The nature of interference potential of Kalmiaangustifolia

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1899-1904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inderjit Inderjit ◽  
A.U. Mallik
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Soluble Phenolics ◽  
Phenolic Contents ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Rule Out

The nature of interference potential of Kalmiaangustifolia L., a boreal forest understorey shrub, was investigated in laboratory experiments. Organic and mineral soils, not previously associated with Kalmia, were amended with different quantities of its leaf litter and leaf litter leachates. The objectives of the study were (i) to determine changes in soil chemistry after amending with Kalmia and (ii) to determine the effect of amendment on growth of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) BSP) seedlings. All soils were analyzed for pH, organic matter, PO4−, N, Ba, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Al, and total phenolics. Chemical characteristics of both organic and mineral soils were significantly changed. Water-soluble phenolics in one of the amended organic soils were significantly higher than in unamended organic soil. However, all of the amended mineral soils had significantly higher total phenolic contents than unamended control soils. A linear decrease in N content was observed in amended organic and mineral soils with increasing quantities of Kalmia leaf litter. Amended mineral soils had higher concentrations of Fe, Mn, Al, and PO4− than the control. We relate higher accumulations of PO4−, Fe, Mn, and Al in amended mineral soils to higher soil phenolic contents. Amendment of organic and mineral soils significantly reduced the root and shoot growth of black spruce. This study demonstrates that Kalmia has potential for nutrient interference and does not rule out allelopathic effects of Kalmia to black spruce seedling growth.

scholarly journals Organic Matter Causes Chemical Pollutant Dissipation Along With Adsorption and Microbial Degradation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vilhelmiina Harju ◽  
Ilkka Närhi ◽  
Marja Mattsson ◽  
Kaisa Kerminen ◽  
Merja H. Kontro
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Degradation ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
First Response ◽  
Chemical Pollutant ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Soil And Sediment

Views on the entry of organic pollutants into the organic matter (OM) decaying process are divergent, and in part poorly understood. To clarify these interactions, pesticide dissipation was monitored in organic and mineral soils not adapted to contaminants for 241 days; in groundwater sediment slurries adapted to pesticides for 399 days; and in their sterilized counterparts with and without peat (5%) or compost-peat-sand (CPS, 15%) mixture addition. The results showed that simazine, atrazine and terbuthylazine (not sediment slurries) were chemically dissipated in the organic soil, and peat or CPS-amended soils and sediment slurries, but not in the mineral soil or sediment slurries. Hexazinone was chemically dissipated best in the peat amended mineral soil and sediment slurries. In contrast, dichlobenil chemically dissipated in the mineral soil and sediment slurries. The dissipation product 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) concentrations were lowest in the mineral soil, while dissipation was generally poor regardless of plant-derived OM, only algal agar enhanced its chemical dissipation. Based on sterilized counterparts, only terbutryn appeared to be microbially degraded in the organic soil, i.e., chemical dissipation of pesticides would appear to be utmost important, and could be the first response in the natural cleansing capacity of the environment, during which microbial degradation evolves. Consistent with compound-specific dissipation in the mineral or organic environments, long-term concentrations of pentachloroaniline and hexachlorobenzene were lowest in the mineral-rich soils, while concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DTT) and metabolites were lowest in the organic soils of old market gardens. OM amendments changed pesticide dissipation in the mineral soil towards that observed in the organic soil; that is OM accelerated, slowed down or stopped dissipation.

scholarly journals Risk of phosphorus loss in surface runoff from agricultural land in the Baltic Commune of Puck

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Pietrzak ◽  
Grażyna Pazikowska-Sapota ◽  
Grażyna Dembska ◽  
Lidia Anita Dzierzbicka-Glowacka ◽  
Dominika Juszkowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Degree Of P Saturation ◽  
P Content ◽  
Mineral Soils

