Composition and Nutritive Value of Meals From Alewife, Sheepshead, Maria, and Tullibee

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1291-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. March ◽  
J. Biely ◽  
E. G. Bligh ◽  
A. W. Lantz
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Marine Fish ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Aplodinotus Grunniens ◽  
Biological Tests ◽  
Coregonus Artedii

The composition and nutritive value of meals manufactured from four species of freshwater fish, alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), sheepshead (Aplodinotus grunniens), maria (Lota lota), and tullibee (Coregonus artedii), were determined and compared with meals of marine origin (herring and white fish). The meals from freshwater fish contained 62–68% protein, 7–13% fat, and 14–20% ash. Sodium, potassium, and magnesium levels were lower than in the marine fish meals but iron and copper were higher. Riboflavin, pantothenic acid, niacin, and cobalamin were present in lesser amounts in freshwater fish meals than in herring meal but at similar or higher levels than in white fish meal. There were no consistent differences between the amino acid compositions of the freshwater fish and the marine fish meals. Biological tests with chicks indicated that the freshwater fish meals were similar in supplementary protein value to marine fish meals. The pepsin digestibility values for proteins were 95.5–97.7% which compare favourably with the values for marine fish meals. Metabolizable energy values ranged from 2630 to 3680 Kcal/kg dry weight.

Freshwater Fish Oils: Yields and Composition of Oils from Reduction of Sheepshead, Tullibee, Maria, and Alewife

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1219-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Ackman ◽  
C. A. Eaton ◽  
E. G. Bligh ◽  
A. W. Lantz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Fish Oils ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Marine Oils ◽  
Aplodinotus Grunniens ◽  
Reduction Plant ◽  
Coregonus Artedii ◽  
Arachidonic Acids

Oils were produced from four species of freshwater fish (sheepshead, Aplodinotus grunniens; tullibee, Coregonus artedii; maria, Lota lota; alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus) in a commercial reduction plant. The oil iodine values were, respectively, 123, 143, 158, and 165. Fatty acids were determined by gas–liquid chromatography. All four oils showed higher levels of C16 and C18 fatty acids than corresponding marine oils, but only sheepshead and tullibee had distinctly low levels of C22 acids. The four freshwater oils differed from most marine oils in having higher proportions of linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids. In most respects fatty acid compositions of freshwater fish oils were not dissimilar from marine oils.

Productivity of the forage of perennial grasses and their mixtures on drained peatlands

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (91) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
V.H. Kurhak ◽  
M.I. Shtakal ◽  
V.M. Shtakal
Keyword(s):  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
High Productivity

There showed the productivity, chemical composition of feed and the timing of mowing of grass and variety mixes of permanent grasses on drained peat soils of Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The presence of early rip­ ened seeded grass provides a uniform supply use mowed mass from middle May until the end of September and the productivity of lands, which ranges from 10 to 14 t/ha of dry weight, metabolizable energy – 100.0 – 130.0 GJ and feed units 7-11 t/ha. Additional manuring of N90 on the background Р45К120 is effective at the start of second year of use. On the organization of hay conveyors of different ripening time herbages is possible to extend the optimal tim­ ing of mowing of green mass to 25-35 days. Best among the early-maturing grass crops are Dactylis glomerata va­ riety Kyivska rannia-1 with Alopecurus pratensis variety Sarnenskiy ranniy or its mixture with Bromus inermis and Festuca pratensis. With medium ripening – pure sowing eastern fescue of variety Lyudmila, Phalaris arundinacea variety Sarnenski-40, Bromus inermis variety Arsen and their compounds. High productivity of late-ripening herb­ age is provided by the inclusion in the composition of grass mixtures of Phleum pratense L. variety Vyshgorodska and Dactylis glomerata of variety Ukrainka, and Agrostis gigantea Roth variety Sarnenska piznia. It is also possible organization hay conveyors of different ripening varieties of Dactylis glomerata varieties Kyivska rannia, Muravka, Ukrainka.

scholarly journals Temporal Variations in Chemical Composition, In Vitro Digestibility, and Metabolizable Energy of Plant Species Browsed by Goats in Southern Mediterranean Forest Rangeland

