The growth and development of the leaf in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). I. The plastochron index, a suitable basis for description

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (21) ◽  
pp. 2421-2428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren K. Coleman ◽  
Richard I. Greyson
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Seasonal Variability ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Morphological Status ◽  
Plastochron Index

Growth analysis indicates that the plastochron index (PI) is consistently applicable for describing the morphological status of the vegetative tomato shoot in quantitative terms, and pronounced seasonal variability in the growth habit is minimized. However, the PI is not applicable to tomato shoots after flower buds are produced at the vegetative apex. True leaf no. 3 goes through four growth stages which can be characterized in terms of the leaf plastochron index (LPI3). A basipetal trend in leaf growth and development is evident.

scholarly journals Yield and Yield Related Parameters of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Treated with Paclobutrazol at Different Stages in North West Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Walelegn Endegena
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Tomato Seedlings

The effects of Paclobutrazol (PBZ) on fruit yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.) were investigated by spraying it on tomato seedlings grown in an open field. The treatments were 5 x 2 factorial combinations including five rates of PBZ (control, 1 kg ha-1, 2 kg ha-1, 3 kg ha-1and 4 kg ha-1) and two times of application (at 2 to 4 and 6 to 8 true leaf growth stages of tomato seedlings), arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design, each treatment replicated three times. The objective of the study was to characterize the effect of rate and time of application of PBZ on the yield and yield related parameters of tomato. Time and rate of application of PBZ significantly increased harvest index, yield concentration and index of economic earliness, and decreased fruit set percentage, pericarp thickness, fruit diameter and percentage of class one fruit. Irrespective of the time of application, an increase in the rate of PBZ compared to the control significantly increased days to fruit maturity. Time and rate of application of PBZ were significantly interacted to increase; unmarketable fruit yield but decrease means fruit weight. Compared to the control, the interaction effects also produced two significant trends of variations on fruit yield per plant, fruit dry weight per plant, marketable fruit yield and total fruit yield. Significant reduction in yields was observed for diluted concentrations like 1 and 2 kg/ha a.i. of PBZ in the second time of application and 1 kg/ha a.i. of PBZ in the first time of application, whereas all other treatments produced significantly higher yields than the controls. On the contrary, time and rate of application of PBZ were found to be effective in improving economic earliness of tomato. As a whole, time and rate of application of PBZ resulted in two significant trends of variations (increasing and decreasing) on fruit yields of tomato. Hence, it could be possible to propose that more assimilate reallocation to the fruits are significant advantage of PBZ treatments contributing to the improvement of seedling quality at planting for increased seedling survival rate, better stress protection, early and more fruit production.

scholarly journals Release of Postsenescent Dormancy in Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) by Chilling

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 784-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Harvey ◽  
Robert M. Nowierski
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
North America ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Significant Growth ◽  
Number Of Stems

The growth and development of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaL. #3EPHES) collected during postsenescent dormancy and grown in the greenhouse was increasingly stimulated by chilling treatments longer than 14 days duration at 0 to 6 C. Production of stems with flower buds, primary flowers, and secondary flowers was greater in plants chilled for 42 days or more. The effects of chilling on total number of stems, number of strictly vegetative stems, or number of stems with vegetative branching were not significant. The height of the tallest stem per pot was influenced by chilling longer than 42 days. Growth rate also increased as a function of chilling duration. Based on our findings, we believe that there is little possibility that any significant growth can occur in the postsenescent period because of the prevailing climatic conditions found in areas of leafy spurge distribution in North America.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Differentially Expressed mRNA Related to Pigeon Muscle Development

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2311
Author(s):  
Hao Ding ◽  
Yueyue Lin ◽  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Lan Chen ◽  
Genxi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Pathway Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Gene Expression And Regulation

The mechanisms behind the gene expression and regulation that modulate the development and growth of pigeon skeletal muscle remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed gene expression analysis on skeletal muscle samples at different developmental and growth stages using RNA sequencing (RNA−Seq). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using edgeR software. Weighted gene co−expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify the gene modules related to the growth and development of pigeon skeletal muscle based on DEGs. A total of 11,311 DEGs were identified. WGCNA aggregated 11,311 DEGs into 12 modules. Black and brown modules were significantly correlated with the 1st and 10th day of skeletal muscle growth, while turquoise and cyan modules were significantly correlated with the 8th and 13th days of skeletal muscle embryonic development. Four mRNA−mRNA regulatory networks corresponding to the four significant modules were constructed and visualised using Cytoscape software. Twenty candidate mRNAs were identified based on their connectivity degrees in the networks, including Abca8b, TCONS−00004461, VWF, OGDH, TGIF1, DKK3, Gfpt1 and RFC5, etc. A KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that many pathways were related to the growth and development of pigeon skeletal muscle, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, AMPK, FAK, and thyroid hormone pathways. Five differentially expressed genes (LAST2, MYPN, DKK3, B4GALT6 and OGDH) in the network were selected, and their expression patterns were quantified by qRT−PCR. The results were consistent with our sequencing results. These findings could enhance our understanding of the gene expression and regulation in the development and growth of pigeon muscle.

