Chronic alcohol consumption increases sensitivity to the anorexic effect of cholecystokinin

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (1) ◽  
pp. R211-R215
Author(s):  
S. C. Weatherford ◽  
D. P. Figlewicz ◽  
C. R. Park ◽  
S. C. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Dietary Obesity ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
And Control ◽  
Etoh Group ◽  
Postprandial Insulin

In this study we examined the ability of intraperitoneal cholecystokinin COOH-terminal octapeptide (CCK-8; 0.2, 0.6, and 2.0 micrograms/kg) to suppress food intake in rats that had consumed a control diet, 6-8 g.kg-1.day-1 of ethanol (EtOH) in sucrose, or sucrose alone for 6 mo. Both the EtOH- and sucrose-fed rats developed significant dietary obesity. After 3 mo, the EtOH group was significantly more sensitive to CCK-8 than the sucrose and control groups, while the responses of the sucrose and control groups were comparable. In contrast, after 6 mo the EtOH and sucrose groups' response to CCK-8 was no longer significantly different. After 6 mo there were no significant differences in basal or postprandial plasma CCK-8 levels. The sucrose group had significantly higher basal insulin levels than the control and EtOH groups, and postprandial insulin levels, relative to basal, were significantly elevated in the EtOH group. Basal glucose levels did not differ among groups. Postprandial glucose levels (relative to baseline) were significantly lower in the EtOH group compared with the other groups and in fact never rose above baseline levels. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that EtOH, when taken on a chronic basis, increases the sensitivity to CCK-8.

Early phase insulin infusion and muscarinic blockade in obese and lean subjects

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (1) ◽  
pp. R198-R208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Teff ◽  
Raymond R. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Early Phase ◽  
Insulin Infusion ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Obese Population ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Meal Ingestion ◽  
Postprandial Insulin

The effect of early phase insulin on postprandial levels of insulin, C-peptide, glucose, and glucagon was investigated in lean ( n = 10) and obese ( n = 12) subjects. Subjects underwent four conditions during ingestion of a meal (600 kcal): 1) saline infusion; 2) 10-min insulin infusion simultaneously with meal ingestion (0.24 U bolus, 15 mU ⋅ m−2 ⋅ min−1); 3) atropine infusion (0.4 mg/m2 bolus, 0.4 mg ⋅ m−2 ⋅ h for 4 h); 4) insulin and atropine infusion. Blood samples were taken for 3.5 h. Insulin infusion had no effect on postprandial insulin levels in either population but significantly reduced postprandial glucose in the obese subjects ( P < 0.05). Obese subjects with elevated postprandial glucose levels in the presence of muscarinic blockade exhibited a decline in glucose with insulin supplementation. Atropine reduced postprandial insulin levels in both groups, with a greater attenuation in the obese ( P< 0.01), but postprandial glucose levels were also significantly reduced, suggesting that atropine inhibited gastric emptying. Thus the effects of muscarinic blockade on postprandial insulin levels cannot be evaluated. These data suggest that insulin supplementation during the preabsorptive time period may contribute to glucoregulation in the obese population.

scholarly journals Effect of reduced dietary zinc intake on carbohydrate and Zn metabolism in the genetically diabetic mouse (C57BL/KsJ db+/db+)

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Southon ◽  
Z. Kechrid ◽  
A. J. A. Wright ◽  
Susan J. Fairweather-Tait
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Diabetic Mouse ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Diabetic Mice ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

