scholarly journals Modulation of Plasma and Milk Sphingolipids in Dairy Cows Fed High-Starch Diets

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 711
Author(s):  
Jorge Eduardo Rico ◽  
Evelyn C. Sandri ◽  
Andrea Celemín Sarmiento ◽  
Janie Lévesque ◽  
Ákos Kenéz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Targeted Metabolomics ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
High Starch ◽  
And Control

Bovine milk is a significant source of sphingolipids, dietary compounds that can exert anti-inflammatory actions, and which can modulate the host’s microbiome. Because sphingolipid synthesis can be modified by diet, we hypothesized that dietary conditions which reduced FFA availability may result in reduced sphingolipid synthesis. Twelve ruminally cannulated cows (120 ± 52 DIM; 35.5 ± 8.9 kg of milk/d; mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to treatment in a crossover design with 21-d periods. Treatments were (1) High starch (HS), (2) Control. The HS diet contained 29% starch, 24% NDF, and 2.8% fatty acids (FA), whereas the Control diet contained 20% starch, 31% NDF, and 2.3% FA. Plasma and milk samples were obtained on d 21 of each period and sphingolipids were quantified using targeted metabolomics. Univariate and multivariate analyses of generalized log-transformed and Pareto-scaled data included ANOVA (fixed effects of treatment) and discriminant analysis. The lipidomics analysis detected 71 sphingolipids across plasma and milk fat, including sphinganines (n = 3), dihydro-ceramides (n = 8), ceramides (Cer; n = 15), sphingomyelins (SM; n = 17), and glycosylated ceramides (n = 28). Followed by Cer, SM were the most abundant sphingolipids detected in milk and plasma, with a preponderance of 16:0-, 23:0-, and 24:0-carbon sidechains. Although no effects of HS diets were observed on plasma sphingolipids, we detected consistent reductions in the concentrations of several milk Cer (e.g., 22:0- and 24:0-Cer) and SM (17:0- and 23:0-SM) in response to HS. Discriminant analysis revealed distinct metabolite separation of HS and Control groups, with several Cer and SM being distinctively predictive of dietary treatment. We conclude that HS diets can reduce the secretion of milk Cer and SM, even in the absence of changes in circulating sphingolipids.

Feeding performance of juvenile marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata Bleeker, 1852) fed acidified diets

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-216
Author(s):  
Leong-Seng Lim ◽  
Chui-Fen Teoh ◽  
Gunzo Kawamura ◽  
Annita Seok-Kian Yong ◽  
Rossita Shapawi
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Feeding Performance ◽  
Daily Ingestion ◽  
Ph Level ◽  
Ingestion Ratio ◽  
And Control

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the feeding performance of juvenile marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata) on acidified diets. Five fish meal-based diets at various pH levels (2.5, 3.2, 4.3, 5.3, and 6.0 (control)) were prepared, and each of them was fed to 10 wild-caught O. marmorata juveniles (body length 7.7–9.3 cm; each fish was placed in an aquarium, hence each dietary treatment was in 10 replicates) for 20 days. Throughout the feeding trial, O. marmorata juveniles showed clear increments in the daily ingestion ratio (IR) values of AD 2.5, AD 3.2, and AD 4.3. The control diet and AD 5.3 were almost totally rejected by the fish. On day 20, the IR of AD 2.5 (0.46) and AD 3.2 (0.36) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of AD 5.3 (0.1) and the control diet (0.02). In addition, 70% of fish fed AD 2.5 achieved a high IR value (0.6 – 1.0), and this was the best result among all the treatments (AD 3.2, 60%; AD 4.3 50%; AD 5.3 and control, 10%). These results suggested that acidified diets can be used to wean O. marmorata juveniles, and the recommended pH level was 2.5.

scholarly journals Mint Oil, ɤ-Tocopherol, and Whole Yeast Cell in Sow Diets Enhance Offspring Performance in the Postweaning Period

