Comparative thermoregulatory responses of resting men and women

1978 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 908-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Cunningham ◽  
J. A. Stolwijk ◽  
C. B. Wenger
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sweating Rate ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Heat Flows ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Central Drive

Three men and three women were exposed to transients of air temperature (range, 16--48 degrees C). Whole-body sweating rate, local tissue heat flows, and O2 consumption in the cold were linearly related to a weighted sum of tympanic and mean skin temperatures, called “central drive,” During changes in air temperature, changes in subjects' scaled estimates of thermal sensation and discomfort led changes in the physiological responses and central drive. Women's thermoregulatory responses were similar to the men's, but were shifted toward higher (warmer) values of central drive. This shift was about 0.3 degrees C for responses to heat and about 0.6 degrees C for responses to cold. With respect to the women, the mean thus showed delayed responses to the cold, and approached steady state in the cold more slowly.

Responses of Zebu, Jersey, and Zebu X Jersey crossbred heifers to rising temperature, with particular reference to sweating

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
TE Allen
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sweating Rate ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Zebu, Jersey, and Zebu x Jersey crossbred heifers were subjected to a rising temperature regime over the range 65 to 105°F. Sweating rates, respiration rates, skin temperatures, and rectal temperatures were measured. All breeds showed similar responses in skin temperature and rectal temperature to increase in air temperature. The increase in skin temperature was approximately linear with rise in air temperature. Rectal temperature did not commence to rise until an air temperature of 90°F and a skin temperature of 98° was reached. Breed differences in sweating and respiratory rates with increase in air and skin temperature were observed. The Jersey heifers showed an early and almost linear increase in sweating rate with rise in air and skin temperature, whereas the sweating rate of the Zebu heifers did not increase until air temperature had risen to at least 85°F and skin temperature to 95°. Two crossbreds began to increase their sweating rates at temperatures intermediate between those recorded for Zebus arid Jerseys. The remaining two behaved similarly to Jerseys. All three breeds showed similar maximum sweating rates in response to this rising temperature regime. The respiratory rate of' the Jerseys was higher than that of the Zebus at all temperatures, and particularly at high temperatures. Crossbreds respired at rates comparable to the Jerseys until an air temperature of 90°F and a skin temperature of 97°F were exceeded, when their respiration rates became intermediate between the other two breeds. The significance of these differences is discussed.

scholarly journals Experimental investigation of occupants’ thermal sensation under a personalized ventilation system

2021 ◽  
Vol 2069 (1) ◽  
pp. 012167
Author(s):  
P Ebrahimi Naghani ◽  
S A Zolfaghari ◽  
M Maerefat ◽  
J Toftum ◽  
S M Hooshmand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Common ◽  
Personalized Ventilation

Abstract By considering the importance of providing proper indoor environment conditions for occupants and also due to energy costs, one of the solutions for indoor local air-conditioning is Personalized Ventilation System (PVS). In this paper, the occupants’ thermal sensation was experimentally studied for body segments that are mostly affected by the PVS. The local sensation of head, chest, arm, and hand at two supply air temperatures of 16 and 32°C were investigated. Eight volunteer subjects participated in this survey. The subjects reported the most thermal satisfaction on their hands. Also, the arms were the segments with the coolest thermal sensation (-1.28, between slightly cool and cold). Results indicate that the head’s thermal sensation at both supply air temperatures was neutral and the hand was the only body part that experienced warm thermal sensation during the test. Also, by increasing the supply air temperature to 32°C whole body thermal sensation changed from -0.46 to -0.09 on the seven-point scale, which means that the cooling system worked properly for occupants’ cooling. In this system, cooling occurred at 32°C instead of the common 16°C supply air temperature, which results in energy-saving and decreases annual running costs.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Four Models for Predicting Thermal Sensation in Chinese Residential Kitchen

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 02004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojie Zhou ◽  
Sumei Liu ◽  
Xuan Liu ◽  
Xiaorui Lin ◽  
Ke Qing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Outdoor Thermal Comfort ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The University ◽  
Thermal Comfort Model ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Strong Radiation

