Optimization of performance of PV panels and selection of best site for solar park in Pakistan

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Uzair ◽  
Syed Umair Hassan Kazmi ◽  
Muhammad Uzair Yousuf ◽  
Syed Asad Ali Zaidi
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Azimuth Angle ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Solar Collectors ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Selection Of

To incorporate solar energy efficiently into a country, it is needed to know the optimal tilt and azimuth angle of the solar collectors' location. Also, to build a solar park, it is necessary to know the most suitable and high-energy generating place inside a country, thus saving time and money. This study analyzed collector geometry for Karachi in particular and Pakistan in general. Karachi has the potential of 339.36 kW-hr/m2/annum energy at an annually optimal fixed tilt of 26°. In case collector geometry had to be changed in Karachi, a range of 40° azimuth angle and 20° tilt angle from its maximum value is available. The power produced in this case would only have a difference of 1%. Optimal yearly and monthly tilt of most of the locations of Pakistan (300+) were calculated. Through them, it was revealed that the Optimal Tilt of Pakistan follows the value of latitude closely. Generally, changing the tilt angle monthly is recommended for areas that produce more energy, while fixed annual tilt could be suitable for low energy-producing regions. Effects of temperature were also incorporated while finding the energy produced by the photovoltaic (PV) panels.

scholarly journals Influence of Orbital Parameters on SEU Rate of Low-Energy Proton in Nano-SRAM Device

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2030
Author(s):  
Bing Ye ◽  
Li-Hua Mo ◽  
Tao Liu ◽  
You-Mei Sun ◽  
Jie Liu
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Ion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Single Event Upset ◽  
Single Event ◽  
High Energy Proton ◽  
Orbital Parameters ◽  
Energy Proton ◽  
Orbital Height ◽  
Selection Of

The on-orbit single-event upset (SEU) rate of nanodevices is closely related to the orbital parameters. In this paper, the on-orbit SEU rate (OOSR) induced by a heavy ion (HI), high-energy proton (HEP) and low-energy proton (LEP) for a 65 nm SRAM device is calculated by using the software SPACE RADIATION under different orbits based on the experimental data. The results indicate that the OOSR induced by the HI, HEP and LEP varies with the orbital parameters. In particular, the orbital height, inclination and shieling thickness are the key parameters that affect the contribution of the LEP to the total OOSR. Our results provide guidance for the selection of nanodevices on different orbits.

EVALUATION OF SOLAR ENERGY AND SELECTION OF OPTIMAL TILT ANGLE OF SOLAR PANELS FOR CONDITIONS IN SYRIA

2018 ◽  
pp. 12-27
Author(s):  
A. Ramadan ◽  
V. V. Elistratov
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Inclined Surfaces ◽  
Distance Weighted ◽  
Inclined Surface ◽  
Inverse Distance ◽  
Selection Of

The article suggests the method for calculating the solar radiation on a horizontal surface of the territory of Syria which has been developed using the weather database of NASA and ArcGIS software to create the atlases of Syria. In order to compute the solar radiation on an inclined surface for Syria, the following steps were taken. Firstly, the method proposed by Liu and Jordan (1962) and developed by Klein (1977) was used and applied at a point with a latitude of 33º and a longitude of 36º in Syria to calculate the total average daily monthly and yearly solar radiation on an inclined surface and its components (direct, diffuse and ground reflected). Secondly, the annual and monthly values of the optimal tilt angle of the solar panels were determined. Thirdly, verification of reliability and accuracy of calculations was carried out. Finally, using the interpolation method (inverse distance weighted IDW) in ArcGIS, the method proposed was applied to 63 points that covered the territory of Syria. Thus, we developed an Atlas of Syria of solar radiation on an inclined surface which characterized by the optimal tilt angles of solar panels and the maximum annual solar radiation on an inclined surface under these angles. Solar Radiation Atlas of Syria shows that the annual optimal tilt angle of the solar panels varies in the range from 23º to 28º and the maximum average annual solar radiation on an inclined surface under these angles varies in the range from 1859 to 2069 kWh/m2·year. In addition, on the basis of the NASA meteorological database, we determined the average total gross (natural) potential of solar energy on optimal inclined surfaces in Syria which is 362.1·103 TWh per year.

scholarly journals Optimum Tilt Angle at Tropical Region

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Soulayman ◽  
W Sabbagh
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Solar Collector ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Azimuth Angle ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Rule Of Thumb ◽  
Tilted Surface ◽  
Maximum Value

