scholarly journals 294 SINK ACTIVITY AND CARBOHYDRATE ALLOCATION PATTERNS WITHIN DEVELOPING APPLE FRUIT WITH AND WITHOUT FRUIT THINNING

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 472c-472
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Archbold
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Storage Carbohydrate ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Over Time ◽  
June Drop

Over 4 years, using estimates of fruit dry weight derived from diameter measurements in situ, cultivar variation in apple fruit relative growth rate (RGR) in the period following June drop was evident. These differences diminished as the season progressed however. Using estimates of dry weight per cell, fruit cell absolute growth rate increased over time and RGR showed no clear pattern in contrast to the RGR of whole fruit. There were no cultivar differences in carbohydrate allocation among the soluble, starch, and remaining ethanol-insoluble, non-hydrolyzable pools irrespective of cultivar RGR. The storage carbohydrate pool comprised an increasing fraction of the total dry weight over time with the starch pool comprising 10 to 25% of the storage carbohydrate, varying with season and cultivar. Neither fruit competition within a cluster nor post-June drop thinning altered fruit RGR or carbohydrate allocation patterns when compared to fruit thinned post-bloom.

scholarly journals The effect on the growth of Lemna minor of alternating periods of light and darkness of equal length

1938 ◽  
Vol 125 (838) ◽  
pp. 115-123 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Lemna Minor ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Garner and Allard (1931) showed that plants grown in alternating light and dark periods of equal duration respond differently according to the length of the period. They found that the growth of Cosmos sulphureus, for example, was progressively poorer as the alternating periods decreased from 12 hr. to 1 min., after which it improved rapidly so that at 5 sec. intermittency the plants were of fairly normal appearance, i.e. like those in 12 hr. alternations. No measurements of these effects however were made. Portsmouth (1937) carried out similar experiments with cucumber plants, and has shown that the increase in total dry weight is greatest in continuous light, only slightly less in 12 hr. alternations and considerably less in 1 min. alternations. He suggests that the effects observed were related to carbohydrate deficiency occasioned by a falling net assimilation rate and partial closure of the stomata at 1 min. alternations. Gregory and Pearse (1937) have shown that short alternating light and dark periods are accompanied by a closing of the stomata in Pelargonium , and here again the effect was at a maximum with intermittencies of about 1 min. duration. In view of the above results it was decided to repeat and extend the growth-rate determinations with Lemna minor , which is simple in structure and is eminently suitable for experimental work under laboratory conditions. It had also the advantage, as its stomatal opening does not change, that should results similar to those of Garner and Allard, and Portsmouth, be obtained it would be possible to assess the value of stomatal closure at rapid intermittencies on growth rate. 2. Experimental procedure Two different stocks of Lemna were employed, one, coming originally from the Chelsea Physic Garden, had been used previously in this de-partment, while the other was a fresh stock obtained from Sutton. Each stock was established in the first instance from a single individual. In all cases colonies were grown under 12 hr. alternating light and darkness for 14 days before being placed under the lighting conditions in which their growth rate was to be measured. Apart from the light factor all environmental conditions were the same during the preliminary 14 days as when measurements were being made. The plants were grown in a culture solution made up as follows: CaH 4 (PO 4 ) 2 . H 2 O 0·100 g., KNO 3 0·800 g., MgSO 4 . 7H 2 O 0·25 g., FeCl 3 0·002g., distilled water 1000 ml. In some cases the water used was condensed on glass, in others on copper. The culture solution was changed only when the plants were being measured; it was not aerated but always shaken up with air immediately before being used. The solution was made up in amounts of 2 litres, but as the number of colonies to be supplied varied from time to time the several lots lasted for different periods.

scholarly journals Variation Between Cut Chrysanthemum Cultivars in Response to Suboptimal Temperature

2007 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke van der Ploeg ◽  
Ranathunga J.K.N. Kularathne ◽  
Susana M.P. Carvalho ◽  
Ep Heuvelink
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Cultivation Period ◽  
Optimum Response ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Response To Temperature

