Thermal adjustment to cold-water exposure in resting men and women

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1565-1571 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. McArdle ◽  
J. R. Magel ◽  
T. J. Gergley ◽  
R. J. Spina ◽  
M. M. Toner
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Lean Body Weight ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Thermogenic Response

Thermoregulatory responses were studied in 10 men and 8 women at rest in air and during 1-h immersion in water at 20, 24, and 28 degrees C. For men of high body fat (27.6%), rectal temperature (Tre) and oxygen consumption (VO2) were maintained at air values at all water temperatures (Tw). For men of average (16.8%) and low (9.2%) fat the change in Tre (delta Tre) was inversely related to body fat at all Tw with VO2 increasing to 1.07 l X min-1 for a -1.6 degrees C delta Tre for lean men. For women of average (25.2%) and low (18.5%) fat Tre decreased steadily during immersion at all Tw. The greatest changes occurred at 20 degrees C with little differences in delta Tre and VO2 noted between these groups of women. In comparison with males of similar percent fat, Tre dropped to a greater extent (P less than 0.05) in females at 20 and 24 degrees C. Stated somewhat differently, lean women with twice the percentage of fat have similar delta Tre as lean men at all Tw. For delta Tre greater than -1.0 degree C men showed significantly greater (P less than 0.05) thermogenesis compared with women. The differences in thermoregulation between men and women during cold stress at rest may be due partly to the sensitivity of the thermogenic response as well as the significant differences in lean body weight and surface area-to-mass ratio between the sexes.

Thermal adjustment to cold-water exposure in exercising men and women

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1572-1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. McArdle ◽  
J. R. Magel ◽  
R. J. Spina ◽  
T. J. Gergley ◽  
M. M. Toner
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Thermal Strain ◽  
Additional Benefit ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses

Thermoregulatory responses were studied in 10 men and 8 women during 36-W exercise for 1 h in air and water at 20, 24, and 28 degrees C. Men were classified as high (27.6%; n = 2), average (16.8%; n = 4), and low (9.2%; n = 4) percent body fat, whereas women were classified as average (25.2%; n = 4) and low (18.5%; n = 4) fat. For both men and women, exercise of about 1.7 l O2 X min-1 was beneficial in either preventing or retarding the fall in rectal temperature (Tre) observed in a previous study for the same subjects at rest. The greatest thermal strain was noted for the leanest subjects. However, in no instance did exercise facilitate a drop in Tre compared with resting conditions. Despite a larger surface area-to-mass ratio (P less than 0.05) and less effective thermoregulation for women at rest compared with men, essentially similar thermoregulatory responses were observed for both sexes during exercise at each water temperature. For both the men and women, the thermoregulatory benefits of exercise were due largely to the added heat production from physical activity. For the female, an additional benefit of exercise may in part be derived from a more favorable distribution of subcutaneous fat over the active musculature.

A Strength and Anthropometric Comparison of Young Men and Women

1980 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Hosier ◽  
J. R. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Lean Body Weight ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Work Station ◽  
Leg Strength ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Basic Strength

The need for strength and anthropometric data for women is becoming increasingly important. The purpose of the research reported here was to explore basic strength and anthropometric differences between young women and men, and make application of these differences to work station design. Data were collected on 87 men and 115 women. The variables obtained on each subject included strength and anthropometric measures. Percent fat was calculated and used to transform the subject's body weight into lean and fat weight. The results indicated that fat weight, lean body weight, and leg strength each could significantly differentiate between men and women when other characteristics were controlled. These findings indicate that the magnitude of the differences between young men and women lies in body composition and strength, whereas the impact of anthropometric variables such as shoulder and hip diameter are not as great as one might suspect. Further research is suggested and applications to work station design offered.

INFLUENCE OF DIET COMPOSITION AND CALORIC INTAKE ON BODY WEIGHT OF WARM- AND COLD-ACCLIMATED RATS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 2225-2235
Author(s):  
A. DesMarais ◽  
P. A. Lachance
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Lean Body Weight ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Total Body

The well known reduction in growth rate of cold-acclimated rats has been shown to depend on a decreased gain in total body fat, without change in the gain in lean body weight. This has been observed in rats fed Lab Chow or a high-fat diet ad libitum. In those groups fed a high-carbohydrate diet ad libitum or calorie-restricted high-fat or high-carbohydrate diets, exposure to cold had no effect on the gain in neither total body weight nor lean body weight, which were already reduced by the diet; in those animals, the significant decrease in the gain in total body fat upon exposure to cold was compensated by a slight but unsignificant increase in the gain in lean body weight, so that differences in gain in total body weight were not significant.