1. Male, 4–5-week-old, genetically diabetic mice (C57BL/KsJ db/db) and non-diabetic heterozygote litter-mates (C57BL/KsJ db/+)were fed on a diet containing 1 mg zinc/kg (low-Zn groups) or 54 mg Zn/kg (control groups) for 27 d. Food intakes and body-weight gain were recorded regularly. On day 28, after an overnight fast, animals were killed and blood glucose and insulin concentrations, liver glycogen, and femur and pancreatic Zn concentrations were determined.2. The consumption of the low-Zn diet had only a minimal effect on the Zn status of the mice as indicated by growth rate, food intake and femur and pancreatic Zn concentrations. In fact, diabetic mice fed on the low-Zn diet had a higher total food intake than those fed on the control diet. The low-Zn diabetic mice had higher fasting blood glucose and liver glycogen levels than their control counterparts. Fasting blood insulin concentration was unaffected by dietary regimen.3. A second experiment was performed in which the rate of loss of 65Zn, injected subcutaneously, was measured by whole-body counting in the two mouse genotypes over a 28 d period, from 4 to 5 weeks of age. The influence of feeding low-Zn or control diets was also examined. At the end of the study femur and pancreatic Zn and non-fasting blood glucose levels were determined.4. All mice fed on the low-Zn diet showed a marked reduction in whole-body 65Zn loss compared with those animals fed on the control diet. In the low-Zn groups, the loss of 65Zn from the diabetic mice was significantly greater than that from heterozygote mice. This difference was not observed in the control groups. Blood glucose levels were elevated in the low-Zn groups. Possible reasons for these observations are discussed.5. The present study demonstrates an adverse effect of reduced dietary Zn intake on glucose utilization in the genetically diabetic mouse, which occurred before any significant tissue Zn depletion became apparent.

Insulin modulates glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) secretion from enteroendocrine K cells in rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 392 (10) ◽  
pp. 909-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel Irwin ◽  
Jacqueline M.E. Francis ◽  
Peter R. Flatt
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Elevated Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin Levels ◽  
Glucose Plasma ◽  
And Control ◽  
Intestinal Weight

Abstract Effects of insulin excess and deficiency on glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) was examined in rats following insulinoma transplantation or streptozotocin (STZ) administration. Over 14 days, food intake was increased (p<0.001) in both groups of rats, with decreased body weight (p<0.01) in STZ rats. Non-fasting plasma glucose levels were decreased (p<0.01) and plasma insulin levels increased (p<0.001) in insulinoma-bearing rats, whereas STZ treatment elevated glucose (p<0.001) and decreased insulin (p<0.01). Circulating GIP concentrations were elevated (p<0.01) in both animal models. At 14 days, oral glucose resulted in a decreased glycaemic excursion (p<0.05) with concomitant elevations in insulin release (p<0.001) in insulinoma-bearing rats, whereas STZ-treated rats displayed similar glucose-lowering effects but reduced insulin levels (p<0.01). GIP concentrations were augmented in STZ rats (p<0.05) following oral glucose. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were not affected by oral fat, but fat-induced GIP secretion was particularly (p<0.05) increased in insulinoma-bearing rats. Exogenous GIP enhanced (p<0.05) glucose-lowering in all groups of rats accompanied by insulin releasing (p<0.001) effects in insulinoma-bearing and control rats. Both rat models exhibited increased (p<0.001) intestinal weight but decreased intestinal GIP concentrations. These data suggest that circulating insulin has direct and indirect effects on the synthesis and secretion of GIP.

scholarly journals Modulation of Plasma and Milk Sphingolipids in Dairy Cows Fed High-Starch Diets

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 711
Author(s):  
Jorge Eduardo Rico ◽  
Evelyn C. Sandri ◽  
Andrea Celemín Sarmiento ◽  
Janie Lévesque ◽  
Ákos Kenéz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Targeted Metabolomics ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
High Starch ◽  
And Control

