Cerebral Energy Requirement of Neonatal Rats

1957 ◽  
Vol 188 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick E. Samson ◽  
Nancy A. Dahl
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Iodoacetic Acid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Respiratory Centers ◽  
Respiratory Movements

The survival times of neonatal rats in nitrogen with and without injected iodoacetic acid and at diverse ages and temperatures are presented. It is shown that the survival time in nitrogen is greatly shortened if iodoacetic acid has been injected. Also, in iodoacetic acid treated rats the survival time is decreased with the daily development of the animal; the survival time is lengthened by a decrease in body temperature; the effect of temperature decreases with the daily development of the animal; the logarithm of the survival time has a linear relationship with the body temperature. It is concluded that these survival times are a measure of the energy requirement of the respiratory centers and the influence of age and temperature upon the requirement. A calculation is made which indicates that a deficiency of one micromole of energy-rich phosphate per gram of tissue in the respiratory centers results in the cessation of respiratory movements.

ON THE SURVIVAL AND METABOLISM OF NORMAL AND HYPOTHERMIC PRE-VIABLE HUMAN FOETUSES

1961 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. KULLANDER ◽  
B. SUNDÉN
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Human Foetuses ◽  
General Reduction

SUMMARY A total of twenty-three human pre-viable foetuses (7–400 g.) were removed by abdominal hysterotomy (legal abortions) and studied during survival in an anoxic state at different temperatures. The duration of survival, as judged by ECG waves, at 37° c was about 3 hr.; it was longer for female foetuses than for males, and longer for large foetuses than for small ones. General reduction of the body-temperature to 4° c during periods varying between 30 min. and 6 hr. with subsequent rewarming to and maintenance at 37° c increased the survival time by a further 1–2 hr. The blood sugar did not decrease either during the period of survival or during hypothermia, but the non-protein nitrogen increased, while acidosis and hyperkalaemia developed. The glycogen content of the liver decreased during the anoxic period of survival and diminished further during hypothermia. The adrenal glands produced adrenaline in addition to noradrenaline during the anoxic phase, and this may occur in a very early stage of intrauterine life.

Strain difference in thermoregulation of rats surviving extreme heat

1982 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 410-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Furuyama
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Strain Difference ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Thermoregulatory System ◽  
Different Strains

The survival times of unanesthetized rats in 42.5 degree C. 48% rh were studied in 12 different strains. In males, Sprague-Dawley rats (P less than 0.01) and Fisher 344/MK (P less than 0.05) showed significantly higher heat tolerance than the other 9 strains. Among Sprague-Dawley rats, females tolerated heat longer than males (P less than 0.05). There was no difference in lethal body temperature according to strains and exposure temperatures (38.5–48.5 degree C). Maximum survivable body temperature was 43.1 degree C in males and 43.3 degree C in females. The body weight loss in heat was greater in Sprague-Dawley, Fisher 344/MK, and JCL:Wistar strains. The degree of saliva spreading during the equilibrium period just below the maximum survivable body temperature correlated significantly with heat tolerance and was found to be the index of strain difference in heat tolerance. These findings demonstrated that the thermoregulatory system of rats is controlled genetically, though survival times of individuals in different strains sometimes overlap.

The effects of acids on a soil nematode

Parasitology ◽  
1945 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 158-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anterior Region ◽  
Soil Nematode ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Acid Media ◽  
Mineral Acids

1. The effects of the following acids were studied: hydrochloric, nitric, sulphuric, formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, isovaleric, glycollic, lactic, oxalic, malonic, succinic, malic, tartaric, and citric.2. The general effects of immersion in acid media include an increased stickiness of the cuticle in certain solutions, and the development of lateral bulges in the cuticle at the anterior region of the body, not necessarily in the same solutions. Movement gradually decreases, and death eventually occurs, often followed by swelling.3. The survival times in various solutions were noted. Preliminary experiments showed that the logarithm of the survival time was approximately proportional to the logarithm of the normality of the acid. Later results showed great variability, and it was necessary to restrict the work to a single normality of each acid.4. The toxicities of 0·206 N solutions of the sixteen acids were measured. These results showed that the mineral acids had markedly greater effects than the organic acids, and the importance of the former was further illustrated by using mixtures of HCl containing varying amounts of organic acids. The differences between the mineral acids may be explained by the lyotropic effects of the anions.5. Equal normalities of organic acids were made up in a solution of HCl sufficiently strong to render the organic acids almost entirely undissociated. The relative toxicities of the mixtures were essentially the same as those of the dissociated acids.6. The differences between the acids are thus partly due to the pH differences, and partly due to the dissimilar effects of the undissociated acids. The latter are believed to be due to a variety of causes, including molecular size, polarity of the molecule, and other factors as yet undecided.