scholarly journals Integrated Physiological and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal a Regulatory Network of Anthocyanin Metabolism Contributing to the Ornamental Value in a Novel Hybrid Cultivar of Camellia japonica

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1724
Author(s):  
Liqin Pan ◽  
Jiyuan Li ◽  
Hengfu Yin ◽  
Zhengqi Fan ◽  
Xinlei Li
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Differential Expression Analysis ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Camellia Japonica ◽  
Leaf Phenotype ◽  
Hybrid Cultivar

Camellia japonica is a plant species with great ornamental and gardening values. A novel hybrid cultivar Chunjiang Hongxia (Camellia japonica cv. Chunjiang Hongxia, CH) possesses vivid red leaves from an early growth stage to a prolonged period and is, therefore, commercially valuable. The molecular mechanism underlying this red-leaf phenotype in C. japonica cv. CH is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the leaf coloration process, photosynthetic pigments contents, and different types of anthocyanin compounds in three growth stages of the hybrid cultivar CH and its parental cultivars. The gene co-expression network and differential expression analysis from the transcriptome data indicated that the changes of leaf color were strongly correlated to the anthocyanin metabolic processes in different leaf growth stages. Genes with expression patterns associated with leaf color changes were also discussed. Together, physiological and transcriptomic analyses uncovered the regulatory network of metabolism processes involved in the modulation of the ornamentally valuable red-leaf phenotype and provided the potential candidate genes for future molecular breeding of ornamental plants such as Camellia japonica.

scholarly journals Control Recommendations for Black Medic (Medicago lupulina) Based on Growth and Development in Competition with Strawberry

Weed Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun M. Sharpe ◽  
Nathan S. Boyd ◽  
Peter J. Dittmar ◽  
Greg E. MacDonald ◽  
Rebecca L. Darnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Medicago Lupulina ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Spray Timing ◽  
Time Frames

Strawberries are an important horticultural crop in Florida. Black medic is among the most problematic weeds within the production system. To better coordinate control measures, black medic growth and development while in competition with strawberry was studied. Twelve plants were randomly selected at each of four field sites in Hillsborough County, FL, in 2014. Plants were repeatedly measured over the growing season for stem length and number of primary branches, flower buds, flowers, and seed clusters. Growing degree days (GDD) were calculated (Tbase=0 C) starting from the hole-punch application of the plastic mulch (October 8, 2014, to October 10, 2014) from weather station data generated from the Florida Automated Weather Network. Strawberry height and width increased consistently across all sites, but black medic growth and development varied considerably. Strawberry suppressed black medic growth up to 1,805 cumulative GDD at three of four sites where black medic remained beneath the strawberry canopy. After 1,805 GDD, the black medic stems still remained below but experienced exponential growth for total stem length and, in turn, flower buds, inflorescence, and immature seed clusters. Ideal clopyralid spray timing based on susceptible plant size was 890 to 1,152 GDD. Optimal hand-weeding time frames would likely occur as the plant stems expand beyond the strawberry canopy (to improve visibility) and before flower production to prevent seed return to the seedbank. First seed production was observed at 1,200 GDD at the earliest site and between 1,966 to 2,365 GDD across all the other sites. Overall, consistent trends were observed across sites, but between-site variability was observed that could not be accounted for by differences in temperature.

Critical Period of Weed Interference in Transplanted Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum): Growth Analysis

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 476-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Weaver ◽  
Chin S. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Xylem Pressure ◽  
Fruit Number ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Xylem Pressure Potential

The critical period of weed interference in transplanted tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. 'Springset’) was from 28 to 35 days after transplanting. A single weeding during this period was sufficient to prevent yield reductions. A growth analysis revealed that significant differences in plant dry weight and fruit number between tomatoes from weed-free and weed-infested plots were not apparent until 56 to 70 days after transplanting. The shorter the initial weed-free period, or the longer weeds were allowed to remain in the plots before removal, the earlier reductions in tomato dry weight and fruit number appeared. Weed interference was due primarily to shading rather than water stress. Tomatoes from weed-infested plots had significantly lower stomatal conductances than those from weed-free plots, but did not differ in xylem-pressure potential or in canopy temperature. If tomatoes were kept weed-free for more than 28 days, or when weeds were present for less than 28 days after transplanting, stomatal conductances were not significantly reduced.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF MULCH ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF LATE FALLTOMATOES