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily P. Hernandez ◽  
James L. Dunn ◽  
Joel Wenninghoff ◽  
Amanda Hesse ◽  
Crystal L. Levesque
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Yeast Cell ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Maternal Treatment ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
And Control

Times of high metabolic activity in gestation and lactation, as well as periods of stress at weaning, can lead to greater incidences of oxidative stress in the dam and offspring during the suckling and postweaning period. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between prooxidant molecules and the antioxidant defense system that can negatively impact growth and/or reproductive performance. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of whole yeast cell, peppermint oil, and ɤ-tocopherol in gestation and lactation on maternal oxidative status and offspring growth from birth to market. In study 1, 45 sows and gilts were assigned to one of four diets [control diet (CON), control + whole yeast cell (YC), control + mint oil top dress (MO), and control + yeast cell and mint oil top dress (YCMO)] provided from d110 of gestation through to weaning. A total of 481 weaned offspring were randomly allotted to pens balanced by weight and litter within maternal treatment and received the same dietary treatment as the sow for 35 days postwean in a four-phase feeding regimen. In study 2, 53 sows and gilts were allotted to four diet regimens similar to study 1 [CON, YC, MO, and control + ɤ-tocopherol (GT)] from d5 postbreeding to weaning. At weaning, 605 piglets were randomly allotted to pens, balanced by weight and litter within maternal treatment and fed a common diet for 126 days postwean in a nine-phase feeding regimen. Maternal dietary treatment did not impact sow body weight, piglet birth weight, and litter size in either study. In study 1, piglets from YC sows were heavier (p &lt; 0.05) at weaning than CON animals. In the postwean period, overall daily gain was greater (p &lt; 0.05) for CON-fed pigs than YCMO pigs, with overall feed intake greater (p &lt; 0.05) for YCMO- than MO-fed pigs, resulting in lower (p &lt; 0.05) Gain to Feed (G:F) in YCMO-fed pigs. In study 1, glutathione content in milk tended to be lower (p &lt; 0.10) in MO than in YCMO sows. In study 2, piglets from GT-fed sows tended to be heavier (p &lt; 0.10) at weaning than YC piglets. Lightweight pigs from CON sows tended to be lighter (p &lt; 0.10) than pigs from all other treatment groups at weaning and day (d) 29 postwean. Lightweight MO and GT pigs were heavier at d42 (p &lt; 0.05) than CON and YC pigs. At d70 postwean, GT pigs tended to be heavier than CON pigs. Lightweight MO pigs had greater gain (p &lt; 0.05) during the finishing period than all other treatment groups. With respect to sow oxidative status in study 2, glutathione content in colostrum and d4 and 14 milk samples did not differ by maternal treatment. Superoxide dismutase activity in sow sera, colostrum, and milk did not differ between diets in either study. Whole yeast cell and ɤ-tocopherol supplementation in sow lactation diets resulted in heavier offspring. However, pre- and postnatal exposure to mint oil benefited lightweight pigs up to market weight.

scholarly journals PSIII-19 Supplementation of mint oil and yeast cell in lactation diets on performance of offspring during the early-post weaning period

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
Lily P Hernandez ◽  
James L Dunn ◽  
Joel Wenninghoff ◽  
Crystal L Levesque
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Cell ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Impact Performance ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
And Control

