scholarly journals Exposure to secondhand aerosol of electronic cigarettes in indoor settings in 12 European countries: data from the TackSHS survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beladenta Amalia ◽  
Xiaoqiu Liu ◽  
Alessandra Lugo ◽  
Marcela Fu ◽  
Anna Odone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Private Transportation

IntroductionExposure to secondhand aerosol from e-cigarette (SHA) may pose harmful effects to bystanders. This study aims to investigate the prevalence, duration and determinants of SHA exposure in various indoor settings in 12 European countries.MethodsIn 2017–2018, we conducted a cross-sectional study, the TackSHS survey, on a representative sample of the population aged ≥15 years in 12 European countries (Bulgaria, England, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania and Spain). We described the prevalence and duration of exposure to SHA in several indoor settings among 11 604 e-cigarette non-users. Individual-level and country-level characteristics associated with SHA exposure were also explored using multilevel logistic regression analyses.ResultsOverall, 16.0% of e-cigarette non-users were exposed to SHA in any indoor setting at least weekly, ranging from 4.3% in Spain to 29.6% in England. The median duration of SHA exposure among those who were exposed was 43 min/day. ‘Other indoor settings’ (eg, bar and restaurant) was reported as the place where most of e-cigarette non-users were exposed (8.3%), followed by workplace/educational venues (6.4%), home (5.8%), public transportation (3.5%) and private transportation (2.7%). SHA exposure was more likely to occur in certain groups of non-users: men, younger age groups, those with higher level of education, e-cigarette past users, current smokers, those perceiving SHA harmless and living in countries with a higher e-cigarette use prevalence.ConclusionsWe found inequalities of SHA exposure across and within European countries. Governments should consider extending their tobacco smoke-free legislation to e-cigarettes to protect bystanders, particularly vulnerable populations such as young people.Trial registration numberNCT02928536.

Inequality in active ageing: evidence from a new individual-level index for European countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIKKEL BARSLUND ◽  
MARTEN VON WERDER ◽  
ASGHAR ZAIDI
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Active Ageing ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Share Data ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTIn the context of emerging challenges and opportunities associated with population ageing, the study of inequality in active-ageing outcomes is critical to the design of appropriate and effective social policies. While there is much discussion about active ageing at the aggregate country level, little is known about inequality in active-ageing experiences within countries. Based on the existing literature on active ageing, this paper proposes an individual-level composite active ageing index based on Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data. The individual-level nature of the index allows us to analyse inequality in experiences of active ageing within selected European countries. One important motivation behind measuring active ageing at the individual level is that it allows for a better understanding of unequal experiences of ageing, which may otherwise be masked in aggregate-level measures of active ageing. Results show large differences in the distribution of individual-level active ageing across the 13 European countries covered and across age groups. Furthermore, there is a positive association between the country-level active ageing index and the equality of its distribution within a country. Hence, countries with the lowest average active ageing index tend to have the most unequal distribution in active-ageing experiences. For nine European countries, where temporal data are also available, we find that inequality in active-ageing outcomes decreased in the period 2004 to 2013.

Social Capital and Self-Perceived Health in Lone Mothers: A Multilevel Cross-Sectional Study across Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2199416
Author(s):  
Sara Trujillo-Alemán ◽  
Åsa Tjulin ◽  
Glòria Pérez ◽  
Emma Hagqvist
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Family Policy ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Perceived Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Policy Model ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Lone Mothers

This study aimed to explore the distribution of social capital and its relation to self-perceived health in lone mothers across Europe. Data were drawn from the European Social Survey Round 5. The sample was restricted to women (15–64 years), not cohabiting with a partner, and with children (≤ 18 years) living in the household. Social capital was measured using variables, representing both structural (political engagement, social support, and social activity) and cognitive (generalized trust, institutionalized trust, reciprocity, and a feeling of safety) components. Individual-level measurements: age, educational attainment, employment status, income level, and household economy. Country-level measurements: family policy model and collective social capital. A multilevel analysis was conducted. The results revealed cross-country variance in the level of lone mothers’ social capital. After adjustment for individual-level and country-level measurements, only reciprocity and a feeling of safety were related to good self-perceived health among lone mothers in Europe.

