Effects of frozen storage duration and soil temperature on the stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis of Piceaglauca seedlings

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 2459-2466 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Harper ◽  
Edith L. Camm
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
And Storage

Nursery grown seedlings of Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss were stored frozen in the dark from approximately 10–31 weeks, thawed and grown for 28 days in a growth chamber at three soil temperatures (3, 7, and 11 °C). During the growing period gas exchange measurements were made every three days. Seedling net photosynthesis (pn) and stomatal conductance (gs) showed significant interactions between soil temperature and storage duration treatments. Soil temperature did not affect seedling gs or pn, though the degree and extent of storage duration effects were dependent on soil temperature. Recovery of gs occurred over a 4–7 day period from low levels after planting. Seedlings stored longer than 22 weeks showed lower rates of pn, than those stored for shorter durations. The lower pn in long-stored seedlings did not result from stomatal limitations to carbon fixation, as gs increased in seedlings stored >22 weeks.

The effect of ectomycorrhizae on water relations in aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca) at low soil temperatures

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 684-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon M Landhäusser ◽  
Tawfik M Muhsin ◽  
Janusz J Zwiazek
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Root Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Low soil temperatures, common during the growing season in northern forests, have the potential to impede plant growth. In this study, water uptake, water relations, and growth characteristics were examined in aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings that were inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi and grown at 20°C daytime air temperatures and low soil temperatures of 4°C and 8°C. Mycorrhizal associations had little effect on root and shoot biomass at both soil temperatures. Root hydraulic conductance (Kr) was higher in both mycorrhizal plant species compared to nonmycorrhizal plants, but there was no soil temperature effect on Kr in either species. Mycorrhizae also increased shoot water potential (Ψw) in Populus tremuloides but had no effect on Ψw in Picea glauca. The increases in Kr and Ψw were not reflected by changes in stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rates (E), suggesting that the reduction of water flow in seedlings exposed to low soil temperature was not likely the factor limiting gs in both plant species.Key words: boreal forest, root hydraulic conductance, root growth, stomatal conductance, water uptake.

scholarly journals Crop Management in Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) Systems Using Predictive Mathematical Models

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 3110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Amitrano ◽  
Giovanni Battista Chirico ◽  
Stefania De Pascale ◽  
Youssef Rouphael ◽  
Veronica De Micco
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Modified Model ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Functional Efficiency ◽  
Controlled Environment Agriculture ◽  
Crop Parameters

Proximal sensors in controlled environment agriculture (CEA) are used to monitor plant growth, yield, and water consumption with non-destructive technologies. Rapid and continuous monitoring of environmental and crop parameters may be used to develop mathematical models to predict crop response to microclimatic changes. Here, we applied the energy cascade model (MEC) on green- and red-leaf butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata). We tooled up the model to describe the changing leaf functional efficiency during the growing period. We validated the model on an independent dataset with two different vapor pressure deficit (VPD) levels, corresponding to nominal (low VPD) and off-nominal (high VPD) conditions. Under low VPD, the modified model accurately predicted the transpiration rate (RMSE = 0.10 Lm−2), edible biomass (RMSE = 6.87 g m−2), net-photosynthesis (rBIAS = 34%), and stomatal conductance (rBIAS = 39%). Under high VPD, the model overestimated photosynthesis and stomatal conductance (rBIAS = 76–68%). This inconsistency is likely due to the empirical nature of the original model, which was designed for nominal conditions. Here, applications of the modified model are discussed, and possible improvements are suggested based on plant morpho-physiological changes occurring in sub-optimal scenarios.

scholarly journals Soil Temperature and Precipitation Affect the Rooting Ability of Dormant Hardwood Cuttings of Populus

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Zalesny ◽  
R. B. Hall ◽  
E. O. Bauer ◽  
D. E. Riemenschneider
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Precipitation Event ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Rooting Ability ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Abstract In addition to genetic control, responses to environmental stimuli affect the success of rooting. Our objectives were to: 1) assess the variation in rooting ability among 21 Populus clones grown under varying soil temperatures and amounts of precipitation and 2) identify combinations of soil temperature and precipitation that promote rooting. The clones belonged to five genomic groups ([P. trichocarpa Torr. & Gray x P. deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh] x P. deltoides ‘BC’; P. deltoides ‘D’; P. deltoides x P. maximowiczii A. Henry ‘DM’; P. deltoides x P. nigra L. ‘DN’; P. nigra x P. maximowiczii ‘NM’). Cuttings, 20 cm long, were planted in Iowa and Minnesota, USA, in randomized complete blocks at 1.2- x 2.4-m spacing across three planting dates during 2001 and 2002. Soil temperatures were converted to belowground growing degree days (GDD) (base temperature = 10°C) accumulated over 14 days. Genomic groups responded similarly for root dry weight, number of roots, total root length, and mean root length, that increased as belowground GDD increased. Belowground GDD and precipitation governed rooting throughout the 14-d growing period. A minimum of four days above 14°C, along with sufficiently dispersed precipitation (e.g. no more than 3 d without a precipitation event), were needed to sustain aboveaverage rooting. Therefore, we recommend using a base temperature of 14°C for future models estimating belowground GDD in northern temperate zones.

scholarly journals Net Carbon Dioxide Exchange Rates of Raspberries at Varying Irradiances, Carbon Dioxide Concentrations, and Air and Soil Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 881E-881
Author(s):  
David C. Percival ◽  
John T.A. Proctor ◽  
M.J. Tsujita
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Variation Explained

The influence of irradiance, CO2, and temperature on whole-plant net C exchange rate (NCER) of micropropagated raspberries (Rubus idaeus L. cv. `Heritage') was examined in 1994. Irradiances >1000 μmol–m–2–s–1 PAR were required for light saturation, and net photosynthesis (Pn) greatly increased under CO2 enrichment (up to 2000 μl–liter–1) and was optimum at 17C. Temperature effects were separated in another experiment using varying air and soil temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35C) under saturated light and ambient CO2 levels (350 μl–liter–1). Both air and soil temperature influenced net Pn, with maximum rates occurring at an air/soil temperature of 17/25C and each contributing 71.2% and 26.7%, respectively, to the total variation explained by a polynomial model (R2 = 0.96). Dark respiration and root respiration rates also increased significantly with elevated air and soil temperatures. Therefore, results from this study indicate that maximum net Pn occurred at an air/soil temperature of 17/25C and that irradiance, CO2 levels, and shoot and root temperatures are all important factors in examining NCER in raspberries.