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 690E-690
Author(s):  
Daniel Patterson ◽  
William Hayslett ◽  
Sabrina Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Days To Flowering ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Fall Growth

The objective of this study was to determine if different mulches would affect days to flowering or prolong the fall growth for tomatoes Lycopersicon esculentum. The mulches used were: black plastic, white plastic and straw. The tomatoes were transplanted to the field on 20 September 1990. Diurnal atmospheric and soil (just under the mulch) temperatures were taken at 12:00 noon. Average daily soil temperatures in September were 24°C, 22.5°C, 22°C and 21.5°C for black plastic, white plastic, the control, and straw respectively. Average soil temperatures ranged from 28.5°C for black plastic to 24.5°C for the straw treatments. Temperatures in October and November were 3 to 4 degrees lower for soils and between 4 to 7 degrees lower for the atmosphere. Average days to flowering were 68, 70, 68.5, and 75 for black plastic, white plastic, control, and straw treatments respectively. The average growth per plant were 20.5, 22.5, 25.9, and 12.5 centimeters for black plastic, white plastic. control. and straw respectively.

Recovery of field-grown canola from sulfur deficiency

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Hocking ◽  
A Pinkerton ◽  
A Good
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Seed Yields

Sulfate-sulfur was applied to sulfur (S)-deficient canola at several growth stages in a field experiment at Cargo near Orange, New South Wales. Applications of 0, 10 or 40 kg S/ha (S0, S10 and S40) as mixtures of potassium sulfate and potassium chloride were made at sowing, the 5-6 leaf rosette stage, flower buds visible, stem elongation and first flowering. The plots received either 80 or 160 kg nitrogen (N)/ha at sowing. Plants from the S0 plots showed symptoms of severe S deficiency during rapid stem elongation, and had a 52% reduction in seed yield and a 21% reduction in seed oil concentration compared with the S40 plants. Application of S10 at sowing, or topdressing S-deficient plants with this rate of S, was inadequate because, although seed oil concentrations were normal (39-42%), seed yields were 25% lower than those from plots that received S40. Topdressing S-deficient plants with S40 at either the 5-6 leaf rosette stage, flower buds visible or stem elongation resulted in the same seed yields and seed oil concentrations as obtained when S40 was applied at sowing. However, there was a 15% reduction in seed yield but no reduction in seed oil concentration when the S40 topdressing was delayed until flowering. Although S10 was inadequate to correct the S deficiency, there was no reduction in either seed yield or seed oil concentration when S10 was topdressed as late as flowering, when compared with this rate of S applied at sowing. Seed meal protein levels were increased by the S40 topdressings. Concentrations of S in seed from the S0 and S10 plants were below the critical value of 0.36% for canola. Seed N:S concentration ratios of S-deficient plants were greater than 10, but 7.5 for plants which received adequate S. Total glucosinolates in seed were increased by the application of S, but the levels were still well below the limit set for the canola standard.

Comparative Analysis of Three Cruciferous Weeds: Growth, Development, and Competitiveness

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Total Plant Biomass ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Growth Development

Wild, ball, and dog mustard growth and development were investigated by mathematical growth analysis in a greenhouse experiment. Plant height and total plant biomass over the growth period followed the trend wild mustard > ball mustard > dog mustard. Dog mustard plants had lower leaf areas than either wild or ball mustard. In a replacement series experiment, wild mustard was more competitive than either ball or dog mustard, and ball mustard was more competitive than dog mustard.

Inhibition by Sethoxydim of Chloroplast Biogenesis, Development and Replication in Barley Seedlings

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartmut K. Lichtenthaler ◽  
Dieter Meier
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Shoot Meristem ◽  
Chloroplast Biogenesis ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Chloroplast Replication ◽  
Ultrastructural Characteristics ◽  
Differentiation Stage

Abstract Chloroplast Biogenesis, Inhibition of Chloroplast Replication, Sethoxydim. Sun-Type Chloroplast Sethoxydim not only blocks leaf growth and development of barley seedlings but also inhibits chloroplast biogenesis at all stages of development from proplastids to prochloroplasts, young and mature chloroplasts. Not only thylakoid synthesis, thylakoid multiplication and grana for­mation are affected, but also chloroplast replication. The chloroplasts of secondary leaves which before the sethoxydim application are in the stage of young, developing chloroplasts, remain in this differentiation stage when treated with sethoxydim. With their ultrastructural characteristics (e.g. lower stacking degree, higher proportion of exposed membranes, a lower thylakoid frequency etc.) they resemble sun-type chloroplasts. In the shoot meristem sethoxydim-treated plants contain only proplastids, whereas the plastids in the shoot meristem of control plants are already in the developmental stage between prochloroplasts to young chloroplasts. Mesophyll cells of sethoxydim-treated plants contain only one third of the chloroplasts found in the controls.

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