To breed for more energy-efficient cut chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) cultivars it is important to know the variation of the temperature response existing in modern cultivars. In a greenhouse experiment with 25 chrysanthemum cultivars, a significant variation was observed in temperature response (16 °C or 20 °C) for reaction time, total dry weight produced, stem length, and flower size and number. To study this genetic variation in temperature response over a larger range of temperatures (15 °C to 24 °C), four contrasting cultivars (Annecy, Delianne, Reagan, and Supernova) were selected in a second experiment. Furthermore, a third experiment was performed in which the cultivation period was split into three phases and the influence of temperature in each of these phases was studied for the four selected cultivars. Dry weight production in all cultivars was very sensitive to temperature during the long day period. Relative growth rate showed an optimum response to temperature, with the optimum around 24 °C. Net assimilation rate also showed an optimum response to temperature, whereas leaf area ratio increased linearly with temperature. Compared with these temperature effects during the long day, the effect of temperature on absolute growth rate during the short day was, depending on the cultivar, relatively small or even absent. The reaction time, on the other hand, was very temperature sensitive, showing an optimum that was cultivar dependent. The temperature response of the total dry weight production during the whole cultivation period was, therefore, very cultivar dependent. Furthermore, depending on the cultivar, stem length increased with temperature, especially during long day, as a result of both increasing internode number and average internode length. The response of both flower size and number to temperature was also highly cultivar specific. The possibilities of using this genetic variation for breeding are discussed.

Development of yield in two grain-sorghum hybrids. I. Dry weight and carbon-14 studies

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Chamberlin ◽  
GL Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Data

Growth and development of two grain-sorghum hybrids (De Kalb E57 and Texas 610) were examined under glasshouse conditions by sequential harvesting and the use of I4C. The grain yield per plant of Texas 610 was higher than that of E57, with higher total biological yield and similar harvest indices. The contribution to grain weight at maturity, of carbon assimilated prior to anthesis, was about 10% for each hybrid. The leaves were the main source of this material. After anthesis, dry weight data indicated that temporary storage of assimilates before retranslocation to the grain was of greater importance in Texas 610 than E57. This storage was largely in the leaves (including sheaths), upper internodes, and roots. A high grain-growth rate was maintained for longer by Texas 610 than by E57. Total dry weight production after anthesis in both hybrids was, at all stages examined, more than sufficient to maintain grain growth.

ANALYSIS OF GROWTH OF IRRIGATED RAPE

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. MAJOR
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Irrigated Polish rape (Brassica campestris L. cv. Span) and Argentine rape (B. napus L. cv. Zephyr) were harvested at 1-wk intervals at Lethbridge, Alberta and separated into leaves, stems, pods, and seed. Leaves reached maximum dry weight on 8 July for Span and 15 July for Zephyr and then senesced completely or to low levels. Maximum plant dry matter, which ranged from 312 to 1,174 g/m2, occurred in the last half of August. Although total dry weight increased substantially during the period that leaf dry weight was decreasing, crop growth rate also decreased, indicating that leaves were an important source of photosynthates for plant growth.

scholarly journals Growth analysis in chard plants (Beta vulgaris L. Cicla, cv. 'Pencas Blancas') exposed to different light quality

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fánor Casierra-Posada ◽  
Esteban Zapata-Casierra ◽  
Daniel A. Chaparro-Chaparro
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight

To determine the effects of light quality on the growth indices of plants, Pencas Blancas cultivar chard plantlets were grown for 2 months under five different light treatments, obtained by filtering sunlight through colored polyethylene films. The treatments included: red, blue, green, yellow and transparent cover colors. A transparent cover (white light) was used as the control. The colored covers affected the plant growth. The plants grown under the yellow cover presented a better behavior with regards to growth, taken as: total dry weight per plant, leaf area, specific leaf area, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, harvestable dry matter and root to shoot ratio. The dry matter partitioning in the leaves and roots was affected by the light quality, but not in the petioles, with a higher accumulation of dry mass in the leaves of plants grown under the yellow cover. As a consequence of the enhanced leaf area in the plants under the yellow cover, they also had the highest water uptake. On the other hand, the highest net assimilation rate value was found in plants grown under the transparent cover. These results open up the possibility of using yellow colored cover in leafy green vegetables, especially in chard plants grown under controlled conditions.