Thermal environment in residential kitchen in China is transient and non-uniform and with strong radiation asymmetry from gas stove. Due to the complexity of kitchen thermal environment, it is not sure if previous thermal comfort models can accurately predict the thermal comfort in residential kitchens. In order to evaluate if existing thermal comfort models can be applied for Chinese kitchens, this investigation conducted human subject tests for 20 cooks when preparing dishes in a kitchen. The study measured skin temperatures of the cooks and environmental parameters and used questionnaires to obtain their thermal sensation votes at the same time. The actual thermal sensation votes were compared with the predicted ones by four thermal comfort models: predicted mean vote (PMV) model, dynamic thermal sensation (DTS) model, the University of California at Berkeley (UCB) model, and the transient outdoor thermal comfort model from Lai et al. The results showed that all the models could predict the trend of the thermal sensations but with errors. The PMV model overpredicted the thermal sensations. The UCB and Lai’s models showed a slower change in thermal sensation votes (TSV) after turning on the stove. The DTS model was more accurate than the others in predicting the mean thermal sensation, but with a large variation in predicting individual thermal sensation votes. A better thermal comfort model should be developed for Chinese residential kitchens.

scholarly journals Differentiation of Thermal Conditions in the Vertical Profile of Natural National Park of Carpathians

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-111
Author(s):  
Bohdan Mucha ◽  
Bożena Kicińska ◽  
Jolanta Wawer
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Vertical Profile ◽  
National Park ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Summit Region

Abstract In the paper, the results of field studies using automatic meteorological stations are presented. The studies were conducted in July 2005 – July 2006 in the vertical profile of Natural National Park of Carpathians. The results show that the thermal conditions in the area under research is strongly differentiated. Particularly large differences have been observed between the lowerings of the terrain (where the range of annual air temperature changes reaches almost 70°C, exceptionally high and exceptionally low temperature occurs often, and thermal inversions are frequently encountered) and the summit region (where the range of annual air temperature changes barely exceeds 50°C and the mean changes of daily air temperature are consideraly smaller).

Aquatic thermoregulation of captive and free-ranging beavers (Castor canadensis)

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2409-2416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. MacArthur ◽  
Alvin P. Dyck
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Castor Canadensis ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Passive Cooling ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Abdominal cooling occurred in 91% of all aquatic excursions documented in free-ranging beavers during fall and winter. Kits aged 4–7 months cooled faster and spent less time foraging in 1–12 °C water than did animals > 1 year old. All beavers tested in the laboratory displayed abdominal cooling in 2–20 °C water, with maximal cooling rates recorded in a 5- to 7-week-old kit. Immersion in cold water induced strong peripheral cooling, though skin temperatures beneath the pelage remained within 4–5 °C of abdominal measurements. The resting metabolic rate of beavers > 1 year old was independent of water temperature between 19 and 31 °C, but increased proportionately at lower temperatures. Whole-body conductance of resting animals was on average 1.6–3.0 times higher in water than in air. Maximum testing metabolic rates in water varied from 1.8 to 2.4 times the mean resting thermoneutral rate in air. Our results suggest that beavers mitigate the thermogenic effort required in water by adopting a thermoregulatory strategy which combines avoidance of prolonged immersion with a tolerance to passive cooling.

scholarly journals Assessment of Thermal Environment in a Kitchen with a New Ventilation System

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 02034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumei Liu ◽  
Xiaojie Zhou ◽  
Xuan Liu ◽  
Xiaorui Lin ◽  
Ke Qing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Comfort Level ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Parts

Chinese kitchen environment is usually hot and humid in summer and cold in winter, while housewife spends considerable time there. This investigation developed a new ventilation system for Chinese kitchens to improve thermal comfort level. To assess the thermal performance of the ventilation system, 32 cooks were asked to prepare the same dishes in the kitchen with or without the system in summer in Changsha, China. The assessment was carried out by subjective questionnaire survey on thermal sensation vote (TSV) and objective on-site measurements of the indoor air temperature and cook’s skin temperature. The indoor air temperature was measured at different locations in the kitchen. The skin temperature was measured at 18 body parts of the cooks. The results show that the thermal environment in the kitchen was non-uniform and local thermal sensation had a great influence on the whole body sensation. Without the new ventilation system, the cooks complained that the hottest parts were thorax, head and face areas. Reasonably good correlation existed between the cooks’ skin temperatures and their thermal sensation votes. The increase of cooks’ skin temperature with the ventilation system was lower than that without the ventilation system. TSV was improved with the new ventilation system.