Abstract Social and dietary stress at weaning can increase oxidative stress in piglets and impact performance during the early post-wean period. A study was conducted to assess yeast cell and mint oil supplementation during suckling and post-wean periods on offspring growth performance. A total of 481 piglets (6.25 ± 3.35 kg BW) from 45 sows were randomly allotted to pens balanced by weight and litter (6-8 pigs/pen) within maternal diet. Pens of pigs received the same dietary treatment as the sow during the suckling phase: control diet (CON), control + yeast cell at 0.2% (YC), control + mint oil at 10 ppm (MO), and control + yeast cell and mint oil (YCMO) for 35 d post-wean in a 4-phase feeding regimen (phase 1, d0-6; phase 2, d7-13; phase 3, d14-19; phase 4, d20-35). Performance was analyzed as randomized complete block with pen as experimental unit and Tukey’s adjustment as means separation test. Piglets from YC sows were heavier (P < 0.05) than CON with MO and YCMO intermediate at weaning (6.9, 6.5, 6.7 and 6.6 ± 0.2 kg, respectively) and day 6 post-wean (7.12, 6.68, 7.01, and 6.75 ± 0.09 kg, respectively) and no difference among groups at day 13 (9.1 ± 0.16 kg), 19 (11.3 ± 0.19 kg) and 35 (19.7 ± 0.35 kg). Overall, daily gain was greater (P < 0.05) CON-fed pigs than YCMO pigs (0.40, 0.39, 0.38, 0.37 ± 0.01 g/d in CON, YC, MO, and YCMO, respectively). Overall feed intake was greater (P < 0.05) for YCMO than MO resulting in lower (P < 0.05) gain:feed in YCMO-fed pigs vs CON and MO with YC-fed pigs intermediate (0.538 vs 0.617, 0.621, and 0.585, respectively). Exposure to yeast cell or mint oil during the suckling and early post-wean periods provided some benefit to offspring performance.

scholarly journals Application of FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and chemometrics for the detection and quantification of lard oil in bovine milk fat

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1732-1738 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Windarsih ◽  
Irnawati ◽  
A. Rohman
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Ftir Spectra ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Atr Spectroscopy ◽  
Wavenumber Region ◽  
Detection And Quantification

Bovine milk fat (BMF) is considered as high nutritional fat because it contains fatty acids, lipid derivatives, and fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin A, D, E, and K which are beneficial for human health. As a consequence, the price of BMF is higher among other fats. Fraudulent practices such as substitution or replacement with a lower price of fat and oil such as lard oil (LO) are potential to get more economic benefits. Moreover, lard is a non-halal substance which is prohibited to consume especially for Muslim. Therefore, the development of a rapid and accurate method for authentication of BMF from LO is highly required. The objective of this study was to develop Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics of multivariate analysis for detection and quantification of LO in binary mixtures with BMF. Samples were prepared by mixing BMF with adulterant of LO in the concentration range of 0-100% of LO. Each sample was scanned using FTIR attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy in three replicates at the wavenumber region of 4000-650 cm-1 . The FTIR spectra of BMF and LO has a different pattern at the wavenumber region of 1510-900 cm-1 . Qualitative chemometrics analysis was performed using discriminant analysis (DA), meanwhile, quantitative chemometrics analysis was carried out using partial least square (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR). Results showed that discriminant analysis using normal FTIR spectra at the wavenumber of 3098-669 cm-1 perfectly classified authentic BMF and adulterated BMF with LO. In addition, PLS calibration of FTIR spectra at the wavenumber combination of 3033-2770 cm-1 and 1510-692 cm-1 using first derivative spectra was chosen for quantification of LO in BMF with a high value of R2 (>0.99) in calibration and validation models and lower RMSEC (0.631) and RMSEP (1.94). It can be concluded that FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics of discriminant analysis and partial least square considered as a rapid and accurate method for the detection and quantification of lard oil in bovine milk fat.

Chronic alcohol consumption increases sensitivity to the anorexic effect of cholecystokinin

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (1) ◽  
pp. R211-R215
Author(s):  
S. C. Weatherford ◽  
D. P. Figlewicz ◽  
C. R. Park ◽  
S. C. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Dietary Obesity ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
And Control ◽  
Etoh Group ◽  
Postprandial Insulin