Applying Multilevel Modeling to Understand Individual and Cross-Cultural Variations in Attitudes Toward Homosexual People Across 28 European Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candice D. Donaldson ◽  
Lindsay M. Handren ◽  
Andrew Lac
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Political Affiliation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Nested Models ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Country Level

Individual and cross-cultural factors associated with attitudes toward homosexual people were examined in this study. Using cross-sectional data from the sixth biennial European Social Survey, which represents 36,959 individuals nested within 28 European countries, successive nested models were tested using multilevel modeling (MLM). Results found that attitudes varied cross-culturally as a function of people’s country of residence—this clustering effect was controlled for in all subsequent models. Individual-level predictors (Level 1) of male gender, older age, less education, being an immigrant to one’s residing country, conservative political affiliation, high religiosity, perceptions that politics in one’s country were unfair, low openness to change values, low self-transcendence values, high conservation values, and high self-enhancement values were significantly linked with anti-homosexuality attitudes. At the country level (Level 2), a high emphasis on social conservatism and fewer civil rights for homosexuals was connected with more unfavorable attitudes. Findings indicate main effects of predictors at both levels; however, country-level variables tended to yield stronger coefficients than individual-level factors, highlighting the contributions of macro- and microfactors in simultaneously shaping attitudes toward homosexuality. Beyond these effects, interactions of country- and individual-level variables show political affiliation, religiosity, self-enhancement values as stronger predictors in liberal countries, but openness to change values, younger age, and higher education as stronger predictors in conservative countries. Implications are discussed for understanding the wide continuum of views toward homosexuality across people and countries.

scholarly journals Lunch frequency among adolescents: associations with sociodemographic factors and school characteristics

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 872-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trine Pagh Pedersen ◽  
Bjørn E Holstein ◽  
Rikke Krølner ◽  
Annette Kjær Ersbøll ◽  
Thea Suldrup Jørgensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
School Characteristics ◽  
School Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
The Individual

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate: (i) how lunch frequency of adolescents varies between schools and between classes within schools; (ii) the associations between frequency of lunch and individual sociodemographic factors and school characteristics; and (iii) if any observed associations between lunch frequency and school characteristics vary by gender and age groups.DesignCross-sectional study in which students and school headmasters completed self-administered questionnaires. Associations were estimated by multilevel multivariate logistic regression.SettingThe Danish arm of the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children study 2010.SubjectsStudents (n 4922) aged 11, 13 and 15 years attending a random sample of seventy-three schools.ResultsThe school-level and class-level variations in low lunch frequency were small (intraclass correlation coefficient <2·1 %). At the individual level, low lunch frequency was most common among students who were boys, 13- and 15-year-olds, from medium and low family social class, descendants of immigrants, living in a single-parent family and in a reconstructed family. School-level analyses suggested that having access to a canteen at school was associated with low lunch frequency (OR=1·47; 95% CI 1·14, 1·89). Likewise not having an adult present during lunch breaks was associated with low lunch frequency (OR=1·44; 95% CI 1·18, 1·75). Cross-level interactions suggested that these associations differed by age group.ConclusionsLunch frequency among Danish students appears to be largely influenced by sociodemographic factors. Additionally, the presence of an adult during lunch breaks promotes frequent lunch consumption while availability of a canteen may discourage frequent lunch consumption. These findings vary between older and younger students.

scholarly journals Neighborhood Environments and Utilitarian Walking Among Older vs. Younger Rural Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanam Lee ◽  
Chunkeun Lee ◽  
Orion T. Stewart ◽  
Heather A. Carlos ◽  
Anna Adachi-Mejia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Neighborhood Environment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Telephone Interviews