Background. Risk assessment of Phosphorus (P) losses in surface runoff from agricultural land is the basic measure that should be used as a part of actions taken to counteract the water eutrophication in watercourses and water reservoirs. To assess this risk, a new method has been recently developed based on the determination of degree of P saturation (DPS) which depends on P content in soil determined with the use of distilled water (water-soluble P – WSP). Methods. Based on DPS method, the risk of P losses in surface runoff from agricultural land in Puck Commune (Baltic Sea Coast) was assessed and a critical analysis of assessment results was carried out. The research was conducted on mineral and organic soils from 50 and 11 separate agricultural plots with a total area of 133.82 and 37.23 ha, respectively. In collected soil samples, P content was determined using distilled water (all soil samples), Egner-Riehm method (mineral soils) and extract of 0.5 mol HCl ∙ dm-3 (organic soils). The results of determinations P content in water extract from soils were converted to DPS values, which were classified by appropriate limit intervals. Results & Discussion. It was found that on 96.7% of tested agricultural parcels (96% plots with mineral soils and 100% plots with organic soils) there was a potentially high risk of P losses from soil by surface runoff. At the same time, it was ascertained that in soils from 62% of agricultural plots, there was a large deficiency of plant available P. Due to the above, as well as due to the lack of connection with other factors affecting the P losses in surface runoff such as type of crop and area inclination, it was considered that the assessment based on the DPS index may be unreliable.

Challenges of using microbial explicit models for evaluating organic matter decomposition in predominantly organic soils 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debjani Sihi ◽  
Stefan Gerber
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Carbon Limitation ◽  
Classical Models ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Som Decomposition

<p class="rolelistitem">Models of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition are critical for predicting the fate of soil carbon (and nutrient) under changing climate. Traditionally, models have used a simple set-up where the substrate is divided into conceptual pools to represent their resistance to microbial degradation, and decomposition rates are often proportional to the amount of substrate in each pool. Emerging models now consider explicit microbial dynamics and show that SOM loss under warming may be fundamentally different from the classical models. Microbial explicit models use reaction kinetics, represented on a concentration basis. However, when the substrate makes up most of the volume of soils (e.g., the organic horizon in forest soils or peat), an increase or decrease in SOM does not, or only very little, affect concentrations of microbes and substrate. Consequently, reduction in SOM does not reduce the amount of substrate the microbial biomass encounters. This problem does not occur in classical models like CENTURY. We incorporated the effect of organic matter on soil volume in several microbial models. If microbes are solely limited by enzymes, organic soils or peats are decomposed very quickly as there is no mechanism that stops the positive feedback between microbial growth and SOM concentration until the substrate is gone. Alternative formulations that account for carbon limitation or microbial ‘cannibalism’ display a sweet spot of soil carbon concentration. Interestingly, a response to warming will depend on the amount of organic vs. mineral materials. Apparent Q<sub>10</sub> was higher in fully organic soil than in mineral soils, which was pronounced when small to moderate amounts of the mineral matter was present that diluted the substrate for microbes. We suggest that model formulations need to be clear about the assumption in key processes, as each of the steps in the cascade of biogeochemical reaction can produce surprising results.</p>

OXYGEN FLUX MEASUREMENTS IN ORGANIC SOIL

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES A. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Applied Voltage ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Oxygen Flux ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effective Voltage ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Almost All

Many measurements of oxygen flux in mineral soils have been reported; however, few such measurements have been made in organic soil. Almost all reported measurements of oxygen flux are at constant applied voltage, despite criticism of this technique, possibly due to the complexity of existing techniques for measuring oxygen flux at effective voltage. Equipment suitable for measuring oxygen flux at applied and effective voltage in organic soil was designed, and simplified techniques were developed and tested. As reported for mineral soils, soil resistance is relatively constant spatially and with depth in individual soils. Limited poisoning of the platinum electrode surface occurred after long periods of time and, contrary to previous assumptions, cannot be detected by erratic readings. Unlike mineral soil, the amperage-voltage slopes are constant over a wide range of organic soils, simplifying the technique for estimating oxygen flux at constant effective volatage. Comparison of simultaneous measurements of oxygen flux at constant and effective voltage indicates that oxygen flux measurements at effective voltage were twice those at applied voltage and strongly correlated (r2 = 0.96, n = 22).