Bovine milk is a significant source of sphingolipids, dietary compounds that can exert anti-inflammatory actions, and which can modulate the host’s microbiome. Because sphingolipid synthesis can be modified by diet, we hypothesized that dietary conditions which reduced FFA availability may result in reduced sphingolipid synthesis. Twelve ruminally cannulated cows (120 ± 52 DIM; 35.5 ± 8.9 kg of milk/d; mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to treatment in a crossover design with 21-d periods. Treatments were (1) High starch (HS), (2) Control. The HS diet contained 29% starch, 24% NDF, and 2.8% fatty acids (FA), whereas the Control diet contained 20% starch, 31% NDF, and 2.3% FA. Plasma and milk samples were obtained on d 21 of each period and sphingolipids were quantified using targeted metabolomics. Univariate and multivariate analyses of generalized log-transformed and Pareto-scaled data included ANOVA (fixed effects of treatment) and discriminant analysis. The lipidomics analysis detected 71 sphingolipids across plasma and milk fat, including sphinganines (n = 3), dihydro-ceramides (n = 8), ceramides (Cer; n = 15), sphingomyelins (SM; n = 17), and glycosylated ceramides (n = 28). Followed by Cer, SM were the most abundant sphingolipids detected in milk and plasma, with a preponderance of 16:0-, 23:0-, and 24:0-carbon sidechains. Although no effects of HS diets were observed on plasma sphingolipids, we detected consistent reductions in the concentrations of several milk Cer (e.g., 22:0- and 24:0-Cer) and SM (17:0- and 23:0-SM) in response to HS. Discriminant analysis revealed distinct metabolite separation of HS and Control groups, with several Cer and SM being distinctively predictive of dietary treatment. We conclude that HS diets can reduce the secretion of milk Cer and SM, even in the absence of changes in circulating sphingolipids.

scholarly journals Cluster Analysis Based on Fasting and Postprandial Plasma Glucose and Insulin Concentrations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Altuve ◽  
Erika Severeyn
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Clinical Markers ◽  
Postprandial Plasma Glucose ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Glucose Levels

AbstractPlasma glucose and insulin concentrations are clinical markers used in the diagnosis of metabolic diseases, particularly prediabetes and diabetes. In this paper, we carried out a cluster analysis using plasma glucose and insulin data in fasting and two-hour postprandial. Different clustering experiments were performed by changing the attributes, from one (fasting glucose) to four (fasting and postprandial glucose and insulin) attribute input to a k-means clustering algorithm. Based on the elbow and silhouette methods, three clusters were chosen to carry out the clustering experiments. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the dependence between the glucose and insulin levels for each cluster created. Results show that one cluster contained prediabetics, another cluster contained diabetics, and subjects without prediabetes and diabetes were assigned to another cluster. Although age was not used as an attribute, we have found that subjects in the three clusters have a different age range. Finally, significant correlations were found between insulin levels in fasting and postprandial and between glucose levels in fasting and postprandial. These associations were stronger in the cluster containing diabetics, where insulin production or action is compromised.

EFFECTS OF SUB-TOTAL GASTRO-INTESTINAL PANCREATECTOMY OF THE RAT FOETUS

1976 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. FÉLIX ◽  
R. L. JACQUOT
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Normal Liver ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
And Control ◽  
Foetal Blood

SUMMARY Sub-total pancreatectomy in utero was performed in 18-day-old rat foetuses. Pancreatectomized, sham-operated and control foetuses were collected 3 days later and body weight, glucose and insulin levels in blood, and glycogen content and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) activity of the liver were determined. Pancreatectomized foetuses showed only very small pancreatic remnants (≤ 1 mg) and accordingly their insulin levels were much lower (four to five times) than those of sham-operated or control foetuses; their blood glucose levels were slightly increased and liver glycogen content and G-6-Pase activity were slightly reduced; their body weights were also reduced. These results are discussed in relation to other relevant data in the literature. They afford direct experimental evidence of the endogenous origin of insulin in the foetal blood. It is suggested that during the last days of intra-uterine life insulin merely completes the action of the glucocorticoids on glycogen storage in rat foetal liver and probably contributes to foetal body growth. Its relative ineffectiveness on the foetal blood glucose level is not explained. As pancreatectomized foetuses develop sub-normal liver G-6-Pase activity, glucagon is probably not responsible for the increase in this activity occurring during normal development before birth.