: One of the important parameters that affect the performance of a solar collector is its tilt angle with the horizon. This is because of the variation of tilt angle changes the amount of solar radiation reaching the collector surface. Meanwhile, is the rule of thumb, which says that solar collector Equator facing position is the best, is valid for tropical region? Thus, it is required to determine the optimum tilt as for Equator facing and for Pole oriented collectors. In addition, the question that may arise: how many times is reasonable for adjusting collector tilt angle for a definite value of surface azimuth angle? A mathematical model was used for estimating the solar radiation on a tilted surface, and to determine the optimum tilt angle and orientation (surface azimuth angle) for the solar collector at any latitude. This model was applied for determining optimum tilt angle and orientation in the tropical zones, on a daily basis, as well as for a specific period. The optimum angle was computed by searching for the values for which the radiation on the collector surface is a maximum for a particular day or a specific period. The results reveal that changing the tilt angle 12 times in a year (i.e. using the monthly optimum tilt angle) maintains approximately the total amount of solar radiation near the maximum value that is found by changing the tilt angle daily to its optimum value. This achieves a yearly gain in solar radiation of 11% to 18% more than the case of a solar collector fixed on a horizontal surface.

scholarly journals A Theoretical Optimum Tilt Angle Model for Solar Collectors from Keplerian Orbit

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4454
Author(s):  
Tong Liu ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Yufang He ◽  
Mengfei Sun ◽  
Jian Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Solar Collector ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Local Area ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Solar Collectors ◽  
Solar Altitude ◽  
Complete Set

Solar energy has been extensively used in industry and everyday life. A more suitable solar collector orientation can increase its utilization. Many studies have explored the best orientation of the solar collector installation from the perspective of data analysis and local-area cases. Investigating the optimal tilt angle of a collector from the perspective of data analysis, or guiding the angle of solar collector installation, requires an a priori theoretical tilt angle as a support. However, none of the current theoretical studies have taken the real motion of the Sun into account. Furthermore, a complete set of theoretical optimal tilt angles for solar energy is necessary for worldwide locations. Therefore, from the view of astronomical mechanics, considering the true orbit of the Sun, a mathematical model that is universal across the globe is proposed: the Kepler motion model is constructed from the solar orbit and transformed into the local Earth coordinate system. After that, the calculation of the optimal tilt angle solution is given. Finally, several examples are shown to demonstrate the variation of the optimal solar angle with month and latitude. The results show that for daily fixed solar collectors, the altitude angle of the collector should be about 6° above the noon solar altitude angle in summer and 6° lower in winter. For annual fixed collectors, the tilt angle should be slightly higher than the latitude. In summary, this study demonstrates that when a location is specified, this model can be used to calculate the theoretical optimum tilt angle of solar collectors for that position.

Behaviour of Zirconia Based Fuel Material Under Xe Irradiation

1996 ◽  
Vol 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Degueldre ◽  
P. Heimgartner ◽  
G. Ledergerber ◽  
N. Sasajima ◽  
K. Hojou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ion Irradiation ◽  
Bubble Formation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Fuel Material

AbstractThe behaviour of ZrO2-10%YO1.5-5%ErO1.5-( 10%ThO2) (At %) cubic solid solutions under low and high energy Xe ion irradiation up to a fluence of 1.8·1016 Xe.cm−2 was investigated by TEM. Low energy (60 keV) Xe ions did not yield amorphization. From the observed bubble formation, swelling values of less than one volume per cent were estimated to be 0.19–0.72% during irradiation at room temperature or at high temperature (925 K). Furthermore, no amorphization was obtained by Xe irradiation under extreme conditions such as high energy (1.5 MeV) Xe ion and low temperature (20 K). This confirms the robustness of this material and argues in favour of the selection of zirconia based material as an advanced nuclear fuel for plutonium disposition.

Ion Beam Lithography for Nano-scale Pattern Features

2007 ◽  
Vol 1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E.E. Baglin ◽  
Andrew J. Kellock ◽  
Jane E. Frommer
Keyword(s):  
Ion Beam ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Proximity Effects ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Silicon Substrates ◽  
Ion Beam Lithography ◽  
Ion Species ◽  
Very High ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Ion Beam Patterning

AbstractWith the expected availability of new tools for creating patterned ion beams, containing few-nanometer features, it is important to examine the fidelity of registering such patterns in the receiving medium, such as a photoresist layer in a lithographic fabrication process. In this paper, we report experiments exploring the characteristics of ion beam patterning of poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) coatings on silicon substrates, with respect to their response as positive / negative resists to patterned low-energy H+, He+ and Ne+ beams. We examine by AFM the feature profiles thus created after solvent development of the polymer layers, and we examine the dependence of the polymer response upon ion species and fluence. Edge resolution ¡Ü20 nm is readily obtained, and broad process windows are identified in fluence ranges around 1013 ions/cm2. Proximity effects are shown to be negligible, except after exposure at very high ion fluences. Granularity within the final pattern features is shown to be a potential concern for high energy, light ion irradiations. Optimization of edge resolution is clearly possible, by appropriate selection of ion species, energy and fluence to suit the receiving medium.