In this study we examined the ability of intraperitoneal cholecystokinin COOH-terminal octapeptide (CCK-8; 0.2, 0.6, and 2.0 micrograms/kg) to suppress food intake in rats that had consumed a control diet, 6-8 g.kg-1.day-1 of ethanol (EtOH) in sucrose, or sucrose alone for 6 mo. Both the EtOH- and sucrose-fed rats developed significant dietary obesity. After 3 mo, the EtOH group was significantly more sensitive to CCK-8 than the sucrose and control groups, while the responses of the sucrose and control groups were comparable. In contrast, after 6 mo the EtOH and sucrose groups' response to CCK-8 was no longer significantly different. After 6 mo there were no significant differences in basal or postprandial plasma CCK-8 levels. The sucrose group had significantly higher basal insulin levels than the control and EtOH groups, and postprandial insulin levels, relative to basal, were significantly elevated in the EtOH group. Basal glucose levels did not differ among groups. Postprandial glucose levels (relative to baseline) were significantly lower in the EtOH group compared with the other groups and in fact never rose above baseline levels. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that EtOH, when taken on a chronic basis, increases the sensitivity to CCK-8.

scholarly journals Sweet buttermilk intake reduces colonisation and translocation ofListeria monocytogenesin rats by inhibiting mucosal pathogen adherence

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 2026-2033 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Corinne Sprong ◽  
Marco F. E. Hulstein ◽  
Tim T. Lambers ◽  
Roelof van der Meer
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Dietary Adaptation ◽  
Buttermilk Powder

The bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) contains several antimicrobial components with proven efficacyin vitro, butin vivoevidence is scarce. The present study was performed to determine the efficacy of the bovine MFGMin vivo.Rats were fed diets based on bovine skimmed milk powder (low in MFGM) or bovine sweet buttermilk powder (high in MFGM). After dietary adaptation, rats were orally infected withSalmonella enteritidisorListeria monocytogenes.Whereas sweet buttermilk powder did not protect rats against infection withS. enteritidis, it protected againstL. monocytogenes, as shown by a lower colonisation and translocation of this pathogen. Protection coincided with higher listericidal capacity of gastric and caecal contents. The digestion products of phosphoglycerides and sphingomyelin are bactericidalin vitro.To study their role, rats were fed diets containing either 0·1 % phosphatidylcholine or sphingomyelin, or a control diet. After dietary adaptation, rats were infected withL. monocytogenes.SinceListeriacolonisation was not affected by these diets, phosphoglycerides and sphingomyelin are not involved in the protective effect of sweet buttermilk. Additionalin vitroexperiments were performed to further explore the mechanism of the beneficial effects of sweet buttermilk. Inhibition of the adherence ofL. monocytogenesto the intestinal mucosa is the most likely explanation, since sweet buttermilk powder inhibited the binding ofL. monocytogenesin both a haemagglutination assay and a Caco-2 cell adherence assay. In conclusion, sweet buttermilk powder, which is rich in MFGM, protects againstL. monocytogenesinfection in rats, probably by preventing adherence of this pathogen to the intestinal mucosa.

scholarly journals Genetic Parameters of Bovine Milk Fatty Acid Profile, Yield, Composition, Total and Differential Somatic Cell Count

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2406
Author(s):  
Tania Bobbo ◽  
Mauro Penasa ◽  
Martino Cassandro
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Bovine Milk

The growing interest of consumers for milk and dairy products of high nutritional value has pushed researchers to evaluate the feasibility of including fatty acids (FA) in selection programs to modify milk fat profile and improve its nutritional quality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters of FA profile predicted by mid-infrared spectroscopy, milk yield, composition, and total and differential somatic cell count. Edited data included 35,331 test-day records of 25,407 Italian Holstein cows from 652 herds. Variance components and heritability were estimated using single-trait repeatability animal models, whereas bivariate repeatability animal models were used to estimate genetic and phenotypic correlations between traits, including the fixed effects of stage of lactation, parity, and herd-test-date, and the random effects of additive genetic animal, cow permanent environment and the residual. Heritabilities and genetic correlations obtained in the present study reflected both the origins of FA (extracted from the blood or synthesized de novo by the mammary gland) and their grouping according to saturation or chain length. In addition, correlations among FA groups were in line with correlation among individual FA. Moderate negative genetic correlations between FA and milk yield and moderate to strong positive correlations with fat, protein, and casein percentages suggest that actual selection programs are currently affecting all FA groups, not only the desired ones (e.g., polyunsaturated FA). The absence of association with differential somatic cell count and the weak association with somatic cell score indicate that selection on FA profile would not affect selection on resistance to mastitis and vice versa. In conclusion, our findings suggest that genetic selection on FA content is feasible, as FA are variable and moderately heritable. Nevertheless, in the light of correlations with other milk traits estimated in this study, a clear breeding goal should first be established.

