (W) (Table). Total elimination of cigarette smoking in the 2020 US population aged ≥20y (e.g. by outlawing cigarettes) would increase the cohort LE by 0.4 (M) and 0.2 (W) years and reduce 20y CVD incidence by 6.0% (M) and 7.0% (W). Conclusion: Preventing smoking initiation offers the greatest benefit, but cessation at any age substantially improves LE and reduces CVD risk. The modest potential contribution of tobacco elimination to achieving the 2030 Impact Goals is due to already low smoking prevalence: <14% (projected) in 2020.

scholarly journals Association of Bitter Taste Receptor T2R38 Polymorphisms, Oral Microbiota, and Rheumatoid Arthritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 1460-1472
Author(s):  
Vivianne Cruz de Jesus ◽  
Manu Singh ◽  
Robert J. Schroth ◽  
Prashen Chelikani ◽  
Carol A. Hitchon
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
The Impact

The association of taste genetics and the oral microbiome in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has not been reported. We explored a novel oral mucosal innate immune pathway involving the bitter taste G protein-coupled receptor T2R38. This case–control study aimed to evaluate whether T2R38 polymorphisms associate with the buccal microbial composition in RA. Genomic DNA was obtained from buccal swabs of 35 RA patients and 64 non-RA controls. TAS2R38 genotypes were determined by Sanger sequencing. The buccal microbiome was assessed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the V4-16S rRNA gene. Bacterial community differences were analyzed with alpha and beta diversity measures. Linear discriminant analysis effect size identified taxa discriminating between RA versus non-RA and across TAS2R38 genotypes. TAS2R38 genotype frequency was similar between RA and non-RA controls (PAV/PAV; PAV/AVI; AVI/AVI: RA 42.9%; 45.7%; 11.4% versus controls 32.8%; 48.4%; 18.8%, chi-square (2, N = 99) = 2.1, p = 0.35). The relative abundance of Porphyromonas, among others, differed between RA and non-RA controls. The relative abundance of several bacterial species also differed across TAS2R38 genotypes. These findings suggest an association between T2R38 polymorphisms and RA buccal microbial composition. However, further research is needed to understand the impact of T2R38 in oral health and RA development.

scholarly journals Does parental permissiveness toward cigarette smoking and alcohol use influence illicit drug use among adolescents? A longitudinal study in seven European countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emina Mehanović ◽  
Federica Vigna-Taglianti ◽  
Fabrizio Faggiano ◽  
Maria Rosaria Galanti ◽  
Barbara Zunino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose Adolescents’ perceptions of parental norms may influence their substance use. The relationship between parental norms toward cigarette and alcohol use, and the use of illicit substances among their adolescent children is not sufficiently investigated. The purpose of this study was to analyze this relationship, including gender differences, using longitudinal data from a large population-based study. Methods The present study analyzed longitudinal data from 3171 12- to 14-year-old students in 7 European countries allocated to the control arm of the European Drug Addiction Prevention trial. The impact of parental permissiveness toward cigarettes and alcohol use reported by the students at baseline on illicit drug use at 6-month follow-up was analyzed through multilevel logistic regression models, stratified by gender. Whether adolescents’ own use of cigarette and alcohol mediated the association between parental norms and illicit drug use was tested through mediation models. Results Parental permissive norms toward cigarette smoking and alcohol use at baseline predicted adolescents’ illicit drug use at follow-up. The association was stronger among boys than among girls and was mediated by adolescents’ own cigarette and alcohol use. Conclusion Perceived parental permissiveness toward the use of legal drugs predicted adolescents’ use of illicit drugs, especially among boys. Parents should be made aware of the importance of norm setting, and supported in conveying clear messages of disapproval of all substances.

scholarly journals Cigarette smoking and cerebral blood flow in a cohort of middle-aged adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1247-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine Elbejjani ◽  
Reto Auer ◽  
Sudipto Dolui ◽  
David R Jacobs ◽  
Thaddeus Haight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
Using Data

