scholarly journals Exercise training promotes a GDF15-associated reduction in fat mass in older adults with obesity

2019 ◽  
Vol 316 (5) ◽  
pp. E829-E836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Ciarán E. Fealy ◽  
John P. Kirwan
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Human Obesity ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Response To Exercise

Obesity is a major risk factor for metabolic disease. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) has shown promise as a weight loss agent for obesity in animal studies. In healthy lean humans, fasting plasma GDF15 increases after acute exercise. However, the role of GDF15 in human obesity and the response of plasma GDF15 to exercise training in patients with obesity is unknown. Here, 24 sedentary volunteers with obesity [age: 65 ± 1 yr; body mass index (BMI): 35.3 ± 0.9 kg/m2] participated in a supervised 12-wk aerobic exercise intervention: 1 h/day, 5 days/wk at ~85% maximum heart rate with controlled isocaloric diet. As a result, plasma GDF15 was significantly increased (PRE: 644.1 ± 42.6 pg/ml, POST: 704.4 ± 47.2 pg/ml, P < 0.01) after the exercise intervention. Inconsistent with animal models, ΔGDF15 was not correlated with change in weight, BMI, or resting energy expenditure. However, ΔGDF15 was correlated with a reduction in total fat mass ( P < 0.05), abdominal fat mass ( P < 0.05), and android fat mass ( P ≤ 0.05). Participants with a positive GDF15 response to exercise had increased total fat oxidation (PRE: 0.25 ± 0.05 mg·kg−1·min−1, POST: 0.43 ± 0.07 mg·kg−1·min−1, P ≤ 0.05), metabolic flexibility [PRE: −0.01 ± 0.01 delta respiratory quotient (RQ), POST: 0.06 ± 0.01 delta RQ, P < 0.001], and insulin sensitivity (PRE: 0.33 ± 0.01 QUICKI index, POST: 0.34 ± 0.01 QUICKI index, P < 0.01), suggesting a link between GDF15 and fat mass loss as well as exercise-induced metabolic improvement in humans with obesity. We conclude that the exercise-induced increase in plasma GDF15 and the association with reduced fat mass may indicate a role for GDF15 as a therapeutic target for human obesity.

scholarly journals Identification of human exercise-induced myokines using secretome analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 256-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milène Catoire ◽  
Marco Mensink ◽  
Eric Kalkhoven ◽  
Patrick Schrauwen ◽  
Sander Kersten
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Level ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Training Intervention ◽  
Secretome Analysis ◽  
Exercise Training Intervention ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Male Subjects

Endurance exercise is associated with significant improvements in cardio-metabolic risk parameters. A role for myokines has been hypothesized, yet limited information is available about myokines induced by acute endurance exercise in humans. Therefore, the aim of the study was to identify novel exercise-induced myokines in humans. To this end, we carried out a 1 h one-legged acute endurance exercise intervention in 12 male subjects and a 12 wk exercise training intervention in 18 male subjects. Muscle biopsies were taken before and after acute exercise or exercise training and were subjected to microarray-based analysis of secreted proteins (secretome). For acute exercise, secretome analysis resulted in a list of 86 putative myokines, which was reduced to 29 by applying a fold-change cut-off of 1.5. Based on that shortlist, a selection of putative myokines was measured in the plasma by ELISA or multiplex assay. From that selection, CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and CCL2 (MCP-1) increased at both mRNA and plasma levels. From the known myokines, only IL-6 and FGF 21 changed at the mRNA level, whereas none of the known myokines changed at the plasma level. Secretome analysis of exercise training intervention resulted in a list of 69 putative myokines. Comparing putative myokines altered by acute exercise and exercise training revealed a limited overlap of only 13 genes. In conclusion, this study identified CX3CL1 and CCL2 as myokines that were induced by acute exercise at the gene expression and plasma level and that may be involved in communication between skeletal muscle and other organs.

scholarly journals Adrenergically and non-adrenergically mediated human adipose tissue lipolysis during acute exercise and exercise training

2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (15) ◽  
pp. 1685-1698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Verboven ◽  
Rudi Stinkens ◽  
Dominique Hansen ◽  
Inez Wens ◽  
Ines Frederix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Human Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glycerol Concentration ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Exercise Training Intervention ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Post Exercise Recovery

