The effects of shade on growth, development, and resource allocation patterns of three species of foxtail (Setaria)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1776-1786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna M. Lee ◽  
Paul B. Cavers
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Setaria Glauca ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Lower Tolerance

Three weedy foxtail species, Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv., S. verticillata (L.) Beauv., and S. viridis (L.) Beauv. occur in southwestern Ontario. Plants of the three species were grown in pure stands in the open and under one, two, or three layers of cheesecloth which transmitted 71, 40, and 19% of incident insolation, respectively. Six harvests were taken between July and September in which height, tiller number, dry weight of component parts, and leaf area were determined for randomly selected plants of each species. In unshaded conditions, S. verticillata was the tallest species and had the greatest total dry weight per plant. However, this species was the most adversely affected by shade, with significant reductions in tiller number, biomass production, and reproductive effort with increasing shade. Setaria viridis and S. verticillata exhibited a relative increase in allocation to leaves with increasing shade while S. glauca had a relative increase to stems, indicating different strategies in response to shade. The apparent lower tolerance of shade in S. verticillata may help to explain the comparative rarity of this species in southwestern Ontario.

Dry weight and resource allocation patterns among individuals in populations of Plantago major and P. rugelii

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 2424-2439 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Hawthorn ◽  
P. B. Cavers
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Plantago Major ◽  
Allocation Pattern ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Allocation Patterns

The frequency distributions of log plant weight in 1st-year plants of Plantago major L. and P. rugelii Decne. were studied in greenhouse experiments, including an investigation of associated differences in allocation patterns to plant parts between individuals in various weight classes. The frequency distributions of log plant weight of both plantains were strongly negatively skewed (many large plants and few small ones) at the lowest sowing density, where little or no mortality occurred during the course of the study. At two higher sowing densities significant mortality was noted and the frequency distributions tended to "log normality" or to a significant platykurtosis. The presence of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) reduced the weight of individual plantains and resulted in frequency distributions that were essentially "log normal." Growing the two plantains together did not alter the shapes of the frequency distributions achieved in monocultures with and without grass. A possible pattern of changes in the frequency distribution of log plant weight with the passage of time is briefly discussed. Significant differences were observed in the allocation patterns of individuals of P. major within a population to roots, caudices, leaves, supporting reproductive structures, and seeds. The allocation patterns were not normally distributed according to plant weight; thus the use of average values of allocation pattern for the population as a whole should be viewed with caution. The proportional allocation to seeds (reproductive effort) by individuals of P. major from increasingly larger weight classes generally increased at an exponential rate, and more rapidly than simultaneous decreases in root and caudex allocation. The greatest reproductive effort and the greatest number of seeds per plant of P. major were associated with the strongest negative skewness of frequency distribution of log plant weight. First-year plants of P. rugelii exhibited a different response. Very few flowered during the study. However, in a variety of treatments the allocation to root and caudex by individuals which differed in biomass by as much as two orders of magnitude was remarkably constant at about 23%. In contrast, the allocation to belowground structures was much more variable among individuals of P. major, ranging from 50% or more by the smallest individuals to less than 5% by the largest plants. This life-history trait could partly account for the greater survival over winter and longevity observed in natural populations of P. rugelii compared with those of P. major.

Growth Responses of Green and Yellow Foxtail (Setaria viridisand S.lutescens) to Shade

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 774-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol J. Bubar ◽  
Ian N. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Green Foxtail

The growth of green foxtail (Setaria viridisL. Beauv. ♯3SETVI) and yellow foxtail [S. lutescens(Weigel.) Hubb. ♯ SETLU] in full sunlight, under 55 and 73% shade and within a wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Neepawa’) stand, was compared in field experiments conducted over 3 yr. Shade resulted in a proportionately greater reduction in tiller number of yellow foxtail than of green foxtail. Plants growing in full sunlight produced up to five times more tillers than those growing in the crop. Averaged over the 3 yr, the two shade treatments reduced dry-matter accumulation of both species by 40% or more. The dry weight of plants within the crop was only about one-eighth of that of plants grown in full sunlight. Under both shade treatments and in the crop, yellow foxtail was consistently taller than green foxtail. Nevertheless, no differences in dry weight occurred between species under either shade treatment or in the crop. The results indicate that neither of the two species is distinctly more shade tolerant than the other, nor better adapted to compete with wheat.

