Comparison of Various Vaccines for Inducing Resistance in the Lobster Homarus americanus to the Bacterial Infection, Gaffkemia

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1887-1892 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Stewart ◽  
B. M. Zwicker
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Aerococcus Viridans ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Cellular Components

Various degrees of resistance to infection of lobsters Homarus americanus by Aerococcus viridans (var.) homari (formerly Gaffkya homari) were induced by vaccines prepared in different ways. Vaccines consisting of formalin-killed cells of a virulent strain of the pathogen (grown in vitro and in vivo) gave a low level of protection, i.e. the vaccinated lobsters were able to resist challenges of 200 bacteria/kg host body weight. A vaccination approach utilizing a low initial dose of the antibiotic, vancomycin, followed 24 h later by injection of 1 × 106 live pathogen cells/kg body weight produced a high degree of resistance to subsequent challenge at times considerably beyond the clearance times for the antibiotic. Fatal infections in normal lobsters are readily established with 10 pathogen cells/kg body weight whereas treatment of lobsters with the vancomycin-live pathogen combination resulted in an LD50 of 2 × 107 live pathogen/kg body weight. It is suggested that the relative effectiveness of the various vaccines is related directly to the concentrations of cellular components within the pathogen, possibly precursors of cell wall mucopeptides.

Effectiveness of Vancomycin Against Gaffkemia, the Bacterial Disease of Lobsters (Genus Homarus)

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1873-1879 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Stewart ◽  
B. Arie
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Complete Protection ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Aerococcus Viridans ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Established Infection

The antibiotics vancomycin, penicillin G, novobiocin, and oxytetracycline were examined for in vivo effectiveness against gaffkemia, the fatal bacterial infection of lobsters (genus Homarus) caused by Aerococcus viridans (var.) homari (formerly Gaffkya homari). Only vancomycin was truly effective against an established infection and then only when given at high levels (25 mg/kg lobster body weight) in the early stages of infection, prior to development of hemolymph bacterial numbers in excess of 3 × 104/ml or coincident hepatopancreatic bacterial levels of 1 × 107/g. Even massive cumulative doses (500 mg vancomycin/kg body weight), when given after establishment of maximum bacterial numbers, failed to impede the infection. Rates for the clearance of vancomycin from lobsters, established by using three different concentrations (25, 10, and 5 mg/kg body weight, respectively), were extremely slow and markedly concentration dependent. Twenty-five milligrams vancomycin/kg body weight injected prior to infection still gave a high degree of protection against challenge with the pathogen 50 days later in lobsters held at 15 C. One milligram vancomycin/kg body weight administered prior to infection gave complete protection against gaffkemia for 15 days after the antibiotic had been administered.

scholarly journals Anti-Obesity and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) in SD Rats and in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Models

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Jung-Yun Lee ◽  
Tae Yang Kim ◽  
Hanna Kang ◽  
Jungbae Oh ◽  
Joo Woong Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chitosan Oligosaccharide ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
Adipogenic Gene

Excess body weight is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and associated metabolic complications, and weight loss has been shown to improve glycemic control and decrease morbidity and mortality in T2D patients. Weight-loss strategies using dietary interventions produce a significant decrease in diabetes-related metabolic disturbance. We have previously reported that the supplementation of low molecular chitosan oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) significantly inhibited blood glucose levels in both animals and humans. However, the effect of GO2KA1 on obesity still remains unclear. The aim of the study was to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of GO2KA1 on lipid accumulation and adipogenic gene expression using 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro and plasma lipid profiles using a Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model. Murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were stimulated to differentiate under the adipogenic stimulation in the presence and absence of varying concentrations of GO2KA1. Adipocyte differentiation was confirmed by Oil Red O staining of lipids and the expression of adipogenic gene expression. Compared to control group, the cells treated with GO2KA1 significantly decreased in intracellular lipid accumulation with concomitant decreases in the expression of key transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBP/α). Consistently, the mRNA expression of downstream adipogenic target genes such as fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), fatty acid synthase (FAS), were significantly lower in the GO2KA1-treated group than in the control group. In vivo, male SD rats were fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks to induced obesity, followed by oral administration of GO2KA1 at 0.1 g/kg/body weight or vehicle control in HFD. We assessed body weight, food intake, plasma lipids, levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) for liver function, and serum level of adiponectin, a marker for obesity-mediated metabolic syndrome. Compared to control group GO2KA1 significantly suppressed body weight gain (185.8 ± 8.8 g vs. 211.6 ± 20.1 g, p < 0.05) with no significant difference in food intake. The serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were significantly lower in the GO2KA1-treated group than in the control group, whereas the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was higher in the GO2KA1 group. The GO2KA1-treated group also showed a significant reduction in ALT and AST levels compared to the control. Moreover, serum adiponectin levels were significantly 1.5-folder higher than the control group. These in vivo and in vitro findings suggest that dietary supplementation of GO2KA1 may prevent diet-induced weight gain and the anti-obesity effect is mediated in part by inhibiting adipogenesis and increasing adiponectin level.