scholarly journals Growth and Development of the Main Greek Oriental Tobacco Cultivars

1989 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-187
Author(s):  
AG Sficas ◽  
IC Antoniou
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Logarithmic Curve ◽  
Sigmoid Curve ◽  
Height Increase ◽  
Total Dry Weight

AbstractGrowth and development of seven Oriental tobacco cultivars, representing aromatic, neutral and taste type tobacco grown in Greece, were studied at Drama, Greece, during 1982 and 1983. The growing period from transplanting to flowering ranged from 65 to 80 days and was the same for both years. plant height increase followed a sigmoid curve, the number of harvestable leaves developed almost linearly with time, and total dry weight production and leaf area increase can be described by a logarithmic curve. The effect of year on all parameters was significant, but cultivar differences were consistent. Assimilation rates during the whole period ranged from 0.1 g to 3.0 g per day per plant in 1982, and from 0.1 g to 2.7 g in 1983. Dry weight distribution in the plant parts and final yield production for the cultivars tested were also recorded.

scholarly journals Peanut Cultivar Differences in Yield Based on Source and Sink Characteristics

1970 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iskandar Lubis ◽  
Heni Purnamawati ◽  
Roedhy Poerwanto ◽  
, Yudiwanti ◽  
Ahmad Ghozi Mansyuri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Single Leaf

This research was conducted to determine peanut cultivar differences in sink and source sizes as represented by vegetative growth and yields. Two sets of experiments were conducted at Bogor Agricultural University farms, Sawah Baru and Cikarawang (06o33’, S, 106o45’E, 250 m altitude). Planting was conducted on June 12 and June 20, 2007 using 20 local and national cultivars in each location. Both experiments used randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were analyzed using correlation and regression analysis. Size of experimental unit was 1.6 m x 4.0 m, with planting density 125,000 plants ha-1. Urea, SP36 and KCl were applied at planting date in the rate of (kg ha-1) 45 N, 100 P2O5 and 50 K2O. Four stages of plant growth were studied: 25 days after planting (DAP); 6 weeks after planting (WAP); 10 WAP (pod filling) and 14 WAP (harvest). Five plants were sampled at 25 DAP, two plants at 6 WAP, 10 WAP and 14 WAP, and separated into leaves, stems, roots and pods. The average yield of two experimental stations showed that Biawak cultivar had the highest yield due to relatively higher aboveground dry weight (source), pod filling percentage and maximum number of gynophor+pods (potential sink). Jepara cultivar had the lowest yield due to low pod filling percentage and potential sink, although its source was considered to be in the medium category. Above ground dry weight at 6 and 10 WAP had close relation with Crop Growth Rate (CGR) during 25 DAP-6 WAP and 6-10 WAP, and the higher CGR during those periods were more related to leaf area index than to single leaf photosynthetic capacity. Keywords: crop growth rate, pod filling percentage, leaf area index, single leaf photosynthetic capacity

The effects of shade on growth, development, and resource allocation patterns of three species of foxtail (Setaria)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1776-1786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna M. Lee ◽  
Paul B. Cavers
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Setaria Glauca ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Lower Tolerance

Three weedy foxtail species, Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv., S. verticillata (L.) Beauv., and S. viridis (L.) Beauv. occur in southwestern Ontario. Plants of the three species were grown in pure stands in the open and under one, two, or three layers of cheesecloth which transmitted 71, 40, and 19% of incident insolation, respectively. Six harvests were taken between July and September in which height, tiller number, dry weight of component parts, and leaf area were determined for randomly selected plants of each species. In unshaded conditions, S. verticillata was the tallest species and had the greatest total dry weight per plant. However, this species was the most adversely affected by shade, with significant reductions in tiller number, biomass production, and reproductive effort with increasing shade. Setaria viridis and S. verticillata exhibited a relative increase in allocation to leaves with increasing shade while S. glauca had a relative increase to stems, indicating different strategies in response to shade. The apparent lower tolerance of shade in S. verticillata may help to explain the comparative rarity of this species in southwestern Ontario.