Effect of synthetic auxins with N2 fixing bacteria on different characters affecting growth and yield in nodulated wheat

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
Reena Tomer ◽  
S. P. Singh ◽  
Mahesh Kumar ◽  
Nidhi Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Azorhizobium Caulinodans ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Hoagland Solution ◽  
Nodule Number ◽  
Synthetic Auxins ◽  
Total Dry Weight

In wheat variety C-306, nodule like outgrowths were introduced using, 2,4-D, IBA and NAA in N2 free Hoagland solution. These seedlings were inoculated with Azorhizobium caulinodans (ORS 571) and Nostoc(mixed strain). These treated seedlings were then transferred to pot culture in natural conditions. A set of uninoculated seedlings was also raised in same conditions. Nodule number, ARA and photosynthetic rate was highest in 2,4-D induced seedlings inoculated with Azorhizobium caulinodans while total dry weight, tiller number, leaf area was highest in IBA with Nostoc and most significantly NPK content was also maximum in this combination. Yield was highest in IBA treated seedlings inoculated with Azorhizobium caulinodans.

Effect of Seeding Dates and Densities of Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis) on the Growth and Productivity of Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
E. H. Stobbe ◽  
A. R. W. Sturko
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Normal Height ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Competition of green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.] was studied in a semi-dwarf wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Norquay’) and in two normal-height wheats (‘Napayo’ and ‘Sinton’) from 1975 through 1978. Green foxtail suppressed wheat growth as well as grain yield. Tiller number, leaf area, and dry weight of wheat were reduced. Green foxtail was more competitive in the semi-dwarf variety than in either normal height variety. The intensity of green foxtail competition could not be determined by density alone. In 1975, as few as 100 green foxtail plants/m2significantly reduced yield of Napayo and Norquay wheat by 21 and 44%, respectively. In 1977, however, 1600 green foxtail plants/m2did not reduce the yield of Sinton wheat significantly. The intensity of green foxtail competition was highly variable from one date of seeding to the next, but there was no correlation between the level of green foxtail competition and the date of seeding. Soil temperature and moisture at the time of seeding and early growth are thought to affect green foxtail competition in wheat critically.

Effects of Sowing Date on Growth, Development and Yield of Photosensitive Sorghum at Samaru, Northern Nigeria

1975 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Kassam ◽  
D. J. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Head Development ◽  
Definite Effect ◽  
Filling Phase ◽  
Total Growth ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Total Dry Weight

SUMMARYPerformance of Short Kaura, a photosensitive Nigerian sorghum, was compared at Samaru in ten sowings in 1972. Except for a two-week interval between the fifth and sixth sowings, all sowings were at weekly intervals from 12 May to 21 July. Total dry weight and grain yield decreased with delay in sowing after 26 May at the rate of 1700 kg.ha.−1 week−1 and 360 kg. ha.−1 week−1 respectively. Each week's delay in sowing after 12 May shortened the total growth cycle by 5·9 to 6·0 days, with 77 to 78 per cent in the vegetative phase, 7 to 8 per cent in the head development phase and 14 to 16 per cent in the grain filling phase. Although the date of head initiation seemed to be determined by photoperiod, sowing date also had a small but definite effect.

scholarly journals 294 SINK ACTIVITY AND CARBOHYDRATE ALLOCATION PATTERNS WITHIN DEVELOPING APPLE FRUIT WITH AND WITHOUT FRUIT THINNING

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 472c-472
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Archbold
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Storage Carbohydrate ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Over Time ◽  
June Drop

Over 4 years, using estimates of fruit dry weight derived from diameter measurements in situ, cultivar variation in apple fruit relative growth rate (RGR) in the period following June drop was evident. These differences diminished as the season progressed however. Using estimates of dry weight per cell, fruit cell absolute growth rate increased over time and RGR showed no clear pattern in contrast to the RGR of whole fruit. There were no cultivar differences in carbohydrate allocation among the soluble, starch, and remaining ethanol-insoluble, non-hydrolyzable pools irrespective of cultivar RGR. The storage carbohydrate pool comprised an increasing fraction of the total dry weight over time with the starch pool comprising 10 to 25% of the storage carbohydrate, varying with season and cultivar. Neither fruit competition within a cluster nor post-June drop thinning altered fruit RGR or carbohydrate allocation patterns when compared to fruit thinned post-bloom.

Effect of altitude on resource allocation in the weed Achillea millefolium (yarrow, Asteraceae) in the Australian Alps

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Mary Johnston ◽  
Catherine Marina Pickering
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Achillea Millefolium ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Australian Alps ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Environmental Weed ◽  
Ground Structures

Increasing severity of environment associated with increasing altitude in mountain ecosystems (decreasing temperature, increasing duration of snow cover) can affect relative and absolute biomass-allocation patterns in plants. Biomass allocation was examined along a 620-m altitudinal gradient in the Australian Alps for the important environmental weed Achillea millefolium (L., Asteraceae, yarrow). Relative and absolute biomass allocation (dry weight) to reproductive (capitula, flowering stems and associated leaves), vegetative (leaves not on the flowering stem) and below-ground structures (rhizome and roots) were measured at each of nine sites by using quadrats. Increasing altitude resulted in a decrease in relative and absolute allocation of biomass to reproductive structures. For example, the dry weight of inflorescences declined as altitude increased because of a decrease in the weight of the terminal and side branches of the inflorescences, but not the total number of capitula produced. There was also a trend for increased relative allocation to below-ground structures with increasing altitude, even though altitude did not affect absolute allocation to below-ground and vegetative structures, or the total dry weight of A. millefolium. These results are consistent with those for other species growing at high altitude. The management implications for the control of A. millefolium in the Australian Alps are discussed, including in relation to predicted climatic change.