scholarly journals Diabetogenic Effects of Ochratoxin A in Female Rats

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firdevs Mor ◽  
Omur Sengul ◽  
Senay Topsakal ◽  
Mehmet Akif Kilic ◽  
Ozlem Ozmen
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Islet Cells ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Pancreatic Tissue ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
And Control

In this study, diabetogenic effects of long term Ochratoxin A (OTA) administration in rats were investigated and its role in the etiology of diabetes mellitus (DM) was examined utilizing 42 female Wistar rats for these purposes. The rats were divided into 3 different study and control groups according to the duration of the OTA administration. Rats received 45 &mu;g OTA daily in their feed for 6, 9 and 24 weeks study groups. Three control groups without any treatment were also used in the same periods. Blood and pancreatic tissue samples were collected during the necropsy at the end of 6, 9 and 24 weeks. Plasma values of insulin, glucagon and glucose in study and control groups were determined. Pancreatic lesions were evaluated by histopathological examination; then insulin and glucagon expression in these lesions were determined by immunohistochemical methods. Statistically significant decrease in insulin levels in contrast to increases in glucagon and glucose levels in blood were observed. Slight degeneration in Langerhans islet cells were observed at the histopathological examination in all OTA treated groups. Immunohistochemistry of pancreatic tissue revealed decreased insulin and increased glucagon expression. This study demonstrated that OTA may cause pancreatic damage in Langerhans islet and predispose rats to DM.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Causes a Marked Increase in Liver α-Tocopherol and Liver α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein in C57BL/6 J Mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Min Chao ◽  
Wan-Hsuan Chen ◽  
Chun-Huei Liao ◽  
Huey-Mei Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Transfer Protein ◽  
And Control

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for the positional and geometric isomers of a conjugated diene of linoleic acid (C18:2, n-6). The aims of the present study were to evaluate whether levels of hepatic α-tocopherol, α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP), and antioxidant enzymes in mice were affected by a CLA-supplemented diet. C57BL/6 J mice were divided into the CLA and control groups, which were fed, respectively, a 5 % fat diet with or without 1 g/100 g of CLA (1:1 mixture of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) for four weeks. α-Tocopherol levels in plasma and liver were significantly higher in the CLA group than in the control group. Liver α-TTP levels were also significantly increased in the CLA group, the α-TTP/β-actin ratio being 2.5-fold higher than that in control mice (p<0.01). Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were significantly decreased in the CLA group (p<0.01). There were no significant differences between the two groups in levels of three antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase). The accumulation of liver α-tocopherol seen with the CLA diet can be attributed to the antioxidant potential of CLA and the ability of α-TTP induction. The lack of changes in antioxidant enzyme protein levels and the reduced lipid peroxidation in the liver of CLA mice are due to α-tocopherol accumulation.

The Prospects and Risks Connected with Increasing the Level of Self-Organisation in Students

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
Svetlana Alexandrovna Kosareva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
Initial Level ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Study Guide ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Self Organisation ◽  
And Control

The paper describes the method for increasing the level of self-organisation in students which has been developed by the author. It also contains the method testing results and presents the prospects and risks teachers could face while applying the method in a higher education institution. The purpose of this study is to find out the prospects and risks of applying the method for increasing the level of self-organisation in students and to determine the ways of reducing the risks. Methodology. The author points out the learning approaches which were the basis of developing the method and describes diagnostic methods for determining students’ self-organisation levels. The work focused on increasing each student’s initial level consists of a theoretical and a practical part and includes project activities on creating a study guide. The results of the study. The method developed proved to be effective. It was established by diagnosing the final level of self-organisation in students in the experimental and control groups. The paper considers the advantages of the method among which there is universal character, flexibility, improvements to teacher’s and students’ professional competence, etc. At the same time it is necessary to be aware of the risks due to the increased amount of teacher’s work and the fact that students’ work within the project tends to be monotonous. In conclusion, the prospects of the method for increasing the level of self-organisation in students are related to its advantages and the final results of the work. The risks of its use can be reduced with the help of the measures proposed in the paper.

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