The mineral nutrition of Luffa aegyptiaca

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 2124-2132
Author(s):  
Olubukanla T. Okusanya
Keyword(s):  
Major Elements ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Limited Growth ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Luffa Aegyptiaca ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Appreciable Reduction

Five greenhouse experiments and a field experiment were carried out to determine the nutrient requirements of Luffa aegyptiaca L. by quantitatively determining the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium on its growth in sand culture and in poor lateritic soil. The effects of three pH regimes were also investigated. The species grew best at pH 6.5. When grown in a medium of pH 3.5, there was a significant reduction in growth at low nutrient levels, but at high nutrient levels there was no appreciable reduction in growth. The lack of any of the four nutrient elements limited growth in sand culture, but nitrogen and phosphorus seem to be the major elements limiting growth in the poor lateritic soil with calcium being required in lesser quantities. Suggestions were also made as to the possible application of these results to increase the production of L. aegyptiaca fruits, the fibrous interiors of which are now in great demand as sponges.

The growth of Luffa aegyptiaca in response to various nitrogen sources and concentrations

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 2283-2287
Author(s):  
Olubukanla T. Okusanya ◽  
Olusola O. Lakanmi
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Luffa Aegyptiaca

The growth responses of Luffa aegyptiaca to various nitrogen sources and concentrations were investigated. In sand culture at high concentrations of nitrogen, the species showed equally favourable responses to nitrate nitrogen (KNO3 or Ca(NO3)2), ammonium nitrogen ((NH4)2SO4), and the combination of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen (NH4NO3). There was poor growth in response to NaNO3, CO(NH2)2, and a solution lacking nitrogen. In lateritic soil, the species responded better to ammonium nitrogen and the combination of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen than to nitrate nitrogen. Growth was generally poorer in lateritic soil than in sand. Neither the nitrogen sources nor their concentrations had any significant effect on root weight or the leaf weight ratio. There was a significant decrease in growth as nitrogen concentration decreased in KNO3 and Ca(NO3)2 treatments but it was only at the low concentrations of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 that growth was significantly reduced. The shoot: root mass ratio decreased as nitrogen concentration decreased. The nature of the growth media and the ecological habit of the species are used to partly explain its responses to different nitrogen sources and concentrations. The possible application of these results to increasing the production of L. aegyptiaca is also discussed.

The interaction of nutrients and tillage methods on wheat and weed development

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
CT Gates ◽  
DB Jones ◽  
WJ Muller ◽  
JS Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Tillage Methods

This study evaluated the relative performance of spring wheat under direct drill in comparison with more conventional tillage methods, under a wide range of nutrition treatments and in the presence of an aggressive weed component, Phalaris aguatica (syn. tuberosa). Four tillages were applied: conventional fallow; direct drilled plus pre-emergence grazing; direct drilled plus the pre-sowing herbicide glyphosate; and reduced tillage. There were five levels of phosphorus and two of nitrogen, and a post-emergent herbicide 2,4-D was applied to half of the plots. Growth of crop and weeds was measured at six stages of development, together with final yields. Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and concentration were measured throughout development. Plant nutrients were not released as efficiently with direct drilling as cultivation. Crop plants in direct drilled were not only deficient in nitrogen but also in phosphorus during early development, whereas cultivation ensured that high nutrient levels were attained in fallow plots. Direct drilled plots did not appear to recover completely from this initial deficiency unless fertilized and freed from weed competition. When weeds were controlled, yields of direct drilled plots were comparable with yields of fallow at higher levels of phosphorus and nitrogen, because at these high nutrient levels yields in fallow were suppressed. However, weed competition and/or poorer nutrition lowered direct drill yields. It was concluded that direct drilling requires a new approach, sensitive to the changed agronomic conditions that it engenders. Competition with weeds may be avoided by choosing a vigorous cultivar, avoiding dominant weed species and using herbicides strategically and economically. A high plane of nutrition proniotes the success of direct drilling.

The effect of field drying on the concentrations of some major elements in herbage

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wilman ◽  
Nthoana Mzamane
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Maturity Level ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

SUMMARYHerbage from a grass-white clover sward was dried in the field to the hay stage (≤ 0·33 g moisture/g dry matter) at three times of year in 2 years comparing, in each case, all combinations of two stages of maturity, two levels of applied nitrogen and two thicknesses of swath. Samples taken at intervals during drying were analysed for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium.When there was little or no rain during drying, there was no change in the concentration of any of the six elements in the herbage dry matter between cutting and the hay stage, whatever the stage of maturity, level of N applied or swath thickness.The concentrations of potassium and sodium in the crop were greatly reduced by rain in the later stages of drying, but were less affected by rain in the early and middle stages; the concentrations of calcium and magnesium appeared to be reduced by rain as readily in the middle as in the later stages; the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were relatively little affected by rain, but seemed likely to be more at risk in the later stages. The extent of the reductions in the concentration of elements was not markedly affected by the stage of maturity or level of N applied. There were reductions in the thin but not in the thick swaths when rain fell during the early and middle stages of drying, probably partly or wholly because the herbage in the thin swaths was drier, with a higher proportion of dead cells, at that time than the herbage in the thick swaths. At least 70 kg K/ha was leached out of the crop in the thick swaths by rain in the late stages of drying.