Body Composition (% Fat) and Heat Stress of Well Conditioned Young Adult Males

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 561-564
Author(s):  
Michael W. Riley ◽  
David J. Cochran ◽  
Arthur J. Soundy
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lean Body Weight ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Young Adult Males

The physiological responses of heart rate, oxygen consumption, sweat loss, rectal temperature and mean skin temperature were monitored as eight well-conditioned young adult males were exposed to effective temperatures of 70°F, 80°F and 90°F. The body fat contents of the subjects ranged from 11.3% to 34%. The subjects pedalled a 300 kilopond meters/minute load on a bicycle ergometer for 25 minutes. Results indicate that body fat or the percent of body fat squared have a statistically significant effect on the dependent variables of oxygen consumption/lean body weight, change in heart rate, core-skin temperature gradient, and oxygen consumption/maximum oxygen consumption.

scholarly journals SUMMIT METABOLISM OF NEWBORN CALVES WITH AND WITHOUT COLOSTRUM FEEDING

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 937-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. OKAMOTO ◽  
J. B. ROBINSON ◽  
R. J. CHRISTOPHERSON ◽  
B. A. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Colostrum Feeding ◽  
Time Required

Resting and summit metabolic rates were measured in 13 newborn (2.5–15 h old) male Holstein calves exposed to warm and cold tempertures in a water immersion system. Six calves were bottle fed 1 kg of colostrum 30 min before the measurements commenced. In the remaining seven calves, colostrum was withheld until after the end of the measurement period. There were no significant effects of colostrum feeding on resting or summit metabolic rates or the time required for rectal temperature to drop to 35 °C when the calves were immersed in cold water. The time required for rectal temperature to drop to 35 °C increased as the body weight of the calves increased; for each kilogram additional body weight, cooling was delayed for an extra 2.9 min. The resting metabolic rate averaged for both feeding treatments was 2.0 ± 0.1 W kg−1 while mean rectal temperature was 39.1 ± 0.2 °C. Mean summit metabolic rate was 7.2 ± 0.4 W kg−1 and occurred at a mean rectal temperature of 35.4 ± 0.3 °C. The average ratio of the summit to resting metabolic rate was 3.7 ± 0.2. Cooling via water immersion was associated with increases in plasma levels of glucose and free fatty acids. The feeding of 1 kg of colostrum 30 min prior to exposure to acute cold did not improve the apparent resistance of the calves to hypothermia. Key words: Newborn calf, summit metabolism, cold tolerance

scholarly journals Effect of Daily Macadamia Nut Consumption on Anthropometric Indices in Overweight and Obese Men and Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 589-589
Author(s):  
Julie Jones ◽  
Sujatha Rajaram ◽  
Celine Heskey ◽  
Rawiwan Sirirat ◽  
Abigail Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Macadamia Nuts

Abstract Objectives We sought to assess the effect of daily consumption of macadamia nuts as 15% of calories on body weight, BMI, waist circumference, percent body fat and skeletal muscle mass in overweight/obese men and women with elevated cardiometabolic risk. Methods Utilizing a randomized crossover design, we randomized 38 subjects to consume macadamia nuts daily as 15% of calories for 8 weeks (intervention) and their usual diet for 8 weeks (control), with a 2-week washout. Three subjects dropped out early; n = 35 for analysis. Subjects were healthy men and postmenopausal women with a BMI of 25–39, a waist circumference of >101.6 cm for men and >88.9 cm for women, and one additional cardiovascular risk factor (fasting plasma glucose >100 mg/dL, triglycerides ≥150 mg/dl, total cholesterol >200 mg/dL, LDL-C > 100 mg/dL, blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg or taking anti-hypertensive medication). Macadamia nuts were provided in pre-weighed daily portions as 15% of calories calculated using the Mifflin-St. Jeor equation. Percent body fat and skeletal muscle mass (kg) were determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. A mixed model analysis was performed with treatment, sequence, phase, and baseline values as fixed-effect terms and subjects as a random-effects term. Results Compared to control, consumption of macadamia nuts led to a mean weight change of –348 g (84.13 vs. 83.78 kg; P = 0.15) a mean BMI change of –0.15 kg/m2 (30.61 vs. 30.47 kg/m2; P = 0.12), and a mean waist circumference change of 0.17 cm (107.41 vs. 107.58 cm; P = 0.61). Percent body fat increased by an average of 0.26% after eating nuts (42.70 vs. 42.96%; P = 0.16). Skeletal muscle mass was slightly but significantly lower after eating nuts with a mean change of –0.237 kg (26.33 vs. 26.09 kg; P = 0.017). Conclusions Daily consumption of high-fat macadamia nuts for eight weeks in overweight and obese individuals did not change anthropometrics including body weight, BMI, waist circumference, and % body fat. Skeletal muscle mass was slightly lowered but likely not clinically relevant. Funding Sources Hort Innovation, Sydney, Australia.