Characteristics of the temperature regime of the Kanev in the contemporary climate conditions

2015 ◽  
pp. 31-33
Author(s):  
I. Scherban
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Contemporary Climate ◽  
Climatic Features

In this work the climatic features of the mean monthly air temperature at meteorological stations Kaniv are considered. The air temperature changes over the past 20 years with climatological standard norm (period 1960-1991 years) are compared. The graphs of perennial changes in air temperature are built. The years with abnormal temperatures are defined.

Evaluation of Abaya Design Using Thermal Manikin

2013 ◽  
Vol 834-836 ◽  
pp. 1744-1748
Author(s):  
Salwa Tashkandi ◽  
Sinnappoo Kanesalingam ◽  
Li Jing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Insulation Performance

The main objective of this research was to measure the thermal insulation using a thermal manikin dressed in various ensembles of clothing within the abaya. A range of clothing and abaya has been tested using a heated manikin. The thermal manikin experiments were conducted in dry condition. The ambient air temperature for the dry tests was set at 23oC and Relative Humidity at 50% and the mean skin temperatures averaged at 35oC. The results showed that the daily clothing and abaya affect the thermal insulation performance. It is uncomfortable to wear more layers of the daily wear clothing within the abaya. The abaya worn over the head thermally insulated slightly more than the abaya worn from the shoulder.

scholarly journals Changes in thermal and precipitation conditions in Poland in 1971–2010

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Skowera ◽  
Joanna Kopcińska ◽  
Bogumiła Kopeć
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Variation ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Meteorological Elements

Abstract Changes in thermal and precipitation conditions in Poland in 1971-2010. The article presents changes in thermal and precipitation conditions on Polish territory in the years 1971- -2010 based on data from six meteorological stations (Koszalin, Olsztyn, Poznań, Lublin, Opole and Kraków). These data concern the monthly average air temperature, precipitation and the number of days with precipitation per month. Based on the analysis of changing trends in the study of meteorological elements, authors observed an increase in the mean annual air temperature of about 0.9°C over 10 years in all localities. In contrast, trends in the average monthly air temperatures were characterised by temporal and spatial variation. As a result of the increase in temperature, there was a change in the dates signifying the beginning and the end of the thermal periods: farming (OG), vegetation (OW), intensive vegetation (OIW) and maturation or thermal summers (OD/L). A tendency for these periods to start earlier was noted. Statistically significant changes were found for the following periods: vegetation in Koszalin and Olsztyn, intensive vegetation at all stations and thermal summer only in Lublin. An increasingly later end to these periods was noted, and statistically significant trends were found for the dates of the end of the following periods: maturation (thermal summer) at all stations except Opole, intensive vegetation in Poznań and Lublin and vegetation in Lublin and Opole. Seasonal and monthly precipitation totals in the years 1971-2010 were characterised by cyclicality. Significant upward trends were found only in the case of monthly precipitation totals in August in Koszalin and the sum of precipitation in the cooler half of the year in Poznań. In contrast, there was more days with precipitation at all stations included in the study, but the statistical significance of trends varied by location. Changes in thermal and precipitation conditions were accompanied by, among other factors, an increase in temperature, changes in the length of thermal periods and an increase in the frequency of rainfall. All of this is important information for the agricultural sector regarding changing crop conditions

Body temperatures in some Australian mammals. V. Aboriginals

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1278-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Temperature Adaptation ◽  
Minimal Cover ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Australian Aboriginal ◽  
Exposed Skin ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Skin temperatures were measured on nine body areas with a portable radiometer at the beginning and at the end of a night of sleep in early summer. The subjects, young Australian aboriginal men and women from Haast's Bluff, slept in their normal circumstances outside on the ground with little protection. With some cover or on warmer, cloudy nights (average air temperature of 26.5 C), there were no losses in temperature beyond the expected nocturnal decline. With minimal cover on clear, cool nights when temperatures ranged down to 19 C for air and ground and to 4 C for sky, substantial losses were found for the 6-hr period: 33.2–30.4 C for the forehead; 27.7– 20.8 for the feet; 30.5–27.2 for the mean of the exposed skin; and 37.0–35.1 for the mouth. The maintenance of sleep at this level of cooling (minimum foot value = 17.6 C) represents a valuable adaptation in these people. Tropical aboriginals from Mornington and Bentinck Islands did not exhibit this tolerance, and insisted on cover even on warm nights (air temperature of 27 C) which did not depress skin temperature. cold; skin temperature; adaptation Submitted on December 21, 1964

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