Cigarette smoking is often associated with dementia. This association is thought to be mediated by hypoperfusion; however, how smoking behavior relates to cerebral blood flow (CBF) remains unclear. Using data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) cohort (mean age = 50; n = 522), we examined the association between smoking behavior (status, cumulative pack-years, age at smoking initiation, and years since cessation) and CBF (arterial spin labeling) in brain lobes and regions linked to dementia. We used adjusted linear regression models and tested whether associations differed between current and former-smokers. Compared to never-smokers, former-smokers had lower CBF in the parietal and occipital lobes, cuneus, precuneus, putamen, and insula; in contrast, current-smokers did not have lower CBF. The relationship between pack-years and CBF was different between current and former-smokers ( p for interaction < 0.05): Among current-smokers, higher pack-years were associated with higher occipital, temporal, cuneus, putamen, insula, hippocampus, and caudate CBF; former-smokers had lower caudate CBF with increasing pack-years. Results show links between smoking and CBF at middle-age in regions implicated in cognitive and compulsive/addictive processes. Differences between current and former smoking suggest that distinct pathological and/or compensatory mechanisms may be involved depending on the timing and history of smoking exposure.

scholarly journals PSI-10 Establishing a foundation to harvest the potential of the microbiome in poultry production

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 293-294
Author(s):  
Camila S Marcolla ◽  
Benjamin Willing
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study aimed to characterize poultry microbiota composition in commercial farms using 16S rRNA sequencing. Animals raised in sanitized environments have lower survival rates when facing pathogenic challenges compared to animals naturally exposed to commensal organisms. We hypothesized that intensive rearing practices inadvertently impair chicken exposure to microbes and the establishment of a balanced gut microbiota. We compared gut microbiota composition of broilers (n = 78) and layers (n = 20) from different systems, including commercial intensive farms with and without in-feed antibiotics, organic free-range farms, backyard-raised chickens and chickens in an experimental farm. Microbial community composition of conventionally raised broilers was significantly different from antibiotic-free broilers (P = 0.012), from broilers raised outdoors (P = 0.048) and in an experimental farm (P = 0.006) (Fig1). Significant community composition differences were observed between antibiotic-fed and antibiotic-free chickens (Fig2). Antibiotic-free chickens presented higher alpha-diversity, higher relative abundance of Deferribacteres, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, and lower relative abundance of Firmicutes, Clostridiales and Enterobacteriales than antibiotic-fed chickens (P &lt; 0.001) (Fig3). Microbial community composition significantly changed as birds aged. In experimental farm, microbial community composition was significant different for 7, 21 and 35 day old broilers (P &lt; 0.001), and alpha diversity increased from 7 to 21d (P &lt; 0.024), but not from 21 to 35d; whereas, in organic systems, increases in alpha-diversity were observed from 7d to 21d, and from 21d to 35d (P &lt; 0.05). Broilers and layers raised together showed no differences in microbiota composition and alpha diversity (P &gt; 0.8). It is concluded that production practices consistently impact microbial composition, and that antibiotics significantly reduces microbial diversity. We are now exploring the impact of differential colonization in a controlled setting, to determine the impact of the microbes associated with extensively raised chickens. This study will support future research and the development of methods to isolate and introduce beneficial microbes to commercial systems.

The Impact of a Family History of Breast Cancer on Screening Practices and Attitudes in Low-Income, Rural, African American Women

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 779-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delia Smith West ◽  
Paul G. Greene ◽  
Polly P. Kratt ◽  
Leavonne Pulley ◽  
Heidi L. Weiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
African American ◽  
Family History ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Low Income ◽  
American Women ◽  
Screening Practices ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Food Insecurity in a Low-Income, Predominantly African American Cohort Following the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 494-497
Author(s):  
Tamara Dubowitz ◽  
Madhumita Ghosh Dastidar ◽  
Wendy M. Troxel ◽  
Robin Beckman ◽  
Alvin Nugroho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ◽  
Food Bank ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Nutrition Assistance ◽  
National Trends ◽  
The Impact

Objectives. To examine the impact of COVID-19 shutdowns on food insecurity among a predominantly African American cohort residing in low-income racially isolated neighborhoods. Methods. Residents of 2 low-income African American food desert neighborhoods in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, were surveyed from March 23 to May 22, 2020, drawing on a longitudinal cohort (n = 605) previously followed from 2011 to 2018. We examined longitudinal trends in food insecurity from 2011 to 2020 and compared them with national trends. We also assessed use of food assistance in our sample in 2018 versus 2020. Results. From 2018 to 2020, food insecurity increased from 20.7% to 36.9% (t = 7.63; P < .001) after steady declines since 2011. As a result of COVID-19, the United States has experienced a 60% increase in food insecurity, whereas this sample showed a nearly 80% increase, widening a preexisting disparity. Participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (52.2%) and food bank use (35.9%) did not change significantly during the early weeks of the pandemic. Conclusions. Longitudinal data highlight profound inequities that have been exacerbated by COVID-19. Existing policies appear inadequate to address the widening gap.