Biennial wormwood (Artemisia biennis) biomass allocation and seed production

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris J. Mahoney ◽  
George O. Kegode
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitive

Biennial wormwood has become an important weed problem in the northern Great Plains, but little is known about its biology. Biennial wormwood seeds were collected from Fargo, ND, and Fergus Falls, MN, for field experiments in 1999 and 2000 to determine the influence of transplanting date on growth, biomass, and seed production. Seeds were seeded in a greenhouse every 2 wk, and seedling rosettes were transplanted to the field 2 wk after emergence from April 30 until September 15 to simulate season-long emergence. Weekly destructive subsampling started 2 wk after transplanting and ended on September 29 in both years. All seedlings that grew for at least 5 wk after transplanting produced flowers by mid- to late August of the same year. Late-transplanted seedlings with less than 5 wk of growth did not flower or survive the winter. Biennial wormwood biomass allocation patterns resemble those of an annual species, with about 15% of the total dry weight allocated to roots, 20% to stems, 25% to leaves, and 40% to flowers. Transplant date had a substantial influence on biomass partitioning. Seedlings transplanted early in the growing season produced more biomass and seed than late-season transplants. Biennial wormwood seedlings transplanted on April 30 produced over 435,000 seeds per plant, whereas seedlings transplanted on August 15 produced 500 to 3,000 seeds. Biennial wormwood was photoperiod sensitive and flowered when the day length was about 14 h or less, between August 18 and 25, in both years.

BIOASSAY OF PROLACTIN

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Nicoll
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Assay Sensitivity ◽  
Mucosal Epithelium ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Total Dry Weight

ABSTRACT The response of the pigeon crop-sac to systemically acting prolactin (injected subcutaneously) was evaluated by measuring the wet weight of the responsive lateral lobes of the organ and by determining the dry weight of a 4 cm diameter disc of mucosal epithelium taken from one hemicrop. Of several different injection schedules tested, administration of prolactin in four daily injections was found to yield optimal responses. When compared with a graded series of prolactin doses, measurement of the mucosal dry weight proved to be a better method of response quantification than determination of the crop-sac wet weight with respect to both assay sensitivity and precision. The submucosal tissue of the crop-sac was estimated to constitute about 64 % of the total dry weight of the unstimulated organ and it was found to be relatively unresponsive to prolactin stimulation in comparison with the mucosa. The lipid content of the mucosal epithelium was determined using unstimulated crop-sacs or tissues which showed varying degrees of prolactin-induced proliferation. The fat content of the mucosal epithelial cells increased only slightly more rapidly than the dry weight or the defatted dry weight of the mucosa. Suggestions are made for the further improvement of the systemic crop-sac assay for prolactin.

Impact of an Open Trellis on Canopy Growth, Light Interception, Yield, and Leaf Physiology of Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus)

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 468b-468
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Klauer ◽  
J. Scott Cameron ◽  
Chuhe Chen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Leaf Physiology ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Upper Third

After promising results were obtained with an open-style split trellis (two top wires) in its initial year, two new trials were established in 1997 in northwest (Lynden) and southwest (Woodland) Washington. For the split trellis, actual yields were 33% (machine-picked 1/2 season) and 17% (hand-picked) greater, respectively, for the two locations compared to the conventional trellis (one top wire). In Woodland, canes from the split trellis had 33% more berries, 55% more laterals, 69% more leaves, and 25% greater leaf area compared with the conventional trellis. Greatest enhancement of these components was in the upper third of the canopy. Laterals were also shorter in this area of the split canopy, but there was no difference in average total length of lateral/cane between trellis types. Total dry weight/cane was 22% greater in the split trellis, but component partitioning/cane was consistent between the two systems with fruit + laterals (43%) having the greatest above-ground biomass, followed by the stem (30% to 33%) and the leaves (21% to 22%). Measurement of canopy width, circumference, and light interception showed that the split-trellis canopy filled in more quickly, and was larger from preanthesis through postharvest. Light interception near the top of the split canopy was 30% greater 1 month before harvest with 98% interception near the top and middle of that canopy. There was no difference between the trellis types in leaf CO2 assimilation, spectra, or fluorescence through the fruiting season, or in total nitrogen of postharvest primocane leaves.

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