IMPACTS OF MECHANISMS TO PROMOTE PARTICIPATION IN CLIMATE MITIGATION: BORDER CARBON ADJUSTMENTS VERSUS UNIFORM TARIFF MEASURES

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 2041007
Author(s):  
KUN ZHANG ◽  
QIAO-MEI LIANG ◽  
LI-JING LIU ◽  
MEI-MEI XUE ◽  
BI-YING YU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Cge Model ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Welfare Losses

Because free-riding behavior is an inherent characteristic of climate change, how to protect the economic benefits of the emission reduction regions and prompt the noncooperative region to join the emission reduction coalition is particularly important. In this study, we use a global multi-region multi-sector CGE model to compare the impacts of border carbon adjustment (BCA) and two unified tariff mechanisms based on different implementation principles on USA. The results show that the BCA is more effective in reducing carbon leakage in USA than the uniform tariff mechanisms. However, for GDP and welfare losses, the scenario Tariff-carbon-reduction results in greater GDP and welfare losses in USA, which is more conducive to prompting USA to implement carbon reduction policies than the BCA measures. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of carbon price levels and key substitution elasticity further confirmed the results.

scholarly journals Consumer willingness-to-pay for restaurant surcharges to reduce carbon emissions: default and information effects

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Dede Long ◽  
Grant H. West ◽  
Rodolfo M. Nayga
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Contingent Valuation ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Dichotomous Choice ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Agriculture And Food

Abstract The agriculture and food sectors contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. About 15 percent of food-related carbon emissions are channeled through restaurants. Using a contingent valuation (CV) method with double-bounded dichotomous choice (DBDC) questions, this article investigates U.S. consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for an optional restaurant surcharge in support of carbon emission reduction programs. The mean estimated WTP for a surcharge is 6.05 percent of an average restaurant check, while the median WTP is 3.64 percent. Our results show that individuals have a higher WTP when the surcharge is automatically added to restaurant checks. We also find that an information nudge—a short climate change script—significantly increases WTP. Additionally, our results demonstrate that there is heterogeneity in treatment effects across consumers’ age, environmental awareness, and economic views. Our findings suggest that a surcharge program could transfer a meaningful amount of the agricultural carbon reduction burden to consumers that farmers currently shoulder.

scholarly journals Long-Term Climate Treaties with a Refunding Club

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Gersbach ◽  
Noemi Hummel ◽  
Ralph Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Weighting Factor ◽  
Grand Coalition ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Voluntary Compliance ◽  
Emission Reduction Target

AbstractWe show that an appropriately-designed “Refunding Club” can simultaneously solve both free-riding problems in mitigating climate change—participating in a coalition with an emission reduction target and enduring voluntary compliance with the target once the coalition has been formed. Countries in the Club pay an initial fee into a fund that is invested in assets. In each period, part of the fund is distributed among the Club members in relation to the emission reductions they have achieved, suitably rescaled by a weighting factor. We show that an appropriate refunding scheme can implement any feasible abatement path a Club wants to implement. The contributions to the initial fund can be used to disentangle efficiency and distributional concerns and/or to make a coalition stable. Making the grand coalition stable in the so-called “modesty approach” requires less than 0.5% of World GDP. Finally, we suggest ways to foster initial participation, to incorporate equity concerns with regard to developing countries, and ways to ease the burden to fill the initial fund.

Target Orientation of Addressing Climate Change During the Period of the 14th Five-Year Plan

2020 ◽  
pp. 2050007
Author(s):  
Jiahua PAN
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Ecological Civilization ◽  
Target Orientation ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Climate Resilience ◽  
The Status ◽  
Historical Trajectory

Emission reduction is the focus of and difficulty in addressing climate change. In choosing emission reduction targets, China needs to examine the historical trajectory of carbon emissions in developed countries and learn from their target orientations. During the evolution of the world development pattern, the status of China changed fundamentally. The goals of the 14th Five-Year Plan to address climate change should not only be pragmatic but also demonstrate moral responsibility, and should not only achieve international leadership but also achieve domestic reverse actuation. The goals of the 14th Five-Year Plan do not need to exclude reaching the peak of carbon dioxide emissions. China has advantages in the goals of the speed and scale of renewable energy development. Although the goal of net-zero carbon is impossible to achieve in the whole country, it can be tried in some regions first. On the side of demand, the target orientation of pure electric vehicle has leading value. The indicators of climate resilience, especially resilient carbon reduction and ecological carbon sequestration, etc., are also the goals of ecological civilization transformation and development.