scholarly journals Examining the Impact of Employment Status on Sleep Quality During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Two Low-Income Neighborhoods in Pittsburgh, PA

SLEEP ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D Baird ◽  
Tamara Dubowitz ◽  
Jonathan Cantor ◽  
Wendy M Troxel
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Financial Strain ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Poor Sleep Quality ◽  
African American Adults ◽  
American Adult ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Study Objectives African Americans have faced disproportionate socioeconomic and health consequences associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The current study examines employment and its association with sleep quality during the initial months of the pandemic in a low-income, predominantly African American adult sample. Methods In the early months of COVID-19 (March to May 2020), we administered a survey to an ongoing, longitudinal cohort of older adults to assess the impact of COVID-related changes in employment on self-reported sleep quality (N=460; 93.9% African American). Participants had prior sleep quality assessed in 2018 and a subset also had sleep quality assessed in 2013 and 2016. Primary analyses focused on the prevalence of poor sleep quality and changes in sleep quality between 2018 and 2020, according to employment status. Financial strain and prior income were assessed as moderators of the association between employment status and sleep quality. We plotted trend lines showing sleep quality from 2013 to 2020 in a subset (n=339) with all four waves of sleep data available. Results All participants experienced increases in poor sleep quality between 2018 and 2020, with no statistical differences between the employment groups. However, we found some evidence of moderation by financial strain and income. The trend analysis demonstrated increases in poor sleep quality primarily between 2018 and 2020. Conclusions Sleep quality worsened during the pandemic among low-income African American adults. Policies to support the financially vulnerable and marginalized populations could benefit sleep quality.

scholarly journals Revealing Oral Microbiota Composition and Functionality Associated with Heavy Cigarette Smoking.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Tahseen AL Bataineh ◽  
Nihar Ranjan Dash ◽  
Mohammed Elkhazendar ◽  
Dua'a Mohammad Hasan Alnusairat ◽  
Islam Mohammad Ismail Darwish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Multidrug Efflux Pump ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomics ◽  
Functional Profiling

Abstract Background: Heavy tobacco smoking, a hallmark feature of lung cancer is drastically predominant in Middle Eastern populations. The precise links between nicotine dependence and the functional contribution of the oral microbiota remain unknown in these populations. Methods: We evaluated the functional capabilities of the oral microbiota with relation to cigarette smoking in 105 adults through shotgun metagenomics. Results: The four major enterotypes initially described in westernized cohorts were retrieved in this population. Differential relative abundance testing unveiled relative abundance of Streptobacillus hongkongensis (Log2FoldChange 4.78, P. adjusted value < 0.00004), Fusobacterium massiliense (Log2FoldChange 4.63, P. adjusted value < 0.00000004), Prevotella bivia (Log2FoldChange 2.46, P. adjusted value < 0.00024) in high nicotine dependent compared to low nicotine dependent profiles based on Fagerström test for Nicotine Dependence. Functional profiling showed marked differences between smokers and non-smokers controls with an enrichment of Tricarballylate utilization (Log2FoldChange 2.52, P. adjusted value < 0.0013) and Lactate racemization (Log2FoldChange 1.003, P. adjusted value < 0.0001) among others in smokers vs . non-smokers group. According to nicotine dependence, we detected enrichment of Xanthosine utilization (Log2FoldChange 3.38, P. adjusted value < 0.00007), p-Aminobenzoyl-Glutamate utilization (Log2FoldChange 1.33, P. adjusted value < 0.00056), and Multidrug efflux pump in Campylobacter jejuni (Log2FoldChange 1.14, P. adjusted value < 0.00007) biosynthesis modules in the high nicotine dependent group. Conclusions: These differences provide a critical insight on how variations in the oral microbiota may predispose to smoke cessation relapse, serious respiratory illnesses, and lung cancer in heavy cigarette smokers. The observed enrichment of Fusobacterium and Prevotella suggest an intriguing linkage to lung and gut cancers. This information may eventually lead to the development of screening biomarkers to predict early cancer development.

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