Body temperature and standard metabolic rate of the female viviparous lizard Eremias multiocellata during reproduction

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Yue ◽  
Xiao-Long Tang ◽  
De-Jiu Zhang ◽  
Xue-Feng Yan ◽  
Ying Xin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Eremias Multiocellata

The body temperature (Tb) and standard metabolic rate (SMR) of female Eremias multiocellata Günther, 1872, a viviparous lizard, were measured at 25, 30, and 35 °C during pregnancy and after parturition to assess energy requirement of reproduction. The results showed that the Tbs of female lizards were slightly higher than actual ambient temperature in the 25 and 30 °C groups, while they were slightly lower than ambient temperature in the 35 °C group. Ambient temperature significantly affected SMR and gestation period of females. Energy requirement was constant in nonpregnant females, whereas it was increased in pregnant females. The maximal estimates of maintenance costs of pregnancy (MCP) were 4.219, 4.220, and 4.448 mg CO2·min–1, which accounted for 19.40%, 14.15%, and 12.32% of the total metabolic rate in the 25, 30, and 35 °C group, respectively. The results indicated the MCP was an important component of total energy cost for the lizard E. multiocellata and the MCP in this lizard incurs a relative fixed energetic cost irrespective of ambient temperature.

scholarly journals Effects of adhesive systems at different temperatures on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
Serdar Akarsu ◽  
Suleyman Kutalmış Buyuk ◽  
Ahmet Serkan Kucukekenci
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Bond Strength ◽  
Shear Bond Strength ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Orthodontic Brackets ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Adhesive Systems ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Temperatures

Background. The temperature might affect the physical and mechanical properties of adhesive materials by reducing the polymerization rate. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of temperature on the shear bond strength of metallic orthodontic brackets using various adhesive resin systems. Methods. Extracted human premolar teeth were randomly assigned to 8 groups (n=10) for bonding with the two available orthodontics adhesive systems (Transbond XT and NeoBond) at different temperatures: refrigeration temperature (4°C), room temperature (20°C), human body temperature (36°C) and high temperature (55°C). The shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was assigned to the fractured orthodontic brackets. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey tests and independent t-test. Results. Transbond XT exhibited higher SBS values compared to Neobond at all the tested temperatures; however, a statistically significant difference was not observed (P>0.05). The SBS results were minimum at 4°C and maximum at 36°C in both the adhesive groups (P<0.05). Conclusion. Pre-heating orthodontic adhesives up to the body temperature prior to bonding the brackets in orthodontic treatment increased the bond strength of orthodontic brackets.

Survival time of hypothermic white rats (15°C) and ground squirrels (10°C)

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Popovic
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Young Rats ◽  
White Rats

The survival times of intensively cooled white rats decrease with their body temperatures. When cooled by Giaja's technique and maintained afterwards at a body temperature of 15°C rats survived 9 hours, but they could be revived by rewarming only during the first 5.5 hours of survival (biological survival). Similar biological survival times were found when the rats were cooled by other techniques, whether the cooling was much quicker or much slower. The survival time was also independent of the rate of rewarming from hypothermia. Survival was shortened by cooling after administration of sodium pentobarbital. Biological survival of young 40-gm rats at 15°C body temperature was 19 hours, 14 hours longer than that of hypothermic adults. Level of O2 consumption of hypothermic young rats differed from those of hypothermic adult animals.

Clinical and Prognostic Findings in Dogs with Suspected Extrahepatic Biliary Obstruction and Pancreatitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 270-279
Author(s):  
Shannon Marie Palermo ◽  
Dorothy C. Brown ◽  
Stephen J. Mehler ◽  
Mark P. Rondeau
Keyword(s):  
Bile Duct ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Extrahepatic Bile Duct ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Bile Duct Obstruction ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Duct Obstruction ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Obstruction

ABSTRACT Pancreatitis in dogs may lead to extrahepatic bile duct obstruction as a result of local inflammation. Medical records of 45 client-owned dogs with clinical suspicion of extrahepatic bile duct obstruction secondary to pancreatitis were reviewed to determine clinical findings, outcome, and factors associated with survival. Survival times were determined using the Kaplan-Meier product limit method. Cox multivariable survival methods were employed to determine factors associated with survival time following diagnosis. The median survival time was 241 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 25–631), with 34 of 45 dogs (76%) surviving to discharge. Dogs 9 yr of age or older with azotemia at presentation had a 9.9 greater hazard for death (95% CI 2.5–38.1; P = .001) compared with dogs younger than 9 yr old without azotemia at presentation. Dogs without subjective ultrasonographic gallbladder distension had a 4.4 greater hazard for death (95% CI 1.3–15.4; P = .018) compared with dogs with subjective gallbladder distension. Dogs with a body temperature ≥102.5°F at admission had a 3.1 greater hazard for death (95% CI 1.3–7.7; P = .013) than dogs with a body temperature &lt;102.5°F at admission. This information may help clinicians discuss prognosis with owners of affected dogs.