Enhanced thermogenesis during recovery from diet-induced weight gain in the rat

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (5) ◽  
pp. R1380-R1387 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Almeida ◽  
D. A. Levitsky ◽  
B. Strupp
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Serum T3 ◽  
Diet Control ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Thermogenic Response

The present study examined the contribution of energy expenditure to the recovery of body weight after a period of overfeeding. Three groups of 2-mo-old female rats (n = 24) were fed, respectively, a 10% (wt/wt)-fat diet (control), a 35% (wt/wt)-fat diet (high fat) or were force fed 130% of the control diet (tube fed). After 30 days, all groups received the control diet for 18 days of recovery. Both overfeeding protocols significantly increased weight above control levels. This difference disappeared after 7 days of recovery. Increases in resting oxygen consumption, serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) levels, and the thermogenic response to norepinephrine were observed at the end of overfeeding. Serum T3 and resting oxygen consumption returned to control levels by day 3 of recovery from overfeeding, whereas the thermogenic response to norepinephrine required 9 days to recover. Whereas total energy expenditure was not significantly elevated during overfeeding, significant increases of 9.6 and 13.9% were observed in the formerly high-fat and tube-fed animals, respectively, during recovery. These data indicate that changes in energy expenditure play an important role in maintaining the stability of body weight.

scholarly journals Association Between KCNJ11 Gene E23K Polymorphism and Body Composition Together with Its Response to Endurance Training

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
Zhou Duoqi ◽  
He Qing ◽  
Hu Yang ◽  
Li Yanchun ◽  
Xi Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lean Body Weight ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Kcnj11 Gene ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
E23k Polymorphism

To explore the association between KCNJ11 gene E23K polymorphism of Chinese and body composition together with its response to endurance training. 102 biologically unrelated Han nationality male new recruits from northern China volunteered to execute a 5000-m running program, and the intensity is 95–105% individual lactate threshold. The protocol was lasted for 18 weeks, three times per week. The body composition index, including body weight (WT), lean body weight (LBW), body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (Fat%), was measured before and after training. PCR-RFLP was used to detect the KCNJ11 gene E23K polymorphism. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed for the frequency of genotypes in these subjects. Before training, WT, BMI and Fat% in KK group were significantly higher than those in EE and KK group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). There was no significant difference in LBW among groups (P>0.05). After training, the changes of all body composition index in KK group were bigger significantly greater than those in EE and EK groups (P<0.01). KCNJ11 gene E23K polymorphism might contribute to individual body composition together with its response to endurance training. The body fat content at baseline in KK was more than those in EE and EK groups, and it may hinder that individual to eliminate their body fat during endurance training.

