BDNF and Its Multirole Function in Neurogenesis, Synaptic Transmission and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Nano LIFE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 2040007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-ying Huang ◽  
Yu-qi Wang ◽  
Yi-ming Gao ◽  
Qing-zhuo Liu ◽  
Fang-fei Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Future Studies

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a crucial member of the neurotrophic family, is most widely distributed and extensively studied in the mammalian central nervous system. Accumulating evidence from animal and human studies indicates that BDNF plays critical roles in regulating neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and plasticity, and neurological diseases. In this review, we summarize the synthesis and general signaling pathway of BDNF and review its pivotal roles in neurogenesis and the maintenance of axon and dendrites, synaptic transmission and plasticity, which are thought to be the cellular basis for learning and memory, and certain neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Future studies should focus on understanding the multifunctional roles of BDNF in different brain regions and tightly controlled clinical studies.

Congenital Disorders of Autophagy: What a Pediatric Neurologist Should Know

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (01) ◽  
pp. 018-025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Congenital Disorders ◽  
Childhood Onset

AbstractAutophagy is a fundamental and conserved intracellular pathway that mediates the degradation of macromolecules and organelles in lysosomes. Proper autophagy function is important for central nervous system development and neuronal function. Over the last 5 years, several single gene disorders of the autophagy pathway have emerged: EPG5-associated Vici syndrome, WDR45-associated β-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration, SNX14-associated autosomal-recessive spinocerebellar ataxia 20, ATG5-associated autosomal-recessive ataxia syndrome, SQSTM1/p62-associated childhood-onset neurodegeneration, and several forms of the hereditary spastic paraplegias. This novel and evolving group of disorders is characterized by prominent central nervous system involvement leading to brain malformations, developmental delay, intellectual disability, epilepsy, movement disorders, and neurodegeneration. Predominant involvement of the long white matter tracts and the cerebellum are anatomic and imaging hallmarks, with common findings that include a thinning of the corpus callosum and cerebellar hypoplasia or atrophy. A storage disease phenotype by clinical or imaging criteria is present in some diseases. Most congenital disorders of autophagy are progressive and over time involve pathology in multiple brain regions. This review provides a detailed clinical, imaging and genetic characterization of congenital disorders of autophagy and highlights the importance of this pathway for childhood-onset neurological diseases.

scholarly journals The Role of Sonic Hedgehog Pathway in the Development of the Central Nervous System and Aging-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Yang ◽  
Yan Qi ◽  
Zhitang Sun
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Sonic Hedgehog ◽  
Neural Patterning ◽  
Shh Signaling ◽  
Shh Pathway ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway affects neurogenesis and neural patterning during the development of the central nervous system. Dysregulation of the SHH pathway in the brain contributes to aging-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. At present, the SHH signaling pathway can be divided into the canonical signaling pathway and non-canonical signaling pathway, which directly or indirectly mediates other related pathways involved in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, an in-depth knowledge of the SHH signaling pathway may open an avenue of possibilities for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we summarize the role and mechanism of the SHH signaling pathway in the development of the central nervous system and aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will also highlight the potential of the SHH pathway as a therapeutic target for treating neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals R-Ras GTPases Signaling Role in Myelin Neurodegenerative Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5911
Author(s):  
Berta Alcover-Sanchez ◽  
Gonzalo Garcia-Martin ◽  
Francisco Wandosell ◽  
Beatriz Cubelos
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells ◽  
Myelin Sheaths ◽  
Ras Gtpases ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Myelination is required for fast and efficient synaptic transmission in vertebrates. In the central nervous system, oligodendrocytes are responsible for creating myelin sheaths that isolate and protect axons, even throughout adulthood. However, when myelin is lost, the failure of remyelination mechanisms can cause neurodegenerative myelin-associated pathologies. From oligodendrocyte progenitor cells to mature myelinating oligodendrocytes, myelination is a highly complex process that involves many elements of cellular signaling, yet many of the mechanisms that coordinate it, remain unknown. In this review, we will focus on the three major pathways involved in myelination (PI3K/Akt/mTOR, ERK1/2-MAPK, and Wnt/β-catenin) and recent advances describing the crosstalk elements which help to regulate them. In addition, we will review the tight relation between Ras GTPases and myelination processes and discuss its potential as novel elements of crosstalk between the pathways. A better understanding of the crosstalk elements orchestrating myelination mechanisms is essential to identify new potential targets to mitigate neurodegeneration.