Obesity-related adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction, in particular subcutaneous AT (SCAT) lipolysis, is characterized by catecholamine resistance and impaired atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) responsiveness. It remains unknown whether exercise training improves (non-)adrenergically mediated lipolysis in metabolically compromised conditions. We investigated the effects of local combined α-/β-adrenoceptor blockade on abdominal SCAT lipolysis in lean insulin sensitive (IS) (n=10), obese IS (n=10), and obese insulin resistant (IR) (n=10) men. Obese men participated in a 12-week exercise training intervention to determine the effects on SCAT lipolysis. Abdominal SCAT extracellular glycerol concentration and blood flow (ATBF) were investigated using microdialysis, with/without locally combined α-/β-adrenoceptor blockade at rest, during low-intensity endurance-type exercise and post-exercise recovery. In obese IR men, microdialysis was repeated after exercise intervention. The exercise-induced increase in SCAT extracellular glycerol was more pronounced in obese IS compared with lean IS men, possibly resulting from lower ATBF in obese IS men. The exercise-induced increase in extracellular glycerol was blunted in obese IR compared with obese IS men, despite comparable local ATBF. Abdominal SCAT extracellular glycerol was markedly reduced (remaining ~60% of exercise-induced SCAT extracellular glycerol) following the local α-/β-adrenoceptor blockade in obese IS but not in IR men, suggesting reduced catecholamine-mediated lipolysis during exercise in obese IR men. Exercise training did not affect (non-)adrenergically mediated lipolysis in obese IR men. Our findings showed a major contribution of non-adrenergically-mediated lipolysis during exercise in male abdominal SCAT. Furthermore, catecholamine-mediated lipolysis may be blunted during exercise in obese IR men but could not be improved by exercise intervention, despite an improved metabolic profile and body composition.

scholarly journals Endurance training reduces the contraction-induced interleukin-6 mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (6) ◽  
pp. E1189-E1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian P. Fischer ◽  
Peter Plomgaard ◽  
Anne K. Hansen ◽  
Henriette Pilegaard ◽  
Bengt Saltin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Resting Muscle

Contracting skeletal muscle expresses large amounts of IL-6. Because 1) IL-6 mRNA expression in contracting skeletal muscle is enhanced by low muscle glycogen content, and 2) IL-6 increases lipolysis and oxidation of fatty acids, we hypothesized that regular exercise training, associated with increased levels of resting muscle glycogen and enhanced capacity to oxidize fatty acids, would lead to a less-pronounced increase of skeletal muscle IL-6 mRNA in response to acute exercise. Thus, before and after 10 wk of knee extensor endurance training, skeletal muscle IL-6 mRNA expression was determined in young healthy men ( n = 7) in response to 3 h of dynamic knee extensor exercise, using the same relative workload. Maximal power output, time to exhaustion during submaximal exercise, resting muscle glycogen content, and citrate synthase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase enzyme activity were all significantly enhanced by training. IL-6 mRNA expression in resting skeletal muscle did not change in response to training. However, although absolute workload during acute exercise was 44% higher ( P < 0.05) after the training period, skeletal muscle IL-6 mRNA content increased 76-fold ( P < 0.05) in response to exercise before the training period, but only 8-fold ( P < 0.05, relative to rest and pretraining) in response to exercise after training. Furthermore, the exercise-induced increase of plasma IL-6 ( P < 0.05, pre- and posttraining) was not higher after training despite higher absolute work intensity. In conclusion, the magnitude of the exercise-induced IL-6 mRNA expression in contracting human skeletal muscle was markedly reduced by 10 wk of training.

Skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise are not influenced by metformin treatment in humans: secondary analyses of two randomised, clinical trials.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanna Skytt Pilmark ◽  
Laura Oberholzer ◽  
Jens Frey Halling ◽  
Jonas M. Kristensen ◽  
Christina Pedersen Bønding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Metformin Treatment ◽  
Ampk Activation ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Parallel Group ◽  
Exercise Induced

Metformin and exercise both improve glycemic control, but in vitro studies have indicated that an interaction between metformin and exercise occurs in skeletal muscle, suggesting a blunting effect of metformin on exercise training adaptations. Two studies (a double-blind, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial conducted in 29 glucose-intolerant individuals and a double-blind, cross-over trial conducted in 15 healthy lean males) were included in this paper. In both studies, the effect of acute exercise +/- metformin treatment on different skeletal muscle variables, previously suggested to be involved in a pharmaco-physiological interaction between metformin and exercise, was assessed. Furthermore, in the parallel-group trial, the effect of 12 weeks of exercise training was assessed. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained before and after acute exercise and 12 weeks of exercise training, and mitochondrial respiration, oxidative stress and AMPK activation was determined. Metformin did not significantly affect the effects of acute exercise or exercise training on mitochondrial respiration, oxidative stress or AMPK activation, indicating that the response to acute exercise and exercise training adaptations in skeletal muscle is not affected by metformin treatment. Further studies are needed to investigate whether an interaction between metformin and exercise is present in other tissues, e.g. the gut. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03316690 and NCT02951260). Novelty bullets • Metformin does not affect exercise-induced alterations in mitochondrial respiratory capacity in human skeletal muscle • Metformin does not affect exercise-induced alterations in systemic levels of oxidative stress nor emission of reactive oxygen species from human skeletal muscle • Metformin does not affect exercise-induced AMPK activation in human skeletal muscle

Oxidants and antioxidants in exercise

1995 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Sen
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Current State ◽  
Strenuous Physical Exercise ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Exercise Induced

There is consistent evidence from human and animal studies that strenuous physical exercise may induce a state wherein the antioxidant defenses of several tissues are overwhelmed by excess reactive oxygen. A wide variety of physiological and dietary antioxidants act in concert to evade such a stress. Submaximal long-duration exercise training may augment the physiological antioxidant defenses in several tissues; however, this enhanced protection may not be sufficient to completely protect highly fit individuals from exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress. Regular physical activity in association with dietary habits that ensure adequate supply of a combination of appropriate antioxidants may be expected to yield desirable results. The significance of this area of research, current state of information, and possibilities of further investigation are briefly reviewed.

Abstract P095: Aerobic Exercise Training Reduces Endothelin-1-mediated Vasoconstriction In Postmenopausal Women

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan M Wenner ◽  
Caitlin Dow ◽  
Jared Greiner ◽  
Brian Stauffer ◽  
Christopher Desouza
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Receptor Blockade ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Endothelin 1 ◽  
Vasodilator Response ◽  
Exercise Induced

Endothelin-1 (ET-1)-mediated vasoconstrictor tone is elevated in postmenopausal women (PMW), contributing to their increased cardiovascular risk. Although aerobic exercise is beneficial in reducing ET-1 system activity in men, it is unknown whether this favorable vascular effect is conferred in women. In fact, contrary to men, it is uncertain whether aerobic exercise training improves endothelial dysfunction in PMW. We tested the hypothesis that aerobic exercise training reduces ET-1-mediated vasoconstriction in PMW. We further hypothesized reductions in ET-1 vasoconstrictor tone underly exercise-induced improvements in endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in PMW. Methods: Forearm blood flow (FBF) responses to intra-arterial infusion of selective ET A receptor blockade (BQ-123, 100 nmol/min for 60 min), acetylcholine (4.0, 8.0 and 16.0 μg/100 mL tissue/min) in the absence and presence of ET A receptor blockade and sodium nitroprusside (1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 μg/100 mL tissue/min) were determined before and after a 12-week aerobic exercise training intervention in 20 healthy, sedentary PMW (56 + 1 yr). Results: All 20 PMW completed the exercise intervention, walking an average of 4.9 + 0.1 d/wk for 50 + 2 min/d at 71 + 1% of maximal heart rate. After the exercise intervention, BQ-123 elicited no significant change in resting FBF in the previously sedentary PMW compared with significant vasodilation (~25%) before exercise. FBF responses to acetylcholine were markedly higher (~25%; P<0.05) after (from 4.3 + 0.3 to 13.8 + 0.8 mL/100 ml tissue/min) vs before (from 4.1 + 0.2 to 11.3 + 0.8 mL/100 ml tissue/min) exercise training. Moreover, before exercise training the co-infusion of BQ-123 with acetylcholine enhanced (~25%; P<0.05) the vasodilator response (from 4.3 + 0.3 to 13.7 + 0.7 mL/100 mL tissue/min) compared with acetylcholine alone; after exercise training, the presence of BQ-123 did not significantly affect the vasodilator response to acetylcholine. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that aerobic exercise training reduces ET-1-mediated vasoconstriction in PMW. Furthermore, decreased ET-1-mediated vasoconstriction is an important mechanism underlying aerobic exercise-induced improvement in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in PMW.

