scholarly journals Impacts of Environmental Agreements on Bilateral Trade of Climate Industry

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7277
Author(s):  
Sung Jin Kang ◽  
Sun Lee ◽  
Seon Ju Lee
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Inclusive Approach ◽  
Pseudo Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Mitigation Methods ◽  
The Impact

We investigated the effect of agreements related to climate change on bilateral trade, using the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) estimator on a large dataset that requires computing high-dimensional fixed effects. This study develops the concordance between commodities based on harmonized systems (HS) and technologies defined by both international and cooperative patent classifications (IPC/CPC). Using the OECD ENV-TECH classification, covering 169 exporting countries and 179 importing countries worldwide from 1991 to 2019, we determined the relationship between HS commodities and IPC/CPC climate change technologies. The main findings show that, first, the Kyoto Protocol has increased international bilateral trade in the climate change industry, while the Montreal Protocol has led to the opposite effect. In addition, the impact of environmental stringency on international bilateral trade in climate-related industries was negative and significant, refuting the Porter Hypothesis. This result was consistent within the trade between the convention countries. Therefore, national and industrial perspectives are relative, and voluntary climate mitigation methods should be applied, considering the areas where carbon reduction is relatively difficult. In other words, the conventions and policies must shift to a global paradigm in environmental protection and a more inclusive approach, with recognition of diversity in governance types.

The Impact of Climate Change on Small Ruminant Performance in Caribbean Communities

2017 ◽  
pp. 296-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cicero H. O. Lallo ◽  
Sebrena Smalling ◽  
Audley Facey ◽  
Martin Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Current System ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Forage Availability ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Mitigation Methods ◽  
The Impact

Many Caribbean small ruminant management systems are forage-based, relying on rain to sustain pastures for feed. Animal performance is thus heavily dependent on forage availability. The nutritive value of pasture was highest during the intermediate season and lowest during the dry season, leading to under nutrition, and declined flock performance in the dry season. Climate change will therefore seriously hamper pasture availability and nutritive value. Hair sheep on pasture, without shade or water, experienced increased respiration rate, they were under chronic heat stress. However, where adequate shade and water were provided, heat stress was reduced. The current system of small ruminant production is prone to the negative impacts of climate change events due to its effect on nutrition, growth and reproduction. Immediate actions are needed to prepare farmers to respond by mitigation methods, to maintain and enhance animal productivity if the envisaged protein security goals set for this sector are to be realized.

34 Warming Waters and Souring Seas: Climate Change and Ocean Acidification

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephens Tim
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Rising Sea Levels ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines the impact of climate change and ocean acidification on the oceans and their implications for the international law of the sea. In particular, it assesses the implications of rising sea levels for territorial sea baselines, the seawards extent of maritime zones, and maritime boundaries. It also considers the restrictions placed by the UN Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) upon States in pursuing climate mitigation and adaptation policies, such as attempts to ‘engineer’ the global climate by artificially enhancing the capacity of the oceans to draw CO2 from the atmosphere. The chapter analyzes the role of the LOSC, alongside other treaty regimes, in addressing the serious threat of ocean acidification.

IMPACTS OF MECHANISMS TO PROMOTE PARTICIPATION IN CLIMATE MITIGATION: BORDER CARBON ADJUSTMENTS VERSUS UNIFORM TARIFF MEASURES

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 2041007
Author(s):  
KUN ZHANG ◽  
QIAO-MEI LIANG ◽  
LI-JING LIU ◽  
MEI-MEI XUE ◽  
BI-YING YU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Cge Model ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Welfare Losses

Because free-riding behavior is an inherent characteristic of climate change, how to protect the economic benefits of the emission reduction regions and prompt the noncooperative region to join the emission reduction coalition is particularly important. In this study, we use a global multi-region multi-sector CGE model to compare the impacts of border carbon adjustment (BCA) and two unified tariff mechanisms based on different implementation principles on USA. The results show that the BCA is more effective in reducing carbon leakage in USA than the uniform tariff mechanisms. However, for GDP and welfare losses, the scenario Tariff-carbon-reduction results in greater GDP and welfare losses in USA, which is more conducive to prompting USA to implement carbon reduction policies than the BCA measures. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of carbon price levels and key substitution elasticity further confirmed the results.

scholarly journals Cultural change and the migration choice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Lanati ◽  
Alessandra Venturini
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
Cultural Proximity ◽  
World Econ ◽  
Cultural Affinity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