scholarly journals Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of 30 Chinese Teas

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo-Yi Tang ◽  
Cai-Ning Zhao ◽  
Xiao-Yu Xu ◽  
Ren-You Gan ◽  
Shi-Yu Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Phenolic Contents ◽  
Trolox Equivalent

Tea has been reported to prevent and manage many chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases, and the antioxidant capacity of tea may be responsible for these health benefits. In this study, the antioxidant capacities of fat-soluble, water-soluble, and bound-insoluble fractions of 30 Chinese teas belonging to six categories, namely green, black, oolong, dark, white, and yellow teas, were systematically evaluated, applying ferric-reducing antioxidant power and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assays. In addition, total phenolic contents of teas were determined by Folin–Ciocalteu method, and the contents of 18 main phytochemical compounds in teas were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results found that several teas possessed very strong antioxidant capacity, and caffeine, theaflavine, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, as well as eight catechins, were the main antioxidant compounds in them. Thus, these teas could be good natural sources of dietary antioxidants, and their extracts might be developed as food additives, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

scholarly journals The Antioxidant and Starch Hydrolase Inhibitory Activity of Ten Spices in anIn VitroModel of Digestion: Bioaccessibility of Anthocyanins and Carotenoids

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilakshi Jayawardena ◽  
Mindani I. Watawana ◽  
Ruchini T. Jayathilaka ◽  
Viduranga Y. Waisundara
Keyword(s):  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Phenolic Contents ◽  
Star Anise ◽  
Curry Leaves ◽  
Inhibitory Activities ◽  
Mustard Seeds

The antioxidant and starch hydrolase inhibitory activities of cardamom, cloves, coriander, cumin seeds, curry leaves, fenugreek, mustard seeds, nutmeg, sweet cumin, and star anise extracts were investigated in anin vitromodel of digestion mimicking the gastric and duodenal conditions. The total phenolic contents in all spice extracts had statistically significantly (P<0.05) increased following both gastric and duodenal digestion. This was also in correlation with the antioxidant assays quantifying the water-soluble antioxidant capacity of the extracts. The lipophilic Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity assay did not indicate a statistically significant change in the values during any of the digestion phases. Statistically significant (P<0.05) reductions in the anthocyanin contents were observed during the digestion phases in contrast to the carotenoid contents. With the exception of the cumin seed extract, none of the spice extracts showed statistically significant changes in the initial starch hydrolase enzyme inhibitory values prior to gastric and duodenal digestion. In conclusion, this study was able to prove that the 10 spices were a significant source of total phenolics, antioxidant, and starch hydrolase inhibitory activities.

Multifaceted approach to determine rice straw phytotoxicity

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inderjit ◽  
Dhiraj S Rawat ◽  
Chester L Foy
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Soluble Phenolics ◽  
Maximum Inhibition

Unharvested rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw gets incorporated into soil and interferes with the growth of the next season's crop. Water-soluble phenolics leached from straw into soil may suppress the growth of the next crop. A study was carried out to investigate (i) the effect of soil treated with rice straw (ashes of burned and unburned) leachates on seedling growth and foliar protein content of mustard (Brassica napus var. toria L.), (ii) the modification of rice straw phytotoxicity with abiotic soil, activated charcoal, and nitrogen solution, and (iii) any change in soil inorganic ions and phenolics after treatment with rice straw leachate. Maximum inhibition in root growth of mustard was observed when it was grown in soil treated with leachate prepared by using 100 g of unburned (71.1%, expt. 1; 60.2%, expt. 2) and ashes of burned straw (53.4%, expt. 1; 31.5%, expt. 2). Compared with the untreated control, an increase was observed in the total phenolic content of soil treated with straw leachate, prepared by taking 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20 g unburned straw. When soils were treated with leachate prepared by taking 100, 80, and 60 g straw, a lower level of inhibition was observed in abiotic soil compared with biotic soil. An opposite trend was observed when soil was treated with leachate prepared by taking 40 and 20 g straw. The addition of charcoal eliminated the inhibitory effects of rice straw leachate when leachates were prepared using 40 and 20 g straw. Inhibitory effects of soil treated with leachate prepared from 100 g straw on root growth of mustard were not eliminated after the addition of nitrogen solution. The present study showed that rice straw leachate interferes with seedling growth of mustard and that water-soluble phenolics play an important role in mustard seedling growth inhibition.Key words: allelopathy, rice straw, rice, mustard, phenolics.