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE AND POTENTIAL OF SOLAR INFRARED TRANSMITTING MULCHES

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 625f-625
Author(s):  
J. Brent Loy ◽  
Otho S. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Photosynthetically Active Radiation ◽  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Active Radiation ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Leaf Canopy

Experimental mulches which transmit high levels of solar infrared radiation and low levels of photosynthetically active radiation were compared to clear and black polyethylene mulches. Increases in soil temperature under infrared transmitting (IRT) mulches were intermediate between those under black and clear mulch. The IRT mulch with the highest solar transmittance (50%) produced soil temperatures close to those under clear mulch (T = 87%). Early leaf canopy development in muskmelon was enhanced more by both IRT and clear mulches than with black mulch. Minimal weed growth occurred under IRT mulches, but there was severe weed pressure from purslane under clear mulch with no herbicide.

scholarly journals Simulation of Daily Mean Soil Temperatures for Agricultural Land Use Considering Limited Input Data

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Philipp Grabenweger ◽  
Branislava Lalic ◽  
Miroslav Trnka ◽  
Jan Balek ◽  
Erwin Murer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dimensional Simulation ◽  
Limited Input Data

A one-dimensional simulation model that simulates daily mean soil temperature on a daily time-step basis, named AGRISOTES (AGRIcultural SOil TEmperature Simulation), is described. It considers ground coverage by biomass or a snow layer and accounts for the freeze/thaw effect of soil water. The model is designed for use on agricultural land with limited (and mostly easily available) input data, for estimating soil temperature spatial patterns, for single sites (as a stand-alone version), or in context with agrometeorological and agronomic models. The calibration and validation of the model are carried out on measured soil temperatures in experimental fields and other measurement sites with various climates, agricultural land uses and soil conditions in Europe. The model validation shows good results, but they are determined strongly by the quality and representativeness of the measured or estimated input parameters to which the model is most sensitive, particularly soil cover dynamics (biomass and snow cover), soil pore volume, soil texture and water content over the soil column.

scholarly journals Land surface model photosynthesis and parameter calibration for boreal sites with adaptive population importance sampler

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmo Mäkelä ◽  
Jürgen Knauer ◽  
Mika Aurela ◽  
Andrew Black ◽  
Martin Heimann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Delayed Effect

Abstract. We calibrated the JSBACH model with six different stomatal conductance formulations using measurements from 10 FLUXNET coniferous evergreen sites in the Boreal zone. The parameter posterior distributions were generated by adaptive population importance sampler and the optimal values by a simple stochastic optimisation algorithm. The observations used to constrain the model are evapotranspiration (ET) and gross primary production (GPP). We identified the key parameters in the calibration process. These parameters control the soil moisture stress function and the overall rate of carbon fixation. We were able to improve the coefficient of determination and the model bias with all stomatal conductance formulations. There was no clear candidate for the best stomatal conductance model, although certain versions produced better estimates depending on the examined variable (ET, GPP) and the used metric. We were also able to significantly enhance the model behaviour during a drought event in a Finnish Scots pine forest site. The JSBACH model was also modified to use a delayed effect of temperature for photosynthetic activity. This modification enabled the model to correctly time and replicate the springtime increase in GPP (and ET) for conifers throughout the measurements sites used in this study.

scholarly journals A simple model for predicting soil temperature in snow-covered and seasonally frozen soil: model description and testing

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 706-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rankinen ◽  
T. Karvonen ◽  
D. Butterfield
Keyword(s):  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Simple Model ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Specific Heat Capacity ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Model Description ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Abstract. Microbial processes in soil are moisture, nutrient and temperature dependent and, consequently, accurate calculation of soil temperature is important for modelling nitrogen processes. Microbial activity in soil occurs even at sub-zero temperatures so that, in northern latitudes, a method to calculate soil temperature under snow cover and in frozen soils is required. This paper describes a new and simple model to calculate daily values for soil temperature at various depths in both frozen and unfrozen soils. The model requires four parameters: average soil thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity of soil, specific heat capacity due to freezing and thawing and an empirical snow parameter. Precipitation, air temperature and snow depth (measured or calculated) are needed as input variables. The proposed model was applied to five sites in different parts of Finland representing different climates and soil types. Observed soil temperatures at depths of 20 and 50 cm (September 1981–August 1990) were used for model calibration. The calibrated model was then tested using observed soil temperatures from September 1990 to August 2001. R2-values of the calibration period varied between 0.87 and 0.96 at a depth of 20 cm and between 0.78 and 0.97 at 50 cm. R2-values of the testing period were between 0.87 and 0.94 at a depth of 20cm, and between 0.80 and 0.98 at 50cm. Thus, despite the simplifications made, the model was able to simulate soil temperature at these study sites. This simple model simulates soil temperature well in the uppermost soil layers where most of the nitrogen processes occur. The small number of parameters required means that the model is suitable for addition to catchment scale models. Keywords: soil temperature, snow model

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