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1441
Author(s):  
Youssef Chebli ◽  
Samira El Otmani ◽  
Mouad Chentouf ◽  
Jean-Luc Hornick ◽  
Jean-François Cabaraux
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Mediterranean Forest ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Southern Mediterranean

Forest rangelands contribute largely to goat diets in the Mediterranean area. Information about browsed plant quality is essential for adequate feeding management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the temporal changes in chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of the main plant species selected by goats in the Southern Mediterranean forest rangeland during two consecutive years; these were very contrasted (dry and wet). The browsed species were composed of herbaceous, eleven shrubs, and four tree species. Overall, large variability in chemical composition, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and metabolizable energy (ME) was observed among species, grazing season (spring, summer, and autumn), and years within each species. Crude protein (CP) content varied from 60 to 240 g/kg dry matter (DM). The fiber fractions, except for Quercus suber, increased significantly by advancing maturity. Due to the water stress, the lignin level presented a higher value during the spring of the dry year. Condensed tannin (CT) content varied from 2 to 184 g/kg DM. CP, IVOMD, and ME showed a negative correlation with lignin and CT. Based on the results presented herein, it is concluded that the nutritive value of the browsed plant species was highest in the spring and lowest during the summer and autumn of both studied years. With a good grazing management strategy, the selected plant species by goats could guarantee high-quality feeding resources throughout the year.

The estimation of the nutritive value of feeds as energy sources for ruminants and the derivation of feeding systems

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
A. W. Boyne
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Biological Concepts ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Feeding Systems

SUMMARYThe results of 80 calorimetric experiments with sheep and cattle, mostly conducted in Scotland, were analysed using a generalization of the Mitscherlich equation R = B(l–exp(–pG))–l, where R is daily energy retention and G daily gross energy intake, both scaled by dividing by the fasting metabolism. The relations between gross energy and metabolizable energy were also examined. Methods of fitting the Mitscherlich equation and the errors associated with it are presented.It is shown that the gross energy of the organic matter of feed can be estimated from proximate principles with an error of ±2·3% (coefficient of variation) and that provided different classes of feed are distinguished, the metabolizable energy of organic matter can be estimated from gross energy and crude fibre content with an error of ±6·9%. Parameters of the primary equation made with cattle agreed with those made with sheep and there was no evidence of non-proportionality of responses on substitution of feeds in mixtures.The efficiency of utilization of gross energy for maintenance and for body gain of energy was related to the metabolizability of gross energy and, in addition, to fibre or to protein content. Prediction equations are presented which describe these relationships.It is shown that the primary equation can be manipulated to express a number of biological concepts and that its two parameters B and p can be simply derived from estimates of the two efficiency terms for maintenance and production.The results are discussed in relation to the design of feeding systems for ruminant animals and to the derivation of optima in their feeding.

Illegal trade of aquarium species through the Brazilian postal service in Ceará State

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lívio M. Gurjão ◽  
Glaura M. L. Barros ◽  
Daniele P. Lopes ◽  
Daniel A. N. Machado ◽  
Tito M. C. Lotufo
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Marine Fish ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Betta Splendens ◽  
Illegal Trade ◽  
Postal Service ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Eastern Brazil ◽  
Renewable Natural Resources

Brazil is one of the main suppliers of aquarium species globally, and Ceará state is a recognised trading centre for this activity. Despite Brazilian Postal Law forbidding the mailing of live or dead organisms, smugglers still use this service to transport aquarium species throughout the country. To assess this unlawful practice, the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA, Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis) and the Brazilian Post and Telegraph Co. (ECT, Empresa Brasileira de Correios e Telégrafos) conducted 57 confiscations involving domestic transportation only. The main origin and principal destination of the confiscated packages was south-eastern Brazil, especially São Paulo state, where package inspections must be intensified. Considering all groups of seized species, freshwater fish were by far the most represented organisms due to intense translocation of Betta splendens. Some of the confiscated marine fish, echinoderms and cnidarians are included in the Brazilian List of Threatened Species; thus, their exploitation is restricted or forbidden. In addition, only 18 of the seized species were native to Brazil, and just 12 of them occur naturally in Ceará state, which both raises concerns about potential bioinvasions and demands more control by the Brazilian authorities of smuggled species. Although some illegal traders were repeatedly caught mailing organisms, confiscations do seem to mitigate the illicit transportation of species to some extent.