scholarly journals Potential of Grape Wastes as a Natural Source of Bioactive Compounds

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo-Yi Tang ◽  
Cai-Ning Zhao ◽  
Qing Liu ◽  
Xiao-Ling Feng ◽  
Xiao-Yu Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Phenolic Contents ◽  
Antioxidant Capacities ◽  
Phenolic Profiles

Grapes are widely used in the wine and juice industries, which can lead to massive amounts of waste, mostly grape peels and seeds. The antioxidant capacities, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and phenolic profiles of peels and seeds from 30 grape varieties were systemically assessed. The antioxidant activities of fat-soluble, water-soluble and insoluble-bound fractions of grape peels and seeds were evaluated using ferric-reducing antioxidant power and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assays, and their total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and AlCl3 colorimetry, respectively. It was found that the antioxidant capacities were diverse among different grape peels and seeds. Moreover, several phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, including gallic acid, cyanidin-3-glucoside, epicatechin, catechin gallate, ferulaic acid, rutin and resveratrol, which could contribute to the antioxidant capacities of these grape peels and seeds. Several grape wastes with strong antioxidant activity could be abundant sources of natural bioactive compounds, and have the potential for development into functional foods, food additives and pharmaceuticals.

A strategy for concurrently monitoring the plant water potentials of spatially separated forest ecosystems

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 346-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L Strong ◽  
G. H. La Roi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Mineral Soils

A technique for estimating plant water potentials in plant communities was used in six forest stands representing a jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) and a black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) successional sequence. A set of 31 plants composed of 16 species were measured at 4-day intervals from early May to late August 1982. The six stands had similar patterns of summer plant water potentials with greatest differentiation among species occurring during periods of maximum water stress. Plant water potentials varied more in jack pine stands on sand than in black spruce stands on organic soil. Shallow-rooted ericaceous and (or) evergreen species (e.g., Vacciniummyrtilloides Michx., Vacciniumvitis-idaea L., and Pyrolaasarifolia Michx.) had the widest range of water potentials during summer, whereas deep-rooted Alnuscrispa (Ait.) Pursh had the narrowest range. Maximum morning (0700) water potentials reached−3.1 MPa. All species had fine roots (<2 mm) within the upper 20 cm of the soil, but some species of the Jack Pine Series had roots to 230 cm depth. Soil moisture was usually more available in the upper 20 cm and below 60 cm in mineral soils; the lower amount of soil moisture at middle depths resulted from depletion by plants and lack of downward percolation of precipitation in 1982.

scholarly journals A New Approach to the Determination of Mineral and Organic Soil Types Based on Dilatometer Tests (DMT)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Rabarijoely
Keyword(s):  
Pore Water Pressure ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
New Classification ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Material Index

In order to identify the soil type in the ground, Marchetti’s nomogram chart is commonly used on the basis of dilatometer tests (DMT). In this chart, the material index values (ID) and the dilatometer modulus (ED) are used to determine the state and type of soils predominant in mineral soils. Unfortunately, this classification is not accurate enough for the identification of organic soils. This article proposes a new classification based on a nomogram chart for both mineral soils and organic soils using (p0), (p1) readings and pore water pressure (uo).

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