scholarly journals The Novel Arylamidine T-2307 MaintainsIn VitroandIn VivoActivity against Echinocandin-Resistant Candida albicans

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 1341-1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan P. Wiederhold ◽  
Laura K. Najvar ◽  
Annette W. Fothergill ◽  
Rosie Bocanegra ◽  
Marcos Olivo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Invasive Candidiasis ◽  
Placebo Control ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fungal Burden ◽  
Potential Use

ABSTRACTWe evaluated thein vitroandin vivoactivities of the investigational arylamidine T-2307 against echinocandin-resistantCandida albicans. T-2307 demonstrated potentin vitroactivity, and daily subcutaneous doses between 0.75 and 6 mg/kg of body weight significantly improved survival and reduced fungal burden compared to placebo control and caspofungin (10 mg/kg/day) in mice with invasive candidiasis caused by an echinocandin-resistant strain. Thus, T-2307 may have potential use in the treatment of echinocandin-resistantC. albicansinfections.

scholarly journals In Vivo Radioprotective Activity of Cell-Permeable Bifunctional Antioxidant Enzyme GST-TAT-SOD against Whole-Body Ionizing Irradiation in Mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianru Pan ◽  
Huocong He ◽  
Ying Su ◽  
Guangjin Zheng ◽  
Junxin Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Radioprotective Activity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wbc Count

GST-TAT-SOD was the fusion of superoxide dismutase (SOD), cell-permeable peptide TAT, and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). It was proved to be a potential selective radioprotector in vitro in our previous work. This study evaluated the in vivo radioprotective activity of GST-TAT-SOD against whole-body irradiation. We demonstrated that intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 ml GST-TAT-SOD (2 kU/ml) 2 h before the 6 Gy whole-body irradiation in mice almost completely prevented the splenic damage. It could significantly enhance the splenic antioxidant activity which kept the number of splenic white pulp and consequently resisted the shrinkage of the spleen. Moreover, the thymus index, hepatic antioxidant activity, and white blood cell (WBC) count of peripheral blood in irradiated mice pretreated with GST-TAT-SOD also remarkably increased. Although the treated and untreated irradiated mice showed no significant difference in the growth rate of animal body weight at 7 days postirradiation, the highest growth rate of body weight was observed in the GST-TAT-SOD-pretreated group. Furthermore, GST-TAT-SOD pretreatment increased resistance against 8 Gy whole-body irradiation and enhanced 30 d survival. The overall effect of GST-TAT-SOD seemed to be a bit more powerful than that of amifostine. In conclusion, GST-TAT-SOD would be a safe and potentially promising radioprotector.

scholarly journals On the origin of the increased tissue iron content in graded magnesium deficiency states in the rat

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Schumann ◽  
Annette Lebeau ◽  
Ursula Gresser ◽  
Theodor Gunther ◽  
Jürgen Vormann
Keyword(s):  
Haemolytic Anaemia ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Erythropoietic Activity ◽  
Mg Deficiency ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Fe Content ◽  
High Degree

To investigate the mechanism of tissue Fe accumulation in graded Mg deficiency rats were fed on diets of different Mg contents (70, 110, 208, 330, and 850 mg Mg/kg) for 10, 20, and 30 d during rapid growth. There was no significant impact of Mg deficiency or high luminal Mg concentrations on intestinal59Fe transferin vitroorin vivo. Plasma Mg concentrations and body weight started to decrease after 10 d. Significant haemolytic anaemia was observed after 20 d with siderosis in liver and spleen developing in parallel. Anaemia showed no features of Fe deficiency or infiammation. Comparison between the 70 mg Mg/kg group and animals that received the same quantity of a Mg-adequate diet (850 mg Mg/kg) permitted estimation of quantities of Fe liberated by haemolysis and the increased Fe content in liver and spleen. Both variables showed a high degree of correlation, indicating that the excess of liberated haemoglobin Fe was stored in the tissue. The erythropoietic activity was high during rapid growth, i.e. at days 10 and 20 and decreased significantly after 30 d in all except the most Mg-deficient groups. However, haemolytic anaemia developed because even the high erythropoietic activity in the 70 and 110 mg Mg/kg groups was not sutlicient to recycle all haemoglobin Fe liberated by haemolysis. After 30 d of Mg-deficient feeding the erythrocyte Mg content had decreased to 40% of control values. According to the literature Mg-deficient erythrocytes have a decreased survival time which is likely to be the cause of the observed haemolysis.

