scholarly journals GONIHEDRIC STRING AND ASYMPTOTIC FREEDOM

1993 ◽  
Vol 08 (31) ◽  
pp. 2963-2971 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. SAVVIDY ◽  
K. G. SAVVIDY
Keyword(s):  
World Line ◽  
String Tension ◽  
Feynman Integral ◽  
Asymptotic Freedom ◽  
Green Functions ◽  
Quark Confinement ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Area Law ◽  
Surface Generate

Very few natural basic principles allow to extend Feynman integral over the paths to an integral over the surfaces so that they coincide at long time scale, that is when the surface degenerates into a single particle world line. In the classical approximation the loop Green functions have perimeter behavior. That corresponds to the free quarks. Quantum fluctuations of the surface generate nonzero string tension, that is the area law and we have quark confinement. In this string theory confinement and asymptotic freedom can coexist.

The Principles of Renormalisation

2021 ◽  
pp. 304-328
Author(s):  
J. Iliopoulos ◽  
T.N. Tomaras
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Quantum Field Theory ◽  
Perturbation Expansion ◽  
Power Counting ◽  
Field Theories ◽  
Asymptotic Freedom ◽  
Green Functions ◽  
Quantum Field Theories ◽  
Quantum Field

Loop diagrams often yield ultraviolet divergent integrals. We introduce the concept of one-particle irreducible diagrams and develop the power counting argument which makes possible the classification of quantum field theories into non-renormalisable, renormalisable and super-renormalisable. We describe some regularisation schemes with particular emphasis on dimensional regularisation. The renormalisation programme is described at one loop order for φ‎4 and QED. We argue, without presenting the detailed proof, that the programme can be extended to any finite order in the perturbation expansion for every renormalisable (or super-renormalisable) quantum field theory. We derive the equation of the renormalisation group and explain how it can be used in order to study the asymptotic behaviour of Green functions. This makes it possible to introduce the concept of asymptotic freedom.

scholarly journals ROLE OF AN ETHNOMEDICINE- MUSTADI MODAKA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF 2ND DEGREE HAEMORRHOIDS (ARSHAS) – A CASE REPORT

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2633-2636
Author(s):  
Sreelakshmi S ◽  
C. Raghunathan Nair ◽  
Remya. V. R
Keyword(s):  
Anorectal Disease ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Spicy Food ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Excessive Intake ◽  
Lack Of Exercise ◽  
Lifestyle Disease ◽  
Two Wheeler

In the present era of 21st century, haemorrhoids have become the most common and distressing anorectal disease. It is a lifestyle disease due to excessive intake of spicy food non-vegetarian food, and lack of exercise. Inadequate consumption of water and the habit of taking alcohol are some of the main reasons for the manifestation of the disease. Perianal trauma due to the long journey and excessive two-wheeler riding particularly on uneven roads and terrenes are also main reasons. Constipation is also a common cause of this disease. Haemorrhoids are dealt with rationally under the concept of Arshas. Use of medicine, surgery, cauterization with kshara and Agni are the treatment principles recommended for Arshas by Acharya Susruta. Except medicine, the rest of the procedures are invasive. The basic principles for the treatment of Arshas are deepana and anulomana (digestive, carminative, and laxative). A medicine with the above properties which is used traditionally by tribes is selected for the study. It has been found using among the tribes for a long time with no side effects. The contents of this medicine are safe and are used in routine ayurvedic practice. In this case study, an effort was made to evaluate the role of Mustadimodaka and ethnomedicine in the management of Arshas. Keywords: 2nd-degree haemorrhoids, Arshas, Mustadimodaka, Ethnomedicine

scholarly journals Multiparticle Fields on the Subset of Simultaneity

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 732 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Ptashynskiy ◽  
T. M. Zelentsova ◽  
N. O. Chudak ◽  
K. K. Merkotan ◽  
O. S. Potiienko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Bound States ◽  
Internal Symmetry ◽  
Dynamic Equations ◽  
Gauge Fields ◽  
Asymptotic Freedom ◽  
Quark Confinement ◽  
Single Model ◽  
Lagrange Method ◽  
Local Gauge

We propose a model describing the scattering of hadrons as bound states of their constituent quarks. We build the dynamic equations for the multiparticle fields on the subset of simultaneity, using the Lagrange method, similarly to the case of “usual” single-particle fields. We then consider the gauge fields restoring the local internal symmetry on the subset of simultaneity. Since the multiparticle fields, which describe mesons as bound states of a quark and an antiquark, are two-index tensors relative to the local gauge group, it is possible to consider a model with two different gauge fields, each one associated with its own index. Such fields would be transformed by the same laws during a local gauge transformation and satisfy the same dynamic equations, but with different boundary conditions. The dynamic equations for the multiparticle gauge fields describe such phenomena as the confinement and the asymptotic freedom of colored objects under certain boundary conditions and the spontaneous symmetry breaking under another ones. With these dynamic equations, we are able to describe the quark confinement in hadrons within a single model and their interaction during the hadron scattering through the exchange of the bound states of gluons – the glueballs.

scholarly journals Double-winding Wilson loops in SU(N) Yang-Mills theory – A criterion for testing the confinement models –

2018 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 12002
Author(s):  
Ryutaro Matsudo ◽  
Kei-Ichi Kondo ◽  
Akihiro Shibata
Keyword(s):  
Wilson Loop ◽  
String Tension ◽  
Wilson Loops ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Fundamental Representation ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Operator Relation ◽  
Higher Dimensional ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Area Law

We examine how the average of double-winding Wilson loops depends on the number of color N in the SU(N) Yang-Mills theory. In the case where the two loops C1 and C2 are identical, we derive the exact operator relation which relates the doublewinding Wilson loop operator in the fundamental representation to that in the higher dimensional representations depending on N. By taking the average of the relation, we find that the difference-of-areas law for the area law falloff recently claimed for N = 2 is excluded for N ⩾ 3, provided that the string tension obeys the Casimir scaling for the higher representations. In the case where the two loops are distinct, we argue that the area law follows a novel law (N − 3)A1/(N − 1) + A2 with A1 and A2(A1 < A2) being the minimal areas spanned respectively by the loops C1 and C2, which is neither sum-ofareas (A1 + A2) nor difference-of-areas (A2 − A1) law when (N ⩾ 3). Indeed, this behavior can be confirmed in the two-dimensional SU(N) Yang-Mills theory exactly.