The nutrition of maize in sand culture I. The balance of nutrition with particular reference to the level of supply of nitrogen and phosphorus

1953 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Glover
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Major Nutrients ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Field Behaviour

As part of the overall programme of research directed towards an understanding of fertilizer needs of crop plants in East Africa a study of the nutrition of maize in sand culture has been made.The purpose of the work was to study growth and yield in relation to changes in the proportion and concentration of the major nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and if possible to relate the results to the field behaviour of the crop in fertilizer trials conducted by another section of this organization. Simultaneously studies of the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus were also undertaken. These latter are discussed in the second paper of this series.This first paper deals only with growth, yield and nutrient content in relation to the nitrogen phosphorus balance, though the methods now to be described were common to all experiments.

The nutrition of maize in sand culture II. The uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus and its relevance to plant analysis

1953 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Glover
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Broad Line ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Different Levels

The materials and methods have been described in the first paper of this series (Glover, 1953). All experiments were of 33 factorial design (Yates, 1937) involving three different levels of supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.The results of the measurements are shown graphically in Figs. 1–4 inclusive. Because of the limits set by reproduction of Figs. 1 and 2 it is impossible to show minor variations due to different treatments. Where the curves of uptake run together one broad line is used to denote this. Deviations from this line are shown where they occur. Superimposed on the figures are lines denoting the length of the tasselling and silking periods. Thus a line covering a period of, say, 10 days and bearing the symbol T shows that tasselling in the particular series was completed in that period, and the first tassel was set at the date corresponding to the start of the line.

Influence of increased nutrient supply on Microcystis aeruginosa at cellular and proteomic levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
Y Jiang ◽  
Y Liu
Keyword(s):  
Microcystis Aeruginosa ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Proteomic Responses

Various studies have observed that increased nutrient supply promotes the growth of bloom-forming cyanobacteria, but only a limited number of studies have investigated the influence of increased nutrient supply on bloom-forming cyanobacteria at the proteomic level. We investigated the cellular and proteomic responses of Microcystis aeruginosa to elevated nitrogen and phosphorus supply. Increased supply of both nutrients significantly promoted the growth of M. aeruginosa and the synthesis of chlorophyll a, protein, and microcystins. The release of microcystins and the synthesis of polysaccharides negatively correlated with the growth of M. aeruginosa under high nutrient levels. Overexpressed proteins related to photosynthesis, and amino acid synthesis, were responsible for the stimulatory effects of increased nutrient supply in M. aeruginosa. Increased nitrogen supply directly promoted cyanobacterial growth by inducing the overexpression of the cell division regulatory protein FtsZ. NtcA, that regulates gene transcription related to both nitrogen assimilation and microcystin synthesis, was overexpressed under the high nitrogen condition, which consequently induced overexpression of 2 microcystin synthetases (McyC and McyF) and promoted microcystin synthesis. Elevated nitrogen supply induced the overexpression of proteins involved in gas vesicle organization (GvpC and GvpW), which may increase the buoyancy of M. aeruginosa. Increased phosphorus level indirectly affected growth and the synthesis of cellular substances in M. aeruginosa through the mediation of differentially expressed proteins related to carbon and phosphorus metabolism. This study provides a comprehensive description of changes in the proteome of M. aeruginosa in response to an increased supply of 2 key nutrients.

scholarly journals The SN2 reaction and its relationship with the Walden inversion, the Finkelstein and Menshutkin reactions together with theoretical calculations for the Finkelstein reaction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibon Alkorta ◽  
José Elguero
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Basis Set ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Atom Pairs ◽  
Leaving Groups ◽  
First Time ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

AbstractThis communication gives an overview of the relationships between four reactions that although related were not always perceived as such: SN2, Walden, Finkelstein, and Menshutkin. Binary interactions (SN2 & Walden, SN2 & Menshutkin, SN2 & Finkelstein, Walden & Menshutkin, Walden & Finkelstein, Menshutkin & Finkelstein) were reported. Carbon, silicon, nitrogen, and phosphorus as central atoms and fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and iodides as lateral atoms were considered. Theoretical calculations provide Gibbs free energies that were analyzed with linear models to obtain the halide contributions. The M06-2x DFT computational method and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set have been used for all atoms except for iodine where the effective core potential def2-TZVP basis set was used. Concerning the central atom pairs, carbon/silicon vs. nitrogen/phosphorus, we reported here for the first time that the effect of valence expansion was known for Si but not for P. Concerning the lateral halogen atoms, some empirical models including the interaction between F and I as entering and leaving groups explain the Gibbs free energies.