Effect of Cycloheximide on In Vitro and In Vivo Protein Synthesis by Certain Tissues of Rats and Pigeons with Special Reference to Muscle

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 933-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Njanoor Narayanan ◽  
Jacob Eapen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Incorporation ◽  
Contrast Administration ◽  
Acid Incorporation ◽  
Tissue Homogenates

The effect of cycloheximide in vitro and in vivo on the incorporation of labelled amino acids into protein by muscles, liver, kidneys, and brain of rats and pigeons was studied. In vitro incorporation of amino acids into protein by muscle microsomes, myofibrils, and myofibrillar ribosomes was not affected by cycloheximide. In contrast, administration of the antibiotic into intact animals at a concentration of 1 mg/kg body weight resulted in considerable inhibition of amino acid incorporation into protein by muscles, liver, kidneys, and brain. This inhibition was observed in all the subcellular fractions of these tissues during a period of 10–40 min after the administration of the precursor. Tissue homogenates derived from in vivo cycloheximide-treated animals did not show significant alteration in in vitro amino acid incorporation with the exception of brain, which showed a small but significant enhancement.

Developmental regulation of heterochromatin-mediated gene silencing in Drosophila

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (12) ◽  
pp. 2223-2234 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.Y. Lu ◽  
J. Ma ◽  
J.C. Eissenberg
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Mitotic Activity ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Developmental Regulation ◽  
Promoter Strength ◽  
Lacz Gene ◽  
High Degree

The roles of differentiation, mitotic activity and intrinsic promoter strength in the maintenance of heterochromatic silencing were investigated during development using an inducible lacZ gene as an in vivo probe. Heterochromatic silencing is initiated at the onset of gastrulation, approximately 1 hour after heterochromatin is first visible cytologically. A high degree of silencing is maintained in the mitotically active imaginal cells from mid-embryogenesis until early third instar larval stage, and extensive relaxation of silencing is tightly associated with the onset of differentiation. Relaxation of silencing can be triggered in vitro by ecdysone. In contrast, timing and extent of silencing at both the initiation and relaxation stages are insensitive to changes in cell cycle activity, and intrinsic promoter strength also does not influence the extent of silencing by heterochromatin. These data suggest that the silencing activity of heterochromatin is developmentally programmed.

scholarly journals Calcium Supplementation Enhanced Adipogenesis and Improved Glucose Homeostasis Through Activation of Camkii and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in Porcine Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (pBMSCs) and Mice Fed High Fat Diet (HFD)