Offensive Information Warfare Revisited

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Eli Rohn ◽  
Connie M. White ◽  
Guy Leshem
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Voluntary Participation ◽  
Information Warfare ◽  
Network Attacks ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Usa

Socio-technical forecasts that materialized are of particular interest, as they are based on basic principles that must hold true for a long time, and thus worthy of special attention. The exploitation of the Internet as a vehicle for psychological and physical battle has been anticipated ever since the Internet became a world-wide phenomenon. Its potential for abuse by terrorist groups motivated Valeri & Knights to compile a list of key predictions, without the benefit of the hindsight afforded by the post-millennial terrorist attacks on the USA & Europe, and before social media was conceived. This paper evaluates some of their predictions in light of the massive social media and network attacks that occurred in Israel and Syria. Additionally, the paper examines how attacked governments and nations respond. The authors find that some of the key predictions advanced by Valeri and Knights have proven accurate. Offensive information warfare attacks have and will continue to influence policies, budgets and civic voluntary participation to counter such attacks.

The structure and content of kinesitherapy for osteoarthritis of the knee joint

2020 ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Y. Mukina ◽  
Artem V. Savelyev
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Osteoarthritis Of The Knee ◽  
Joint Function ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Strength Exercises ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Condition Of Women

The restoration of the knee joint function in osteoarthritis is currently a serious problem, despite the list of biomechanical and pharmacotherapeutic methods used. In old age, there is a decrease in compensatory capabilities. When compiling a complex of kinesitherapeutic measures with elderly women, concomitant diseases and the degree of physical fitness were necessarily taken into account. The level of loads was determined taking into account individual characteristics. An obligatory condition before the beginning of the exercise in women was measured heart rate and blood pressure. The methods included classes on specialized simulators, when performing the exercises, the basic principles should be followed: the weight of the burden was determined based on the calculation of 15–20 repetitions; performing exercises with the same burden for a long time (if the weight is chosen incorrectly) in the health aspect is impractical, when performing strength exercises, the emphasis should be on correct breathing and accuracy of movements. In the process of conducting classes, it is necessary to monitor the dynamics of the growth of weights and monitor the physical condition of women.

scholarly journals Methodology of Creating and Sustainable Applying of Stereoscopic Recording in the Industrial Engineering Sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Gašo ◽  
Martin Krajčovič ◽  
Ľuboslav Dulina ◽  
Patrik Grznár ◽  
Juraj Vaculík
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Engineering ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Detailed Calculation ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Job Rotation ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Innovative Tool ◽  
Selection Of

This article introduces an innovative view on the issue of Stereoscopy’s application as a tool of advanced industrial engineering. Basic starting points of research have been the results of stereoscopy applications in other science areas and entertainment industries, e.g., movies. These bases provide information about basic principles of stereoscopic record creation. However, these bases’ pieces of information were to be adapted and applied in the field of industrial engineering. The core of the article describes the methodology for creating a stereoscopic recording in industrial engineering. The emphasis aimed to use stereoscopic in industrial engineering as a tool for optimization of the workplace, which makes them sustainable for a long time. The output of the article is a tool for industrial engineering which prevents job rotation caused by wear of body parts. Also as a result of optimization, we achieve a saving of capital. The article describes the proposed procedure for creating a stereoscopic record from the basic selection of suitable technical equipment to a detailed calculation of the camera system parameters setting. The final part of the article is devoted to the practical verification of the proposed stereoscopic record procedure and also the verification of the possibilities of its use in the field of industrial engineering. An area of ergonomics has been selected for the pilot verification. The verification confirmed the accuracy of the calculation, i.e., usability of the proposed stereoscopic record procedure. Identified also was a potential for its use as an innovative tool for advanced industrial engineering. The crux of the methodology presented is protected by the utility model number 7683.

scholarly journals STRING FINE-TUNING

1993 ◽  
Vol 08 (22) ◽  
pp. 3993-4011 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.K. SAVVIDY ◽  
K.G. SAVVIDY
Keyword(s):  
Partition Function ◽  
Upper Bound ◽  
World Line ◽  
Scaling Limit ◽  
Natural Extension ◽  
String Tension ◽  
Geometrical Model ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Boundary Contribution ◽  
Independent Model

We develop further a new geometrical model of a discretized string, proposed in Ref. 1, and establish its basic physical properties. The model can be considered as the natural extension of the usual Feynman amplitude of the random walks to random surfaces. Both amplitudes coincide in the case, when the surface degenerates into a single particle world line. We extend the model to open surfaces as well. The boundary contribution is proportional to the full length of the boundary, and the coefficient of proportionality can be treated as a hopping parameter of the quarks. In the limit when this parameter tends to infinity, the theory is essentially simplified. We prove that the contribution of a given triangulation to the partition function is finite and have found the explicit form for the upper bound. The question of the convergence of the full partition function remains open. In this model the string tension may vanish at the critical point, if the last one exists, and possesses a nontrivial scaling limit. The model contains hidden fermionic variables and can be considered as an independent model of hadrons.

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