From Ideas to Action

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janis Sarra
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
The Face ◽  
Zero Carbon ◽  
Retirement Funds

Climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies, economies, and the planet. Yet despite clear signals, we are slow to act in a meaningful way, despite the fact that we have the legal, political, and technological tools to transition our economies to net zero carbon. While some businesses are reluctant to take significant steps to reduce their carbon footprint, many companies are well-intentioned but feel somewhat paralysed in the face of overwhelming data that portend a financially and environmentally devastating future. Yet we can still reverse the trajectory of climate change, but it requires bold and informed action to reduce our carbon footprint in a manner that embeds fairness in the transition. This book offers a guide for companies, pension funds, asset managers, and other institutional investors to commence the legal, governance, and financial strategies needed for effective climate mitigation and adaptation, and to help distribute the economic benefits of these actions to their stakeholders. It takes the reader from ideas to action, from first steps to a more meaningful contribution to the move towards a ‘climate positive’ circular economy. It can also serve as a helpful guide to everyone implicated in a corporation’s activities—employees, pensioners, consumers, banks and other lenders, policy-makers, and community members. It offers insights into what we should be expecting, and asking, of these individuals who have taken responsibility for effectively managing our savings, our retirement funds, our investments, and our tax dollars.

scholarly journals Impacts of Environmental Agreements on Bilateral Trade of Climate Industry

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7277
Author(s):  
Sung Jin Kang ◽  
Sun Lee ◽  
Seon Ju Lee
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Inclusive Approach ◽  
Pseudo Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Mitigation Methods ◽  
The Impact

We investigated the effect of agreements related to climate change on bilateral trade, using the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) estimator on a large dataset that requires computing high-dimensional fixed effects. This study develops the concordance between commodities based on harmonized systems (HS) and technologies defined by both international and cooperative patent classifications (IPC/CPC). Using the OECD ENV-TECH classification, covering 169 exporting countries and 179 importing countries worldwide from 1991 to 2019, we determined the relationship between HS commodities and IPC/CPC climate change technologies. The main findings show that, first, the Kyoto Protocol has increased international bilateral trade in the climate change industry, while the Montreal Protocol has led to the opposite effect. In addition, the impact of environmental stringency on international bilateral trade in climate-related industries was negative and significant, refuting the Porter Hypothesis. This result was consistent within the trade between the convention countries. Therefore, national and industrial perspectives are relative, and voluntary climate mitigation methods should be applied, considering the areas where carbon reduction is relatively difficult. In other words, the conventions and policies must shift to a global paradigm in environmental protection and a more inclusive approach, with recognition of diversity in governance types.

scholarly journals The Value of a Valuation Perspective for Theorizing about Social Change and Climate Change: A Study on Carbon Pricing in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-130
Author(s):  
Anita Engels ◽  
Chen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Carbon Market ◽  
Central China ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Recent Developments

This study combines three purposes: to advance a valuation perspective for theorizing about social change and climate change; to contribute to the general debate on pricing as the dominant policy to meet climate mitigation goals; to improve our understanding of potential decarbonization processes in China. We apply a valuation perspective to an in-depth case study of an emerging carbon market in Hubei Province in Central China. The study builds on original data collected during field trips to Hubei (2014, 2015) and additional documents covering recent developments in the Chinese carbon market. It shows how putting a price on carbon in China emerges as the outcome of a long-term cultural and institutional process in which China’s high-carbon growth model is increasingly contested. We emphasize the work that was required before a carbon price could emerge as a market price, and focus on the uncertainty that needed to be overcome in the complex multilevel Chinese system. We suggest that China’s introduction of low-carbon policies are a side effect of other political, economic and social pressures, and that it is largely facilitated because such policies are consistent with many other changes that are occurring simultaneously both in the Chinese context and globally.

scholarly journals Coastal Scenic Beauty and Sensitivity at the Balearic Islands, Spain: Implication of Natural and Human Factors

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Alexis Mooser ◽  
Giorgio Anfuso ◽  
Lluís Gómez-Pujol ◽  
Angela Rizzo ◽  
Allan T. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
User Preferences ◽  
Balearic Islands ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Human Pressure ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Scenic Beauty