scholarly journals The Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Epileptogenesis: an Update

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyi Wang ◽  
Zhe Hu ◽  
Kai Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Spontaneous Recurrent Seizures ◽  
New Evidence

Epilepsy, which is characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures, is one of the most common and serious chronic neurological diseases in the world. 30% patients failed to control seizures with multiple anti-seizure epileptic drugs, leading to serious outcomes. The pathogenesis of epilepsy is very complex and remains unclear. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as a member of the neurotrophic factor family, is considered to play an important role in the survival, growth and differentiation of neurons during the development of the central nervous system. Recent years, a series of studies have reported that BDNF can maintain the function of the nervous system and promotes the regeneration of neurons after injury, which is believed to be closely related to epileptogenesis. However, two controversial views (BDNF inhibits or promotes epileptogenesis) still exist. Thus, this mini-review focuses on updating the new evidence of the role of BDNF in epileptogenesis and discussing the possibility of BDNF as an underlying target for the treatment of epilepsy.

scholarly journals A Review on Lactoferrin and Central Nervous System Diseases

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1810
Author(s):  
Yu-Qi Li ◽  
Chuang Guo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Cns Diseases ◽  
Major Health ◽  
High Oxidative Stress ◽  
Binding Glycoprotein

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are currently one of the major health issues around the world. Most CNS disorders are characterized by high oxidative stress levels and intense inflammatory responses in affected tissues. Lactoferrin (Lf), a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein, plays a significant role in anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulator, antitumor immunity, and anti-apoptotic processes. Previous studies have shown that Lf is abnormally expressed in a variety of neurological diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, the promotion of neurodevelopment and neuroprotection by Lf has attracted widespread attention, and Lf could be exploited both as an active therapeutic agent and drug nanocarrier. However, our understanding of the roles of Lf proteins in the initiation or progression of CNS diseases is limited, especially the roles of Lf in regulating neurogenesis. This review highlights recent advances in the understanding of the major pharmacological effects of Lf in CNS diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular disease, developmental delays in children, and brain tumors.

Mills' syndrome. A clinical case of a rare degenerative pathology of the central nervous system

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
Konstantin Gulyabin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Primary Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
System A ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Primary Lateral ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Mills Syndrome

Mills' syndrome is a rare neurological disorder. Its nosological nature is currently not completely determined. Nevertheless, Mills' syndrome is considered to be a rare variant of the degenerative pathology of the central nervous system – a variant of focal cortical atrophy. The true prevalence of this pathology is unknown, since this condition is more often of a syndrome type, observed in the clinical picture of a number of neurological diseases (primary lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, etc.) and is less common in isolated form.

Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: Current Status and Future Prospects

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Zhang ◽  
Yuanbo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Central Nervous System Lymphoma ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Mtor Signaling ◽  
Mtor Signaling Pathway ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Term Survival

Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare invasive extranodal non- Hodgkin lymphoma, a vast majority of which is Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL). Although high-dose methotrexate-based immunochemotherapy achieves a high remission rate, the risk of relapse and related death remains a crucial obstruction to long-term survival. Novel agents for the treatment of lymphatic malignancies have significantly broadened the horizons of therapeutic options for PCNSL. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is one of the most important pathways for Bcell malignancy growth and survival. Novel therapies that target key components of this pathway have shown antitumor effects in many B-cell malignancies, including DLBCL. This review will discuss the aberrant status of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways in PCNSL and the application prospects of inhibitors in hopes of providing alternative clinical therapeutic strategies and improving prognosis.

scholarly journals Emerging Pharmacological Treatments for Cerebral Edema: Evidence from Clinical Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse A. Stokum ◽  
Volodymyr Gerzanich ◽  
Kevin N. Sheth ◽  
W. Taylor Kimberly ◽  
J. Marc Simard
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Edema ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Central Nervous System Disease ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Nervous System Disease ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
System Disease

Cerebral edema, a common and often fatal companion to most forms of acute central nervous system disease, has been recognized since the time of ancient Egypt. Unfortunately, our therapeutic armamentarium remains limited, in part due to historic limitations in our understanding of cerebral edema pathophysiology. Recent advancements have led to a number of clinical trials for novel therapeutics that could fundamentally alter the treatment of cerebral edema. In this review, we discuss these agents, their targets, and the data supporting their use, with a focus on agents that have progressed to clinical trials.

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