Effects of an outdoor bicycle-based intervention in healthy rural Indian men with normal and low birth weight

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Madsen ◽  
P. Mogensen ◽  
N. Thomas ◽  
D. L. Christensen ◽  
I. C. Bygbjerg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Total Fat

Physical inactivity and low birth weight (LBW) may lead to an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes. The extent to which LBW individuals may benefit from physical exercise training when compared with those with normal birth weight (NBW) controls is uncertain. We assessed the impact of an outdoor exercise intervention on body composition, insulin secretion and action in young men born with LBW and NBW in rural India. A total of 61 LBW and 56 NBW healthy young men were recruited into the study. The individuals were instructed to perform outdoor bicycle exercise training for 45 min every day. Fasting blood samples, intravenous glucose tolerance tests and bioimpedance body composition assessment were carried out. Physical activity was measured using combined accelerometry and heart rate monitoring during the first and the last week of the intervention. Following the exercise intervention, the LBW group displayed an increase in physical fitness [55.0 ml (O2)/kg min (52.0−58.0)−57.5 ml (O2)/kg min (54.4−60.5)] level and total fat-free mass [10.9% (8.0−13.4)−11.4% (8.0−14.6)], as well as a corresponding decline in the ratio of total fat mass/fat-free mass. In contrast, an increase in total fat percentage as well as total fat mass was observed in the NBW group. After intervention, fasting plasma insulin levels, homoeostasis model assessments (HOMA) of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and insulin secretion (HOMA-IS), improved to the same extent in both the groups. In summary, young men born with LBW in rural India benefit metabolically from exercise training to an extent comparable with NBW controls.

scholarly journals Exercise-induced irisin release as a determinant of the metabolic response to exercise training in obese youth: the EXIT trial

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (23) ◽  
pp. e13539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin R. Blizzard LeBlanc ◽  
Brittany V. Rioux ◽  
Cody Pelech ◽  
Teri L. Moffatt ◽  
Dustin E. Kimber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Obese Youth ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Response To Exercise

Resveratrol modulates the angiogenic response to exercise training in skeletal muscles of aged men

2014 ◽  
Vol 307 (8) ◽  
pp. H1111-H1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasse Gliemann ◽  
Jesper Olesen ◽  
Rasmus Sjørup Biensø ◽  
Jakob Friis Schmidt ◽  
Thorbjorn Akerstrom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Vegf Receptor ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Angiogenic Effect ◽  
Response To Exercise

In animal studies, the polyphenol resveratrol has been shown to influence several pathways of importance for angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. The aim of the present study was to examine the angiogenic effect of resveratrol supplementation with parallel exercise training in aged men. Forty-three healthy physically inactive aged men (65 ± 1 yr) were divided into 1) a training group that conducted 8 wk of intense exercise training where half of the subjects received a daily intake of either 250 mg trans-resveratrol ( n = 14) and the other half received placebo ( n = 13) and 2) a nontraining group that received either 250 mg trans-resveratrol ( n = 9) or placebo ( n = 7). The group that trained with placebo showed a ∼20% increase in the capillary-to-fiber ratio, an increase in muscle protein expression of VEGF, VEGF receptor-2, and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) but unaltered thrombospodin-1 levels. Muscle interstitial VEGF and thrombospodin-1 protein levels were unchanged after the training period. The group that trained with resveratrol supplementation did not show an increase in the capillary-to-fiber ratio or an increase in muscle VEGF protein. Muscle TIMP-1 protein levels were lower in the training and resveratrol group than in the training and placebo group. Both training groups showed an increase in forkhead box O1 protein. In nontraining groups, TIMP-1 protein was lower in the resveratrol-treated group than the placebo-treated group after 8 wk. In conclusion, these data show that exercise training has a strong angiogenic effect, whereas resveratrol supplementation may limit basal and training-induced angiogenesis.

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