AbstractCultural differences play an important role in shaping migration patterns. The conventional proxies for cross country cultural differences, such as common language; ethnicity; genetic traits; or religion, implicitly assume that cultural proximity between two countries is constant over time and symmetric. This is far from realistic. This paper proposes a gravity model for international migration which explicitly allows for the time varying and asymmetric dimensions of cultural proximity. In accordance with Disdier, Tai, Fontagné, Mayer (Rev World Econ, 145(4):575–595, 2010) we assume that the evolution of bilateral cultural affinity over time is reflected in the intensity of bilateral trade in cultural goods. The empirical framework includes a comprehensive set of high dimensional fixed effects which enable identification of the impact of cultural proximity on migration over and beyond the effect of pre-existing cultural and historical ties. The results are robust across different econometric techniques and suggest that positive changes in cultural relationships over time foster bilateral migration.

scholarly journals Climate Transition Risk and the Impact on Green Bonds

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 597
Author(s):  
Yevheniia Antoniuk ◽  
Thomas Leirvik
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Climate Change Policy ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Change Policy ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
The Impact

The green bond market develops rapidly and aims to contribute to climate mitigation and adaptation significantly. Green bonds as any asset are subject to transition climate risk, namely, regulatory risk. This paper investigates the impact of unexpected political events on the risk and returns of green bonds and their correlation with other assets. We apply a traditional and regression-based event study and find that events related to climate change policy impact green bonds indices. Green bonds indices anticipated the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change as a favorable event, whereas the 2016 US Presidential Election had a significant negative impact. The negative impact of the US withdrawal from the Paris agreement is more prominent for municipal but not corporate green bonds. All three events also have a similar effect on green bonds performance in the long term. The results imply that, despite the benefits of issuing green bonds, there are substantial risks that are difficult to hedge. This additional risk to green bonds might cause a time-varying premium for green bonds found in previous literature.

scholarly journals Role of vegetation change in future climate under the A1B scenario and a climate stabilisation scenario, using the HadCM3C earth system model

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 7601-7659 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Falloon ◽  
R. Dankers ◽  
R. A. Betts ◽  
C. D. Jones ◽  
B. B. B. Booth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Carbon Cycle Model ◽  
Ipcc Sres ◽  
The Impact ◽  
A1b Scenario

Abstract. The aim of our study was to use the coupled climate-carbon cycle model HadCM3C to quantify climate impact of ecosystem changes over recent decades and under future scenarios, due to changes in both atmospheric CO2 and surface albedo. We use two future scenarios – the IPCC SRES A1B scenario, and a climate stabilisation scenario (2C20), allowing us to assess the impact of climate mitigation on results. We performed a pair of simulations under each scenario – one in which vegetation was fixed at the initial state and one in which vegetation changes dynamically in response to climate change, as determined by the interactive vegetation model within HadCM3C. In our simulations with interactive vegetation, relatively small changes in global vegetation coverage were found, mainly dominated by increases in scrub and needleleaf trees at high latitudes and losses of broadleaf trees and grasses across the Amazon. Globally this led to a loss of terrestrial carbon, mainly from the soil. Global changes in carbon storage were related to the regional losses from the Amazon and gains at high latitude. Regional differences in carbon storage between the two scenarios were largely driven by the balance between warming-enhanced decomposition and altered vegetation growth. Globally, interactive vegetation reduced albedo acting to enhance albedo changes due to climate change. This was mainly related to the darker land surface over high latitudes (due to vegetation expansion, particularly during winter and spring); small increases in albedo occurred over the Amazon. As a result, there was a relatively small impact of vegetation change on most global annual mean climate variables, which was generally greater under A1B than 2C20, with markedly stronger local-to-regional and seasonal impacts. Globally, vegetation change amplified future annual temperature increases by 0.24 and 0.15 K (under A1B and 2C20, respectively) and increased global precipitation, with reductions in precipitation over the Amazon and increases over high latitudes. In general, changes were stronger over land – for example, global temperature changes due to interactive vegetation of 0.43 and 0.28 K under A1B and 2C20, respectively. Regionally, the warming influence of future vegetation change in our simulations was driven by the balance between driving factors. For instance, reduced tree cover over the Amazon reduced evaporation (particularly during summer), outweighing the cooling influence of any small albedo changes. In contrast, at high latitudes the warming impact of reduced albedo (particularly during winter and spring) due to increased vegetation cover appears to have offset any cooling due to small evaporation increases. Climate mitigation generally reduced the impact of vegetation change on future global and regional climate in our simulations. Our study therefore suggests that there is a need to consider both biogeochemical and biophysical effects in climate adaptation and mitigation decision making.