scholarly journals Clinical condition and productivity of gonadoectomized roosters of Adler silver breed

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
I.M. Cheverda ◽  
◽  
M.О. Zakharenko ◽  
V.V. Solomon ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Clinical Condition ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Pectoral Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Temperature Pulse ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Respiratory Movements

The effect of gonadoectomy (removal of the testicles) in Adler's silver roosters on the clinical condition, live weight, slaughter rates and chemical composition of the pectoral muscle was studied. The experiment was performed on 40 roosters of 6-weeks, which according to the principle of analogues were divided into two groups: control and experimental 20 heads each. It was found that in the preparatory period, which lasted 10 days indicators of the clinical condition – body temperature, pulse and respiration, as well as live weight of the roosters of the experimental group did not differ from the control. Gonadoectomy of roosters of the experimental group, conducted at the age of 45 days by a specially developed method, increased the body temperature of the poultry on the second day after surgical intervention by 1.03°C, and on the third – by 1.15°, while other indicators of clinical condition – pulse, number respiratory movements and live weight did not change compared to control. The duration of the postoperative period in the roosters of the experimental group was 3-4 days and ended with the healing of the wound on the skin. Subsequently, body temperature, pulse and the number of respiratory movements in gonadoectomized roosters corresponded to similar indicators of poultry in the control group. The live weight of gonadoectomized roosters in the rearing process, which was monitored decadelly from the 65th to the 95th day compared to the control did not change, on 105th and 115th day had a tendency to increase, and 125th day increased by 4.8 %. Slaughter rates of gonadoectomized roosters corresponded to similar indicators of poultry of the control group. The weight of the gutted carcass was higher by 5.2% and that of the muscular stomach by 7.8%. Differences in the chemical composition of the pectoral muscle of gonadoectomized roosters compared with control, namely: on the content of dry matter, moisture, fat, protein and ash were not found. Thus, gonadoectomy of roosters of the Adler's silver meat-egg breed does not affect their clinical condition, the chemical composition of the pectoral muscles, but increases the live weight of the bird on the 125th day of rearing

Cerebral free energy and viability: ATP in rats under nitrogen and iodoacetate with the effects of temperature

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick E. Samson ◽  
William M. Balfour ◽  
Nancy A. Dahl
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Luminescence Method ◽  
Atp Concentration ◽  
Measured Time ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
The Brain

The survival times and the cerebral ATP concentrations during anoxia have been determined. Rats were subjected to anoxia for a measured time, returned to air and survival determined. For ATP determinations, rats were frozen in liquid nitrogen following the anoxia, and the brain analyzed by the firefly luminescence method. The survival time (ST50) in anoxia is 63 seconds. During the first 20 seconds, the ATP remains at 2µM/gm; it then falls to 1.0 µM/gm at 65 seconds. When glycolysis is inhibited by sodium iodoacetate the ST50 decreases to 10 seconds; the ATP remains unchanged for 5 seconds and then decreases rapidly (0.14 µM/gm/sec.) to 1.0 µM/gm at 10 sec. Cooling the animal to 25, 20 or 15°C for 10 minutes increases the ST50 and decreases the rate of ATP disappearance. The ATP concentration at the corresponding ST50 increases with decreasing body temperature.

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD ON THE YEARLY HIBERNATING BEHAVIOR OF CAPTIVE GOLDEN-MANTLED GROUND SQUIRRELS (CITELLUS LATERALIS TESCORUM)

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1103-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric T. Pengelley ◽  
Kenneth C. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Cyclic Variation ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Citellus Lateralis ◽  
Specific Stage

The state of torpidity (hibernation), the food consumption, and the weight of a number of C. lateralis were recorded daily, weekly, and weekly, respectively, for periods up to 2 years. At ambient temperatures of 32° F, 70° F, and 95–100° F and under constant lighting conditions, all animals displayed an approximately 1-year cyclic variation in weight which roughly paralleled the consumption of food. Under these constant conditions of light and temperature the animals subjected to 32° F and 70° F hibernated, i.e., their body temperature dropped nearly to the ambient and they became torpid. The body temperature of animals kept at 95–100° F could not drop and these animals did not become torpid.Hibernation could not be induced by removal of food but was greatly prolonged if food was not present in the cages at the time the whole hibernation period was ending. The onset of hibernation could be changed only slightly by changing the day lengths. Hibernation was possible only at a specific stage of the weight cycle. The length of the weight cycle was shortened by exposure to an ambient temperature of 95–100° F. By manipulation of the length of the exposure to the high temperature it was possible to have animals hibernating in summer and active in winter. It was not possible to produce a similar shift in the phase of the weight cycle, and hence of hibernation, by changing the lighting conditions.

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