Coastal areas globally are facing a significant range of environmental stresses, enhanced by climate change-related processes and a continuous increase of human activities. The economic benefits of tourism are well-known for coastal regions, but, very often, conflicts arise between short-term benefits and long-term conservation goals. Among beach user preferences, five parameters of greater importance stand out from the rest, i.e., safety, facilities, water quality, litter and scenery; the latter is the main concern of this study. A coastal scenic evaluation was carried out in the Balearic Islands and focused on two major issues: coastal scenic beauty together with sensitivity to natural processes and human pressure. The archipelago is renowned as a top international coastal tourist destination that receives more than 13.5 million visitors (2019). Impressive landscape diversity makes the Balearics Islands an ideal field for this research. In total, 52 sites, respectively located in Ibiza (11), Formentera (5), Mallorca (18) and Menorca (18), were field-tested. In a first step, coastal scenic beauty was quantified using the coastal scenic evaluation system (CSES) method, based on the evaluation of 26 physical and human parameters, and using weighting matrices parameters and fuzzy logic mathematics. An evaluation index (“D”) was obtained for each site, allowing one to classify them in one of the five scenic classes established by the method. Twenty-nine sites were included in class I, corresponding to extremely attractive sites (CSES), which were mainly observed in Menorca. Several sound measures were proposed to maintain and/or enhance sites’ scenic value. In a second step, scenic sensitivity was evaluated using a novel methodological approach that makes possible the assessment of three different coastal scenic sensitivity indexes (CSSI), i.e., the natural sensitivity index NSI, the human sensitivity index HSI and the total sensitivity index TSI. Future climate change trends and projection of tourism development, studied at municipality scale, were considered as correction factors. All the islands showed places highly sensitive to environmental processes, while sensitivity to human pressure was essentially observed at Ibiza and Mallorca. Thereafter, sites were categorized into one of three sensitive groups established by the methodology. Results obtained are useful in pointing out very sensitive sceneries as well as limiting, preventing and/or anticipating future scenic degradation linked to natural and human issues.

scholarly journals Carbon Price Forecasting Based on Improved CEEMDAN and Extreme Learning Machine Optimized by Sparrow Search Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4896
Author(s):  
Jianguo Zhou ◽  
Dongfeng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Extreme Learning Machine ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Integration Scheme ◽  
Combination Model ◽  
Price Prediction ◽  
Price Series ◽  
Learning Machine

Effective carbon pricing policies have become an effective tool for many countries to encourage emission reduction. An accurate carbon price prediction model is helpful for the implementation of energy conservation and emission reduction policies and the decision-making of governments and investors. However, it is difficult for a single prediction model to achieve high prediction accuracy because of the high complexity of the carbon price series. Many studies have proved the nonlinear characteristics of carbon trading prices, but there are very few studies on the chaotic nature of carbon price series. As a consequence, this paper proposes an innovative hybrid model for carbon price prediction. A decomposition-reconstruction-prediction-integration scheme is designed to predict carbon prices. Firstly, several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and one residue were obtained from the raw data decomposed by ICEEMDAN. Next, the decomposed subsection is reconstructed into a new sequence according to the calculation results by the Lempel-Ziv complexity algorithm. Then, considering the chaotic characteristics of sequence, the input variables of the models are determined through the phase space reconstruction (PSR) algorithm combined with the partial autocorrelation function (PACF). Finally, the Sparrow search algorithm (SSA) is introduced to optimize the extreme learning machine (ELM) model, which is applied in the carbon price prediction for the purpose of verifying the validity of the proposed combination model, which is applied to the pilots of Hubei, Beijing, and Guangdong. The empirical results show that the combination model outperformed the 13 other models in predicting accuracy, speed, and stability. The decomposition-reconstruction-prediction-integration strategy is a method for predicting the carbon price efficiently.

scholarly journals Climate Change in the Arctic—The Need for a Broader Gender Perspective in Data Collection

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 628
Author(s):  
Arja Rautio ◽  
Natalia Kukarenko ◽  
Lena Maria Nilsson ◽  
Birgitta Evengard
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Gender Analysis ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Disaggregated Data

Climate change in the Arctic affects both environmental, animal, and human health, as well as human wellbeing and societal development. Women and men, and girls and boys are affected differently. Sex-disaggregated data collection is increasingly carried out as a routine in human health research and in healthcare analysis. This study involved a literature review and used a case study design to analyze gender differences in the roles and responsibilities of men and women residing in the Arctic. The theoretical background for gender-analysis is here described together with examples from the Russian Arctic and a literature search. We conclude that a broader gender-analysis of sex-disaggregated data followed by actions is a question of human rights and also of economic benefits for societies at large and of the quality of services as in the health care.

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