Introduction: Walking has the potential to promote health across the life span, but age-specific features of the neighborhood environment (NE), especially in rural communities, linked with walking have not been adequately characterized. This study examines the relationships between NE and utilitarian walking among older vs. younger adults living in US rural towns.Methods: Data for this cross-sectional study came from telephone interviews in 2011–2012 with 2,140 randomly sampled younger (18–64 years, n = 1,398) and older (65+ years, n = 742) adults, collecting personal and NE perception variables. NE around each participant's home was also measured objectively using geographic information system techniques. Separate mixed-effects logistic regression models were estimated for the two age groups, predicting the odds of utilitarian walking at least once a week.Results: Perceived presence of crosswalks and pedestrian signals was significantly related to utilitarian walking in both age groups. Among older adults, unattended dogs, lighting at night, and religious institutions were positively while steep slope was negatively associated with their walking. For younger adults, traffic speed (negative, –), public transportation (positive, +), malls (–), cultural/recreational destinations (+), schools (+), and resource production land uses such as farms and mines (–) were significant correlates of utilitarian walking.Conclusion: Different characteristics of NE are associated with utilitarian walking among younger vs. older adults in US rural towns. Optimal modifications of NE to promote walking may need to reflect these age differences.

Individual-level and country-level socioeconomic determinants of disease outcomes in SpA: multinational, cross-sectional study (ASAS-COMOSPA)

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polina Putrik ◽  
Sofia Ramiro ◽  
Anna Moltó ◽  
Andras P Keszei ◽  
Sam Norton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Large Country ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level

ObjectiveTo explore the independent contribution of individual-level and country level socioeconomic status (SES) determinants to disease activity and physical function in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA).MethodsData from the cross-sectional, multinational (n=22 countries worldwide) COMOSPA (COMOrbidities in SpA) study were used. Contribution of individual SES factors (gender, education) and country of residence to Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) was explored in multilevel regression models, adjusting for clinical and demographic confounders. Next, the additional effects of national macroeconomic indicators (gross domestic product [GDP], Human Development Index, healthcare expenditure and Gini index) were explored. The mediating role of uptake of biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs between education or GDP and ASDAS was explored by testing indirect effects.ResultsIn total, 3370 patients with SpA were included: 65% were male, with a mean age of 43 (SD 14), ASDAS of 2.0 (SD 1.1) and BASFI score of 3.1 (SD 2.7). In adjusted models, patients with low education and female patients had an OR of 1.7 (95% CI 1.3 to 2.2) and an OR of 1.7 (95% CI 1.4 to 2.0), respectively, of having ASDAS ≥2.1. They also reported slightly worse function. Large country differences were observed independent of individual SES and clinical confounders. Patients from less SES developed countries have worse ASDAS, while patterns for BASFI were insignificant. Uptake of biologicals did not mediate the relationship between individual-level or country-level SES and disease activity.ConclusionsIndividual-level and country-level health inequalities exist also among patients with SpA. Women and lower educated persons had worse disease activity and somewhat worse physical function. While patients in less socioeconomically developed countries had higher disease activity, they reported similar physical function.

P2547Statin and glucose-lowering treatment in individuals with and without schizophrenia

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S V E N Eriksson ◽  
J Eberhard ◽  
U Osby ◽  
J Westman ◽  
L Forslund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Regional Health Care ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Classification Of Diseases