scholarly journals The Impact of a National Identity Loss Message, and the Moderating Effect of Political Orientation, on Climate Change Policy Support

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Klas ◽  
Edward John Roy Clarke ◽  
Kelly Fielding ◽  
Matthew Mackay ◽  
Susanne Lohmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Mitigation Policy ◽  
Climate Policies ◽  
Control Message ◽  
The Impact

As climate change continues to be politically divisive, developing communications that align with right-leaning beliefs may increase bipartisan support for climate policy. In two experimental studies (Study 1, Australia, N = 521; Study 2, United States, N = 807), we tested whether a national identity loss message would elicit greater support for mitigation and adaptation policies when compared to an economic loss or control message, and whether this was conditional on political orientation. In both studies, conservatives were less likely to support both climate policies, but Australian (Study 1) and American (Study 2) identification predicted adaptation support. In the U.S. sample, there was a direct effect of the national identity loss message (compared to economic loss) on both climate policies, and an interaction of political orientation and message type. Conservatives who received an economic loss message were less likely to support climate mitigation policy when compared to conservatives who had received a national identity loss message. However, we found no significant interaction effects when comparing a national identity loss message to the control message. This suggests that if one has to discuss climate change, threatening national identity may be more useful than economic loss information in increasing mitigation policy support.

The Impact of Climate Change on Small Ruminant Performance in Caribbean Communities

2018 ◽  
pp. 193-218
Author(s):  
Cicero H. O. Lallo ◽  
Sebrena Smalling ◽  
Audley Facey ◽  
Martin Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Current System ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Forage Availability ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Mitigation Methods ◽  
The Impact

Many Caribbean small ruminant management systems are forage-based, relying on rain to sustain pastures for feed. Animal performance is thus heavily dependent on forage availability. The nutritive value of pasture was highest during the intermediate season and lowest during the dry season, leading to under nutrition, and declined flock performance in the dry season. Climate change will therefore seriously hamper pasture availability and nutritive value. Hair sheep on pasture, without shade or water, experienced increased respiration rate, they were under chronic heat stress. However, where adequate shade and water were provided, heat stress was reduced. The current system of small ruminant production is prone to the negative impacts of climate change events due to its effect on nutrition, growth and reproduction. Immediate actions are needed to prepare farmers to respond by mitigation methods, to maintain and enhance animal productivity if the envisaged protein security goals set for this sector are to be realized.

scholarly journals Climate change and food security in EAC region: a panel data analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-284
Author(s):  
Walaa Mahrous
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
East African Community ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This study aims to analyze the impact of global climate change on food security in the East African Community (EAC) region, using panel data analysis for five countries, over 2000-2014. Design/methodology/approach The determinants of food security are expressed as a function of rainfall, temperature, land area under cereal production, and population size. The paper used pooled fixed effects to estimate the relationship among these variables. Findings Findings show that food security in EAC is adversely affected by temperature. However, precipitation and increasing areas cultivated with cereal crops will be beneficial to ensure everyone's food security. Originality/value Actions for mitigating global warming are important for EAC to consolidate the region’s economic, political and social development/stability.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous Impacts of Extreme Climate Risks on Global Energy Consumption Transition: An International Comparative Study

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4189
Author(s):  
Jiaying Peng ◽  
Yuhang Zheng ◽  
Ke Mao
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
Extreme Climate ◽  
The Impact

In response to the uncertainty of extreme climate change, energy consumption structure has been actively adjusted globally. Based on panel data of 101 countries or regions from 2006 to 2019, a panel data model with fixed effects is used to analyze the heterogeneous impacts of extreme climate risks on global consumption transition. The results show that extreme climate change has promoted the transition of the energy structure, reduced the consumption of fossil energy, and increased the consumption of renewable energy. Meanwhile, there are heterogeneous impacts of extreme climate change risks on the energy transition when different countries suffering from extreme weather conditions. Areas with high levels of economic development and coastal countries are more inclined to respond to climate change through energy transition. It is further confirmed that, under the impact of business cycle and oil price fluctuations, economic recession and falling oil prices will strengthen the correlation between climate risk and the global energy transition, and governments need to pay more attention to the impact of climate risks.

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