The influence of temperature and density on the growth of communities of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Mount Barker)

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
PS Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The influence of temperature on the growth of high and low density communities of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Mount Barker) was studied at four temperatures ranging from 12�C day/7�C night to 27�C day/22�C night. The response to temperature depended on leaf area index (LAI). When the LAI was low (0.2), growth rate increased with increasing temperature to a maximum at 22� day/ 17�C night. This agreed with the temperature response of single plants of the same species previously reported. However, when the LAI was 3 the growth rate was not influenced by temperature within the range tested. At a still higher value of LAI (5.5), the response in growth became negative with increasing temperature, communities at the highest temperature growing at only half the rate of those at the lowest. The frequency distribution of plant size in the dense communities was measured, at eight times during the experiment. The distribution was influenced by both temperature and the total dry weight of the community. At low temperature it was approximately symmetrical, but at high temperature it rapidly became asymmetric as total dry weight increased, the amount of skewness being greatest at the highest temperature and dry weight. Plant death was greatest at the high temperature. The communities were divided into five equally populated groups of ascending plant size. At high temperature the largest plants increased in size throughout the experiment, but each of the groups of smaller plants reached a maximum size, subsequently losing weight. At lower temperatures only the groups of smaller size lost weight, the number of groups losing weight depending on temperature. The distribution data were used to try to explain the interaction between temperature and LAI. It was proposed that community growth rate was best when canopy cover was complete and the distribution of plant weight was not strongly skewed.

scholarly journals Effects of the Light Irradiance on the Growth and Lipids Content of Amphidinium Carterae (Dinophyceae) for Biofuels Production

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Mendoza-Flores ◽  
Clara Elizabeth Galindo-Sánchez ◽  
M. del Pilar Sánchez-Saavedra
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Cell Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Amphidinium Carterae ◽  
Irradiance Level ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Abstract The irradiance level used to the microalgae cultures can modify the growth and proximate composition, however, this response is specie specific. The dinoflagellate group had the potential to be used as a source to biofuel production. In this study was evaluated the effect of five irradiance levels (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 µmol photon m-2 s­-1) on the growth rate, proximal composition, pigment content, and photosynthesis of Amphidinium carterae. The highest cell concentration was for the cultures at 150 µmol photon m-2 s-1 (130 × 103 cells mL-1), and the lowest values for 50 µmol photon m-2 s-1 (49 × 103 cells mL-1). The cultures maintained under the low irradiance (50 µmol photon m-2 s-1) had the highest values of total dry weight (TDW) (13418 pg cell-1), organic dry weight (ODW) (3836 pg cell-1), and inorganic dry weight (IDW) (9582 pg cell-1). The protein content as the general trend increases significantly concerning the irradiance level, with the higher values (87.47 pg cell-1) at high irradiance (250 µmol photon m-2 s-1). Carbohydrate content was different by the effect of irradiance, with the higher values (32.85 pg cell-1) at the low irradiance used (50 µmol photon m-2 s-1). Lipid content was modified by the effect of irradiance, with the highest values (534.74 pg cell-1) at the low irradiance used (50 µmol photon m-2 s-1). As a general trend, the high irradiances increased the photosynthesis curves. These findings demonstrate that the strain of A. carterae used in this work can grow in high irradiances (100 to 250 µmol photon m-2 s-1) and increase significantly the lipid content on low irradiance used (50 µmol photon m-2 s-1).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document