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE CORRECTED BROMIDE SPACE OF THE NEONATE AND INVESTIGATION OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTE STATUS IN INFANTS BORN OF DIABETIC MOTHERS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 861-869
Author(s):  
Donald B. Cheek ◽  
T. G. Maddison ◽  
M. Malinek ◽  
J. H. Coldbeck
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lean Body Weight ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Urea Content ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Extracellular Sodium ◽  
Diabetic Mothers

The present study extends previous observation on the extracellular volume and total body chloride of infants in the neonatal period. It is shown that the decrease in the corrected bromide space is most rapid in postnatal life during the first 2 weeks when 40 ml/kg are lost. By the end of the second week, body weight approaches birth weight. Hence by that time there is a gain of 40 gm/kg, and mainly of protein and cell water. Growth processes are in full progress. The values obtained by other workers for the chloride space of muscle in premature, full-term and 6-month-old infants do not vary considerably from the corrected bromide space for the whole body at these age periods. Nine infants born around the thirty-sixth week of gestation, and of diabetic mothers, were investigated concerning composition and distribution of water and electrolytes, mainly on the third day of postnatal life. It was found that total water was reduced on a weight basis by 37 ml/kg, and this reduction can be explained on the basis of increased body fat, as demonstrated by other workers. The corrected bromide space (on the basis of weight, not age) was reduced by 50 ml/kg of weight, and it was considered that part of this reduction was not due to body fat increase. As much as 40 ml of water/kg of lean body weight probably shifts from the extracellular to the intracellular phase. There is a reduction of extracellular sodium and chloride in infants born of diabetic mothers. This finding was supported by muscle analysis of one infant who died of the respiratory distress syndrome. No change was found in the plasma osmotic pressure or in the concentrations of sodium and chlorides in plasma. The urea content of plasma was elevated, due perhaps to the reduction in extracellular volume.

scholarly journals Differences between Active and Semi-Active Students Regarding the Parameters of Body Composition Using Bioimpedance and Magnetic Bioresonance Technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 7906
Author(s):  
Dana Badau ◽  
Adela Badau ◽  
Cristian Trambitas ◽  
Dia Trambitas-Miron ◽  
Raluca Moraru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Lean Body Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Sample ◽  
Triglyceride Content ◽  
Abnormal Lipid Metabolism

The aim of the study was to identify differences in obesity-related parameters between active sports students and semi-active or sedentary students, differentiated by sex, in order to optimize health. The study sample included 286 students, of which the male experimental sample consisted of 86 active sports students, age X ± SD 21.25 ± 0.32 years; height X ± SD 181.08 ± 3.52 cm; control group consisting of 89 semi-active students aged X ± SD 21.07 ± 0.1.13 years; height X ± SD 182.11 ± 1.32. The female experimental sample includes 57 active sports students, age X ± SD 21.02 ± 0.92 years; height X ± SD 167.48 ± 1.34 cm; the control group includes 54 semi-active students aged X ± SD 21.57 ± 0.1.98 years; height X ± SD 168.42 ± 1.76. The study used a thalliometer, Tanita Health Ware software and Quantum Resonance Magnetic Analyzer equipment to investigate height (cm), Body Mass Index (BMI), muscle mass (kg, %), as well as the obesity analysis report, and componential analysis of body and nourishment. The differences registered between the samples of active and semi-active sports subjects were predominantly statistically significant for p < 0.05. The differences registered between the samples of active and semi-active sports subjects were predominantly statistically significant for p < 0.05. The most important parameters regarding obesity and body composition that registered significant differences between the two male groups were in favor of the group of active athletes: triglyceride content of abnormal coefficient 0.844 (CI95% 0.590–1.099), abnormal lipid metabolism coefficient 0.798 (CI95% 1.091–0.504), obesity degree of body (ODB %) 10.290 (CI95% 6.610–13.970), BMI 2.326 (CI95% 1.527–3.126), body fat (kg) 2.042 (CI95% 0.918–3.166), muscle volume (kg) 2.565 (CI95% 1.100–4.031), Lean body weight (kg) 2.841 (CI95% 5.265–0.418). In the case of female samples, the group of active sportswomen registered the biggest differences compared to the group of students who were significantly active in the parameters: abnormal lipid metabolism coefficient 1.063 (CI95% 1.380–0.746), triglyceride content of abnormal coefficient 0.807 (CI95% 0.437–1.178), obesity degree of body (ODB%) 8.082 (CI95% 2.983–13.181), BMI 2.285 (CI95% 1.247–3.324), body fat (kg) 2.586 (CI95% 0.905–4.267), muscle volume (kg) 2.570 (CI95% 0.154–4.985), lean body weight (kg) 4.118 (CI95% 1.160–7.077). The results of the study directly facilitate the understanding of the complexity of the impact of obesity on multiple parameters of body composition and health.

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