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fenglin Zhang ◽  
Jingjing Ye ◽  
Yingying Meng ◽  
Wei Ai ◽  
Han Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Calcium Supplementation ◽  
Akt Signaling Pathway ◽  
Glut4 Expression ◽  
Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Background/Aims: It has been implicated that calcium supplementation is involved in reducing body weight/fat and improving glucose homeostasis. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effects of calcium supplementation on adipogenesis and glucose homeostasis in porcine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (pBMSCs) and high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and explored the involved signaling pathways. Methods: In vitro, pBMSCs were treated with 4 mM extracellular calcium ([Ca2+]o) and/or 1 μM nifedipine, 0.1 μM BAPTA-AM, 1 μM KN-93, 50 nM wortmannin for 10 days. The intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) levels were measured using Fluo 3-AM by flow cytometry. The adipogenic differentiation of pBMSCs was determined by Oil Red-O staining and triglyceride assay. The expression of marker genes involved in adipogenesis (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα)) and glucose uptake (glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4)), as well as the activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and PI3K/Akt-FoxO1/AS160 signaling pathways were determined by Western blotting. Glucose uptake and utilization were examined using 2-NBDG assay and glucose content assay, respectively. In vivo, C57BL/6J male mice were fed a HFD (containing 1.2% calcium) without or with 0.6% (w/w) calcium chloride in drinking water for 13 weeks. The adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis and the involvement of CaMKII and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were also assessed. Results: In vitro, [Ca2+]o stimulated pBMSCs adipogenesis by increasing [Ca2+]i level and activating CaMKII and PI3K/Akt-FoxO1 pathways. In addition, [Ca2+]o promoted glucose uptake/utilization by enhancing AS160 phosphorylation, GLUT4 expression and translocation. However, the stimulating effects of [Ca2+]o on pBMSCs adipogenesis and glucose uptake/utilization were abolished by L-VGCC blocker Nifedipine, [Ca2+]i chelator BAPTA-AM, CaMKII inhibitor KN-93, or PI3K inhibitor Wortmannin. In vivo, calcium supplementation decreased body weight and fat content, increased adipocyte number, and improved glucose homeostasis, with elevated PPARγ and GLUT4 expression and PI3K/Akt activation in iWAT. Conclusion: calcium supplementation enhanced adipogenesis and glucose uptake in pBMSCs, which was coincident with the increased adipocyte number and improved glucose homeostasis in HFD-fed mice, and was associated with activation of CaMKII and PI3K/Akt-FoxO1/AS160 pathways. These data provided a broader understanding of the mechanisms underlying calcium-induced body weight/fat loss and glycemic control.

Azole-resistant and -susceptible Aspergillus fumigatus isolates show comparable fitness and azole treatment outcome in immunocompetent mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 703-710
Author(s):  
Michaela Lackner ◽  
Günter Rambach ◽  
Emina Jukic ◽  
Bettina Sartori ◽  
Josef Fritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Clinical Parameters ◽  
Fitness Advantage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immunocompetent Mice

Abstract No data are available on the in vivo impact of infections with in vitro azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in immunocompetent hosts. Here, the aim was to investigate fungal fitness and treatment response in immunocompetent mice infected with A. fumigatus (parental strain [ps]) and isogenic mutants carrying either the mutation M220K or G54W (cyp51A). The efficacy of itraconazole (ITC) and posaconazole (PSC) was investigated in mice, intravenously challenged either with a single or a combination of ps and mutants (6 × 105 conidia/mouse). Organ fungal burden and clinical parameters were measured. In coinfection models, no fitness advantage was observed for the ps strain when compared to the mutants (M220K and G54W) independent of the presence or absence of azole-treatment. For G54W, M220K, and the ps, no statistically significant difference in ITC and PSC treatment was observed in respect to fungal kidney burden. However, clinical parameters suggest that in particular the azole-resistant strain carrying the mutation G54W caused a more severe disease than the ps strain. Mice infected with G54W showed a significant decline in body weight and lymphocyte counts, while spleen/body weight ratio and granulocyte counts were increased. In immunocompetent mice, in vitro azole-resistance did not translate into therapeutic failure by either ITC or PSC; the immune system appears to play the key role in clearing the infection.

scholarly journals Isolation and characterization of adrenocortical progenitors involved in the adaptation to stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (51) ◽  
pp. 12997-13002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Steenblock ◽  
Maria F. Rubin de Celis ◽  
Luis F. Delgadillo Silva ◽  
Verena Pawolski ◽  
Ana Brennand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Steroidogenic Cells ◽  
High Degree

The adrenal gland is a master regulator of the human body during response to stress. This organ shows constant replacement of senescent cells by newly differentiated cells. A high degree of plasticity is critical to sustain homeostasis under different physiological demands. This is achieved in part through proliferation and differentiation of adult adrenal progenitors. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a Nestin+ population of adrenocortical progenitors located under the adrenal capsule and scattered throughout the cortex. These cells are interconnected with progenitors in the medulla. In vivo lineage tracing revealed that, under basal conditions, this population is noncommitted and slowly migrates centripetally. Under stress, this migration is greatly enhanced, and the cells differentiate into steroidogenic cells. Nestin+ cells cultured in vitro also show multipotency, as they differentiate into mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid-producing cells, which can be further influenced by the exposure to Angiotensin II, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and the agonist of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, triptorelin. Taken together, Nestin+ cells in the adult adrenal cortex exhibit the features of adrenocortical progenitor cells. Our study provides evidence for a role of Nestin+ cells in organ homeostasis and emphasizes their role under stress. This cell population might be a potential source of cell replacement for the treatment of adrenal insufficiency.

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