Water-Fertilizer Coupling Effects and Efficient Utilization under Peanut-Millet Interplanting Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 742 ◽  
pp. 272-277
Author(s):  
Liang Shan Feng ◽  
Zhan Xiang Sun ◽  
Jia Ming Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Coupling Effect ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
Factor Interactions ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

In this study, the results showed that water is the most important factor to affect crop yields and optimum soil moisture is lower under the conditions of peanut-and-millet interplanting. Thus, peanut-and-millet interplanting is generally able to fit most of the semi-arid region. In the interaction of various factors, the coupling effect of water and phosphorus was stronger than the coupling effect of fertilizers, following by the coupling effect of water and nitrogen. Among peanuts factors of water, nitrogen, and multi-factorial interaction of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus, water and nitrogen showed a negative effect, whereas the two-factor interactions had a positive effect. There were some differences between peanut and millet in the need for water and fertilizer, in which peanut required more nitrogen and millet needed slightly higher soil moisture and phosphorus. When other factors were in rich level, both of the optimal value for single factors of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus and the optimal value for two-factor interactions of water-nitrogen, water-phosphorus, and nitrogen-phosphorus, were higher than the optimal value for the interaction of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The tiny demand difference on moisture in peanut-millet interplanting could be compromised by configuring a reasonable interplanting population structure and the corresponding demand difference on fertilizer could be resolved by uneven crop planting strips. Under the condition of water-nitrogen-phosphorus interaction, the soil moisture content optimal for peanut accounted for 57.3% of the field capacity, and the related appropriate application rates of nitrogen and phosphorus were 0.98 g/pot (81.18 kg/hm2) and 0.39g/pot (32.18 kg/hm2), respectively. Likewise, the soil moisture content optimal for millet was 59.1% of the field capacity, and the counterpart appropriate application rates of nitrogen and phosphorus were 0.57 g/pot (47.03 kg/hm2) and 0.45g / pot (37.13 kg/hm2), respectively.

Distribution of Biomass, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Other Nutrients in Banksia marginata and B. ornata Shoots of Different Ages After Fire.

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Groves ◽  
PJ Hocking ◽  
A Mcmahon
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Nutrient Accumulation ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

The heathland form of Banksia marginata Cav. regenerates rarely from seed but commonly by resprout- ing from buds on lateral roots, whereas Banksia ornata F. Muell. regenerates only from seed, usually released after fire. The two species co-occur in heath vegetation on nutrient-poor soils in south-eastern South Australia and western Victoria. Shoots were sampled from stands of B. marginata aged from 1 to 25 years and of B. ornata aged from 1 to 50+ years after fire in the Little Desert National Park, western Victoria. B. marginata, the resprouter, distributed a greater proportion of the total shoot dry matter and content of all nutrients to vegetative growth over its shorter life span than B. ornata, the non-sprouter. About 50% of the total phosphorus in B. ornata shoots at 50+ years was present in cones (including seeds) compared with only about 20% in B. marginata shoots at a comparable stage of senescence (25 years). This difference between the species was also true to a lesser degree for nitrogen. There were considerable differences between other nutrients in their distribution patterns in shoots. Nutrients could be grouped together on the basis of distribution in shoots more satisfactorily than on presumed physio- logical roles. Stems were major sites of nutrient accumulation in both species. The content of a particular nutrient in seeds as a proportion of the content in the living parts of the shoot ranged from 0.03% (Na, Mn) to 2.0% (P) in B. marginata, and from 0.3% (Na) to as high as 31% (P) in B. ornata. Concen- trations of all nutrients except sodium were much higher in seeds than in the woody cones or vegetative organs of both species; seeds of B. ornata were particularly rich in calcium and manganese. We conclude that the different patterns of distribution of biomass and nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, within shoots of the two species reflect their different regenerative modes after fire. Introduction Phosphorus and, to a lesser extent, nitrogen limit the growth of sclerophyllous shrubs on nutrient-poor soils in southern Australia

scholarly journals Effect of Intercropping and Fertility Levels on the Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potash Content and Uptake by Summer Pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) under South Gujarat Condition

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-179
Author(s):  
K. R. Patel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Green Gram ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
K Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

A field experiment was conducted at College Agronomy Farm, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari during summer, 2019 and 2020 comprising four intercropping treatments i.e. pearlmillet sole, pearlmillet+greengram, pearlmillet+cowpea, pearlmillet+clusterbean and three fertility levels viz., 75 % RDF, 100 % RDF and 125 % RDF. Among the different intercropping system examined, sole pearl millet (I1) accumulated significantly less content of N and P in pearl millet grain and straw as compared to intercropping with pulses treatments. Pearl millet + green gram (I2) recorded significantly higher N and P uptake by pearl millet straw than other intercropping systems. The sole pearl millet (I1) was at par with pearl millet intercropped with green gram (I2) had significantly higher K content and uptake in pearl millet grain and straw. In case of fertility levels, nitrogen and phosphorus content and uptake in pearl millet grain and straw were recorded significantly higher by application of 100 % RDF. Significantly higher N, P and K uptake by pearl millet grain and straw in pooled results were produced by treatment combination of pearl millet + green gram (I2) intercropping along with 75 % RDF (F1).

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