Abstract Background We have recently shown that Cardiovascular (CV) mortality is surprisingly high in patients with schizophrenia in Sweden. Diabetes is 2–3 times more common in patients with schizophrenia. Treatment with Metformin have consistently shown effective to lower CV mortality in patients with diabetes. In addition, recent studies have shown that treatment with Metformin reduces weight and improves lipids even in patients with schizophrenia without diabetes. One reason for the high CV mortality in Swedish patients with schizophrenia may be lack of risk factor treatment, such as glucose-lowering treatment and/or lipid lowering treatment with statins. Objective To determine the prevalence of treatment with glucose-lowering treatment and statins in patients with and without schizophrenia in Stockholm, Sweden. Material and methods Cross-sectional study based on individual-level patient data from the Stockholm regional health-care data warehouse. 6 347 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision code F 20.X) were compared with 2 062 112 without schizophrenia from Stockholm County. The prescription of Metformin and insulin were compared in 5-year age groups from 30 to 85 years of age. In addition, the prescription of statins (any statin) were also compared in the same population. Results The prescription of metformin in age groups under 60 years were approximately 2 to 8 times more common in patients with schizophrenia, in patients over 60 the corresponding figures were 0.7 to 3 times. The prescription of statin in age groups under 60 were approximately 0.8–3 times more common in patients with schizophrenia. In contrast, in patients over 60 years statins were less often prescribed in patients with schizophrenia compared to controls. Figure 1 Conclusions Our results indicate that lack of treatment with metformin may not be a reason for the increase cardiovascular mortality in patients with schizophrenia. However, the surprisingly low prescription of statins in older (>60 years) patients with schizophrenia might explain the high CV mortality in this patient group.

CONCENTRATION OF THE SERUM TGF-BETA1 IN HEALTHY ADULT PEOPLE

2014 ◽  
pp. 90-93
Author(s):  
Van Tuan Nguyen ◽  
Tam Vo ◽  
Bui Bao Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Healthy People ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta1 ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
And Gender

Elevated serum Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) levels have been linked to tissue fibrosis including chronic kidney disease. Objectives: (1) Investigate serum TGF-beta1 levels in healthy adult people and (2) Examined the relation between serum TGF-beta1 level and gender, age, body mass index (BMI). Method: A cross-sectional study. TGF-beta1 were quantified by ELISA. Results: Levels of serum TGF-beta1 in healthy people were 13,45 ± 7,17 ng/mL mL (0,59 - 33,10 ng/mL). There are no difference of serum TGF-beta1 levels between men and women, between the age groups (<40 years, 40 to < 60 years and ≥ 60 years), between BMI groups < 23 and BMI group ≥ 23. Key words: TGF-beta1, healthy people

The Prevalence of Insecticide Treated Net/malaria :cross section study (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanda Chalela
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Malaria Patient ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Itn Use ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

BACKGROUND ABSTRACT Introduction a study on prevalence of ITN use was carried out in Buchi community Kitwe Zambia from August to October 2019 OBJECTIVE Prevalence of ITN in BUchi METHODS Methodology: This was a cross sectional study design. A structured questionnaire was used to ascertain ownership and utilization and oral interviews, 200 households were targeted 844 individual covered across the 200 households. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 23. RESULTS ABSTRACT Introduction a study on prevalence of ITN use was carried out in Buchi community Kitwe Zambia from August to October 2019 Methodology: This was a cross sectional study design. A structured questionnaire was used to ascertain ownership and utilization and oral interviews, 200 households were targeted 844 individual covered across the 200 households. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 23. Findings: household ownership of at least an ITN was 52% and individual utilization at 37.6%, with 0.825 ITN/households and 0.195ITN /individual. Malaria prevalence of 52.4% /household and a 12.4% of the population. With 47.6% malaria patient coming from households with ITN and 60% of households with ITN have insufficient coverage.61% of malaria patient were female and 31 % male. however there was no significant relation between Gender and malaria prevalence in study area (p value was >0.05). Malaria cases distribution with age groups, 0-15yrs old represented 49.5%, 16-30 yrs., was at 27.6% and the over 30 yrs. case were at 22.9% .use of other preventive measures 23% used mosquito repellent ,others methods 1% with those not using any other methods 76%. CONCLUSIONS Conclusion The study showed clearly that malaria still poses a problem .the prevalence rate of malaria was still high 12.4% of the population and 52.4% of households. With high prevalence of malaria of 49.5% for 0-15yrs.the difference between ownership 52% and Utilization 37.6% showed that even household with ITN, the ITN were not sufficient.60% of households with ITN, the ITN were not sufficient for all occupants

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