scholarly journals 351 Awardee Talk: How retained energy and protein affects the determination of energy and protein requirements for growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 84-85
Author(s):  
Luis O Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Methodological Procedures ◽  
Areas Of Concern ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

Abstract The understanding of how nutrition influences the body composition of growing animals has fascinated researchers for centuries. It involves the expertise of scientists with different areas of knowledge, encompassing the composition of the diet and its nutritive value to the fermentation and digestion of substrates to the absorption and metabolism of nutrients, and finally, to the deposition of fat, protein, and minerals in body tissues. The comparative slaughter technique is the preferred method to assess the body composition of growing and finishing animals. However, the methodological procedures are labor-intensive, expensive, and time-consuming, facilitating the incidence of errors and inconsistencies of the measurements that are collected, including the initial animal’s body composition. First, retained fat and protein (RP) are used to compute retained energy (RE). Then, RP and RE are used to compute protein and energy requirements for growth. Heat production, calculated from the metabolizable energy (ME) intake for animals at maintenance, is used to compute maintenance requirements. Three areas of concern exist for this approach: 1) the efficiencies of possible mobilization of fat and protein tissues during the feeding period are unaccounted for, especially for the animals fed near the maintenance level of intake; 2) the correlation between observed and predicted RP when using predicted RE is higher than when using observed RE (0.939 vs. 0.679); and 3) the disconnection when predicting partial efficiency of use of ME for growth using the proportion of RE deposited as protein — carcass approach — versus using the concentration of ME of the diet — diet approach. These concerns raised questions about the interdependency between predicted RP and RE and the existence of internal offsetting errors that may prevent overall adequacy in predicting energy and protein requirements of beef cattle.

The nutritive value for ruminants of a complete processed diet based on barley straw

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Wainman ◽  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
J. D. Pullar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Agricultural Research Council

SUMMARYCalorimetric experiments were made with a complete extruded diet for ruminants, ‘Ruminant Diet A’ prepared by Messrs U.K. Compound Feeds Ltd. Twelve determinations of energy and nitrogen retention were made using sheep and it was found that the diet had a metabolizable energy value of 2–32 kcal/g organic matter, and the net availabilities of its metabolizable energy were 42–7 % for fattening and 68–0 % for maintenance. These values agreed well with those predicted from equations published by the Agricultural Research Council. On a dry basis the starch equivalent was 38–3 %.

Comparative Effects of Temperature on the Sodium and Water Permeabilities of the Gills of a Stenohaline Freshwater Fish (Carassius Auratus) and a Stenohaline Marine Fish (Serranus Scriba, Serranus Cabrilla)

1972 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. ISAIA
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Marine Fish ◽  
Osmotic Gradient ◽  
Water Fluxes ◽  
Simple Diffusion ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Diffusional Permeability ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Sea Perch ◽  
Branchial Membrane

1. Comparative effects of temperature on the permeability of the gill to water and to sodium were studied in the marine sea perch Serranus and the freshwater goldfish Carassius. 2. The acclimation Q10 for the water fluxes is higher in the freshwater fish than in the marine fish. 3. In the goldfish the osmotic permeability (Pos) is greater than the diffusional permeability (Pdlf) at all acclimation temperatures, suggesting the presence of ‘waterfilled channels’ in the branchial membrane. In the sea perch, on the other hand, Pos/Pdlf is approximately 1, indicating that water movements probably occur by simple diffusion. 4. The permeabilities to water and to sodium are similar in the sea perch but very different in the goldfish. Considering these results together with those from a similar study on an elasmobranch, it would seem that the more perfect the semipermeability of the gill membrane and the weaker the transepithelial osmotic gradient, the greater is the branchial porosity. 5. Assuming that temperature changes do not cause modification of the branchial surface or relative permeabilities to water and to sodium the independence of the temperature-coefficient variations for water and for sodium indicates a certain dissociation between the movements of salt and of water, in the sea perch. In the goldfish, assuming a constant branchial surface and in view of the fact that Pos > Pdif the high temperature coefficients for the water fluxes suggest that the water in the ‘water-filled channels’ is in a highly organized state.

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