scholarly journals Upconverting nanocomposites dispersed in urea-containing acrylics

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (21) ◽  
pp. 5556-5565 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Inglefield ◽  
T. R. Merritt ◽  
B. A. Magill ◽  
T. E. Long ◽  
G. A. Khodaparast
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Solar Energy Conversion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy

Lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) have the ability to convert low energy photons into high energy photons, making this material appealing for a variety of scientific pursuits, from solar energy conversion to bioimaging.

Study on Design of Passive Low-Energy Conference Building and Performance Analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 2046-2051
Author(s):  
Ming Liu ◽  
Bao Gang Zhang ◽  
Bin Chen ◽  
Jie Yuan ◽  
Yue Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Solar Collectors ◽  
Public Building ◽  
Shape Coefficient ◽  
The Public ◽  
Passive Strategies ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Energy Consumption

The problem on high-energy consumption of public building has drawn wide attention with the development of architectural techniques and deficiency of renewable energy. Rapid plan and decision in the early stages of design can have a deep influence on the performances and energy consumption of the public building. Based on the climate and passive strategies in DaLian, the paper studied design pattern and performance the low-energy conference center. The parameters, such as shape coefficient, orientation, area ratio of window to wall and solar collectors, were optimized. The annual energy consumption of the building with solar collectors was 14.2 kWh/m2.a. The economic performance of the designed conference was analyzed and payback period is calculated, namely 6.85 year.

Efficient Co-Harvesting of Solar Energy and Low-Grade Heat by Molecular Photoswitches for High Energy Density, Long-Term Stable Solar Thermal Battery

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao-Yang Zhang ◽  
Tao LI
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Thermal Battery ◽  
Low Grade Heat

Solar energy and ambient heat are two inexhaustible energy sources for addressing the global challenge of energy and sustainability. Solar thermal battery based on molecular switches that can store solar energy and release it as heat has recently attracted great interest, but its development is severely limited by both low energy density and short storage stability. On the other hand, the efficient recovery and upgrading of low-grade heat, especially that of the ambient heat, has been a great challenge. Here we report that solar energy and ambient heat can be simultaneously harvested and stored, which is enabled by room-temperature photochemical crystal-to-liquid transitions of small-molecule photoswitches. The two forms of energy are released together to produce high-temperature heat during the reverse photochemical phase change. This strategy, combined with molecular design, provides high energy density of 320-370 J/g and long-term storage stability (half-life of about 3 months). On this basis, we fabricate high-performance, flexible film devices of solar thermal battery, which can be readily recharged at room temperature with good cycling ability, show fast rate of heat release, and produce high-temperature heat that is >20<sup> o</sup>C higher than the ambient temperature. Our work opens up a new avenue to harvest ambient heat, and demonstrate a feasible strategy to develop high-performance solar thermal battery.

Efficient Co-Harvesting of Solar Energy and Low-Grade Heat by Molecular Photoswitches for High Energy Density, Long-Term Stable Solar Thermal Battery

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao-Yang Zhang ◽  
Tao LI
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Thermal Battery ◽  
Low Grade Heat

Solar energy and ambient heat are two inexhaustible energy sources for addressing the global challenge of energy and sustainability. Solar thermal battery based on molecular switches that can store solar energy and release it as heat has recently attracted great interest, but its development is severely limited by both low energy density and short storage stability. On the other hand, the efficient recovery and upgrading of low-grade heat, especially that of the ambient heat, has been a great challenge. Here we report that solar energy and ambient heat can be simultaneously harvested and stored, which is enabled by room-temperature photochemical crystal-to-liquid transitions of small-molecule photoswitches. The two forms of energy are released together to produce high-temperature heat during the reverse photochemical phase change. This strategy, combined with molecular design, provides high energy density of 320-370 J/g and long-term storage stability (half-life of about 3 months). On this basis, we fabricate high-performance, flexible film devices of solar thermal battery, which can be readily recharged at room temperature with good cycling ability, show fast rate of heat release, and produce high-temperature heat that is >20<sup> o</sup>C higher than the ambient temperature. Our work opens up a new avenue to harvest ambient heat, and demonstrate a feasible strategy to develop high-performance solar thermal battery.

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