Serum lipoprotein stimulation of lipolysis and its relevance to free fatty acid development in bovine milk

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Anderson ◽  
Eric C. Needs
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Serum Lipoprotein ◽  
Serum Lipoproteins ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
And Control

SummaryThe role of blood serum lipoproteins in stimulating milk lipolysis was investigated by adding blood serum and heparin to the milk of normal cows and cows in which elevated somatic cell counts were induced by intramammary infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin and Staphylococcus aureus. There was considerable variation between individual milks in the extent to which lipolysis was stimulated. In some milks there was almost no response. For values obtained from 29 cows during the first 6 months of lactation a relationship was observed between free fatty acid (FFA) levels in the untreated and serum-stimulated samples (r = 0·776). FFA values were higher after 18 h at 4 °C in milks from infused quarters than in those from control quarters, but this difference was not entirely due to higher values from the infused quarters at 0 h. Both blood serum and heparin stimulated lipolysis in high cell count milks and control milks. The response to heparin was greater than that to blood serum, but the response to both was highly correlated with FFA levels in the untreated milks. There were no differences in the ability of skim-milks prepared from infused and control quarters to promote lipolysis in recombined milks containing sterilized homogenized milk fat globules as a source of substrate. Incubation of blood serum with 2 μg/ml trypsin for 1 h at 37 °C reduced the ability of the serum to promote lipolysis. The importance of lipase activation by blood serum lipoproteins in relation to milk lipolysis is discussed.

scholarly journals Scientific And Economic Justification Of Application Of Symbiotic Polycomponent Fodder Additive In Feeding High Productive Cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 901 (1) ◽  
pp. 012026
Author(s):  
V G Kosolapova ◽  
N P Buryakov ◽  
O G Mokrushina ◽  
A V Kosolapov ◽  
D E Aleshin
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

Abstract Research has been carried out on the use of the symbiotic “Rumimaster” in balanced diets of highly productive cows in the conditions of the breeding plant “Kirovskaya meadow-bog experimental station”. The experiment was carried out on two groups of animals in the middle of lactation with a duration of 90 days. The inclusion of the feed additive “Rumimaster” in the diet of experienced cows contributed to an increase in the gross production of natural and 4% fat milk by 124.5 kg and 128.4 kg, the yield of milk fat and milk protein by 5.2 and 4.1 kg, respectively. … The differences between the groups for these parameters were in the range of 5.1-5.7%. The productivity of cows for 305 days of lactation in the experimental group was higher than in the control by 7.5%. The symbiotic “Rumimaster” promoted the activation of digestion processes, which was reflected in the increase in the time of feed consumption and the duration of the chewing gum. The cows of the experimental group showed an increase in the level of digestibility of the main nutrients. In terms of the digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber, the experimental group of cows significantly exceeded the indicators of the control group by 3.3 and 3 absolute percent, respectively. The blood biochemical parameters of the animals of the experimental and control groups were within the physiological norm. The economic evaluation of the research results showed the effectiveness of the use of the symbiotic “Rumimaster” in the diets of lactating cows, which was expressed in the receipt of additional profit from one cow in the amount of 1,344.79 rubles for the period of experience and an increase in the profitability of milk production by 2.1 absolute percent.

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