COLLOIDAL PREPARATION OF MONODISPERSE NANOCRYSTALS

2014 ◽  
Vol 02 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 1430001 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHUANG-YUAN ZHANG ◽  
MICHELLE D. REGULACIO ◽  
KWOK WEI SHAH ◽  
THAMMANOON SREETHAWONG ◽  
YUANGANG ZHENG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ostwald Ripening ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Experimental Techniques ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Successful Design ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Nanocrystal Formation ◽  
Processing Steps ◽  
Monodisperse Nanocrystals

In the field of nanoscience, the ability to prepare high-quality nanocrystals is crucial for fundamental research and technology development. Herein, we review a general route for the colloidal preparation of monodisperse nanocrystals, which is divided into five different stages, namely (i) nucleation, (ii) growth, (iii) Ostwald ripening, (iv) surfactant capping and (v) precipitation. Each of the five stages is discussed in detail to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism behind nanocrystal formation and the subsequent processing steps. We put emphasis on the classical theories and experimental techniques that are most frequently practiced. These are useful for the successful design and fabrication of nanocrystals with properties that are beneficial for use in a plethora of technological applications.

Applications of the Cambridge Structural Database to molecular inorganic chemistry

2002 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Guy Orpen
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Chemistry ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Cambridge Structural Database ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Computational Data ◽  
Inorganic Complexes ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Structural Database ◽  
Structure Correlation ◽  
Molecular Dimensions

Applications of the data in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) to knowledge acquisition and fundamental research in molecular inorganic chemistry are reviewed. Various classes of application are identified, including the derivation of typical molecular dimensions and their variability and transferability, the derivation and testing of theories of molecular structure and bonding, the identification of reaction paths and related conformational analyses based on the structure correlation hypothesis, and the identification of common and presumably energetically favourable intermolecular interactions. In many of these areas, the availability of plentiful structural data from the CSD is set against the emergence of high-quality computational data on the geometry and energy of inorganic complexes.

scholarly journals Basic research in the context of the development of medical substances and technologies

2018 ◽  
pp. 84-86
Author(s):  
Л.В. Кузнецова ◽  
Л.Ю. Бахтина ◽  
И.Ю. Малышев
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Pharmacological Research ◽  
Design And Methods

В кратком обзоре обсуждаются задачи фармацевтических компаний, и вопросы о наиболее рациональном соотношении скорости, стоимости и качества процесса разработки лекарств и технологий (DDD). Делается заключение, что экспериментальный дизайн и методы медико-фармакологических исследований должны разрабатываться на основании современных принципов и представлений о содержании этапов DDD, с особым акцентом на высокое качество научных исследований на этапе открытия. This brief review discusses challenges of pharmaceutical companies and issues of the most rational relationship between the speed, cost, and quality of the process for drug and technology development (DTD). It was concluded that the experimental design and methods of medical and pharmacological research should be developed on the basis of modern principles and ideas about the essence of DTD stages with a particular emphasis on the high quality of scientific research at the stage of discovery.

Producing Clay-Coated Quartz Powders for Semidry Pressing of Wall Ceramics

1998 ◽  
Vol 520 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.N. Kryukova ◽  
P.A. Simonov ◽  
G.I. Storozhenko ◽  
G.V. Boldyrev
Keyword(s):  
Mechanochemical Activation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Processing Steps ◽  
Semidry Pressing

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the potential of mechanochemical activation of low grade raw materials with carbonaceous inclusions to achieve high-quality building ceramics. The procedure proposed enabled us to produce clay-coated quartz powders thus facilitating further processing steps of semidry pressing and firing of the bricks, tiles and flagstones.

Controlled Growth of High-Temperature Superconducting Thin Films on Polycrystalline Substrates

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Magnetic Energy ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
High Temperature Superconducting ◽  
Controlled Processing ◽  
Crystal Films

Since their discovery in 1987, significant progress has been made in the fabrication of high-quality, high-temperature superconducting (HTS) thin films. Films with reproducible properties can be routinely deposited on single crystal substrates by several well-established processing techniques. Single crystal substrates, however, are not suitable for many applications because of their cost, limitations in size and shape, and lack of flexibility. Hence, a great deal of effort has been directed at the fabrication of thin films on polycrystalline rather than single crystal substrates. For example, metallic substrates are expected to be useful for the fabrication of HTS conductors for such applications as generators, motors, and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) devices. For polycrystalline thin-film applications, lattice matching for epitaxial growth of thin films is no longer possible. Microstructures of these films are generally more complex than those of single crystal films, primarily because of grain boundaries. As a result, the microstructure of polycrystalline films must be carefully controlled to ensure that the critical current density is high enough for practical applications.Happily, progress in this respect has been substantial. There have been laboratory demonstrations of techniques for controlled processing of high-quality HTS thin films on polycrystalline substrates. Even though the technology development in this area is still in its infancy, many successful processing approaches have been developed to set the stage for the eventual use of HTS thin films in power device applications.

scholarly journals Detailed comparison of two popular variant calling packages for exome and targeted exon studies

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles D Warden ◽  
Aaron W Adamson ◽  
Susan L Neuhausen ◽  
Xiwei Wu
Keyword(s):  
Gene List ◽  
Variant Calling ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Genome Analysis Toolkit ◽  
High Concordance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Processing Steps

The Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) is often considered to be the “gold standard” for variant calling of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small insertions and deletions (indels) from short-read sequencing data aligned against a reference genome. There have been a number of variant calling comparisons against GATK, but an adequate comparison against VarScan may have not yet been performed. More specifically, we compared four lists of variants called by GATK (using the UnifiedGenotyper and the HaplotypeCaller algorithms, with and without filtering low quality variants) and three lists of variants called using VarScan (with varying sets of parameters). Variant calling was performed on three datasets (1 targeted exon dataset and 2 exome datasets), each with approximately a dozen subjects. We found that running VarScan with a conservative set of parameters (referred to as “VarScan-Cons”) resulted in a high quality gene list, with high concordance (>97%) when compared to high quality variants called by the GATK UnifiedGenotyper and HaplotypeCaller. These conservative parameters result in decreased sensitivity, but the VarScan-Cons variant list could still recover 84-88% of the high-quality GATK SNPs in the exome datasets. We also accessed the impact of pre-processing (e.g., indel realignment and quality score base recalibration using GATK). In most cases, these pre-processing steps had only a modest impact on the variant calls, but the importance of the pre-processing steps varied between datasets and variant callers. More broadly, we believe the metrics used for comparison in this study can be useful in accessing the quality of variant calls in the context of a specific experimental design. As an example, a limited number of variant calling comparisons are also performed on two additional variant callers.

scholarly journals Computational Approaches to Determining Accurate Band Strengths

1994 ◽  
Vol 146 ◽  
pp. 310-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Langhoff ◽  
Charles W. Bauschlicher
Keyword(s):  
Computational Chemistry ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Experimental Techniques ◽  
Electronic Transitions ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Computational Approaches ◽  
Molecular Systems ◽  
Stellar Temperatures ◽  
Line Strengths

With the advent of high-speed computing and improved algorithms, computational chemistry techniques have become competitive with the best experimental techniques for determining line strengths for rovibrational and electronic transitions in molecular systems (BauschlicherkLanghoff 1991). This is particularly the case at high temperatures where the molecules are highly rotationally excited. While it is difficult to measure line strengths at stellar temperatures, the theoretical values can be very reliable if a globally accurate transition moment function (TMF) is used in conjunction with high-quality experimental or theoretical potentials.

The Quest into China Engineering Materials Personnel Training Mode

2012 ◽  
Vol 424-425 ◽  
pp. 210-212
Author(s):  
Jian Lin Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Personnel Training ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Life Long Learning ◽  
Training Mode ◽  
Engineering Materials ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
The University

With the rapid development of China's economy, construction of the project has made rapid development，and the demand of modern construction materials for projects demanding is higher. High-quality engineering materials technology training is in engineering materials technology development to protect. Based on the analysis of high-quality construction materials and technical personnel on the basis of the basic characteristics, the author summarized the problems in the process of training engineering materials personnel in china and searched into the china engineering materials personnel training mode that includes the university of semi-structured model of teaching and the social talents’ life-long learning

scholarly journals Identifying the Role of Media Technology Advances in Economics

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morteza Karamouzian ◽  
Ali Akbar Farhangi ◽  
Hossein Eslami
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Media Technology ◽  
Interview Method ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Technology Advances

The purpose of this article is to identify the role of media technology development in the economy. In this study, 30 experts in the field of media were used as a sample. The research method is qualitative. Since in this research, there was a need to address the depth of the subject and a deep and comprehensive understanding of media experts, for this reason, the interview method was used.

scholarly journals Opportunities and Challenges of High-Pressure Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass: A Review

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5426
Author(s):  
Waheed A. Rasaq ◽  
Mateusz Golonka ◽  
Miklas Scholz ◽  
Andrzej Białowiec
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Fast Heating ◽  
The Impact

Most pyrolysis reactors require small sizes of biomass particles to achieve high-quality products. Moreover, understanding the usefulness of high-pressure systems in pyrolysis is important, given the operational challenges they exhibit specific to various biomass materials. To actualize these aspects, the authors first checked previous reviews involving pyrolysis on different biomass and different conditions/situations with their respective objectives and subsections. From these already existing reviews, the team found that there has not been much emphasis on high-pressure fast pyrolysis and its potential in biomass conversion, showing that it is a novel direction in the pyrolysis technology development. Therefore, this review aims to shed more light on high-pressure fast pyrolysis, drawing from (a) classification of pyrolysis; (b) reactors used in fast pyrolysis; (c) heat transfer in pyrolysis feedstock; (d) fast pyrolysis parameters; (e) properties/yields of fast pyrolysis products; (f) high pressure on pyrolysis process; (g) catalyst types and their application; and (h) problems to overcome in the pyrolysis process. This review increases the understanding regarding high-pressure fast pyrolysis. An attempt has been made to demonstrate how high-pressure fast pyrolysis can bring about high-quality biomass conversion into new products. It has been shown that fluidized bed (bubbling and circulating) reactors are most suitable and profitable in terms of product yield. The high-pressure, especially combined with the fast-heating rate, may be more efficient and beneficial than working under ambient pressure. However, the challenges of pyrolysis on a technical scale appear to be associated with obtaining high product quality and yield. The direction of future work should focus on the design of high-pressure process reactors and material types that might have greater biomass promise, as well understanding the impact of pyrolysis technology on the various output products, especially those with lower energy demands. We propose that the increase of process pressure and biomass particle size decrease should be considered as variables for optimization.

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