Sodium and Magnesium Fluorescence Analysis—Part I: Method

1962 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 361-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burton L. Henke
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Number ◽  
Proportional Counter ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Line Radiation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Beam Collimation

AbstractAs is well known, the fluorescent yield decreases very rapidly with the atomic number with the result, for example, that sensitive sodium and magnesium analysis is extremely difficult if not impossible with conventional X-ray spectrographs. It is demonstrated, however, that analysis for sodium and magnesium can be accomplished with sensitivity comparable to that conventionally obtained for elements such as aluminum, silicon, and phosphorous, providing that the conditions for excitation and measurement of the associated soft X-radiations are optimized, A high-intensity demountable tube using an aluminum anode has been developed which can be used interchangeably with the conventional spectrographic X-ray source. This provides a large amount of incident radiation, aluminum foil filtered, optimally close in wavelength to that of the line radiation being excited. A gypsum analyzing crystal is used along with greatly reduced beam collimation. The standard flow proportional counter and pulse height discrimination is employed. An appropriate filter, such as aluminum foil, is used as a window for the counter1 to provide further discrimination and enhanced signal-to-background ratio.

A Non-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Unit for the Analysis of Biological Tissue Sections

1957 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 297-313
Author(s):  
Theodore Hall
Keyword(s):  
Proportional Counter ◽  
Biological Tissue ◽  
Matrix Effects ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Characteristic Lines ◽  
Secondary Radiator

AbstractAn X-ray fluorescence analysis unit has been designed and built especially for the measurement of certain mineral elements in individual biological tissue sections. Such a section may contain in the neighborhood of 10-10 grams of an element of interest, in a concentration in the range of 1-100 p.p.m.The unit consists of a special high-power X-ray tube with a builtin interchangeable secondary radiator, which irradiates the speciman with the characteristic lines of the radiator element) and a proportional counter and pulse-height analyzer system, which provides analysis of the X-ray spectrum emitted by the specimen. Because the emitted spectrum is greatly simplified by the use of an appropriate radiator element, a diffracting crystal can be omitted, permitting a great increase in absolute sensitivity.The system is feasible only because of two peculiarities of our biological specimens: they are so thin that matrix effects are negligible, and they consist essentially of a few mineral elements in a light matrix.Design considerations, calibration procedures, procedures for the analysis of the observed proportional counter pulse-height spectra and results to date will be discussed.

Development of Gas Scintillation Proportional Counter

1999 ◽  
Vol 09 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 169-174
Author(s):  
N. Shigeoka ◽  
K. Mutaguchi ◽  
Y. Nakanishi ◽  
Y. Ito ◽  
T. Mukoyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proportional Counter ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
Acceleration Region ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gaussian Profile ◽  
Profile Fitting ◽  
Fitting Method

The properties of gas scintillation proportional counter are investigated for Mn K x-ray spectra. The pulse-height spectra are strongly affected by changing of the value of a potential V 2 in the acceleration region and analyzed by the Gaussian profile fitting method.

scholarly journals Chemical Bonding and the Sulfur K X-Ray Spectrum

1965 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 354-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Wilbur ◽  
J. W. Gofman
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Structure ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Sulfur Atom ◽  
Chemical Bonding ◽  
Proportional Counter ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pulse Height Analysis ◽  
Chemical States

AbstractAn investigation has been made of the relative Kβ intensities in different chemical states of the sulfur atom using the Kα lines, with appropriate corrections, to provide the intensity standards. Both inorganic and organic compounds were included in the study. The data for each compound appear to be reliable to about ± 0.5%, while the whole series of compounds shows a variation greater than 20% in the corrected Kβ/Kα ratios. Energies were also measured, particularly the Kα energies, and their shifts were studied relative to the Kβ, intensity shifts. The work was done with a plane, single-crystal, helium-path spectrometer with proportional counter and pulse-height analysis for detection. The results are indicative of the usefulness of the method both in clarifying an uncertain chemical state and in studying the electronic structure of the bonded atom.

Pulse-Height Selection in X-Ray Fluorescence

1960 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 370-381
Author(s):  
Kurt F.J. Heinrich
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Pulse Height Analyzer ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Systematic Application ◽  
Pulse Height Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Work

AbstractPulse-height analysis is a valuable tool in X-ray fluorescence analysis, both for qualitative and quantitative purposes. The elimination of higher order interferences permits determinations that would otherwise be very difficult or impossible, The systematic application of pulse-height analysis in qualitative work greatly simplifies the interpretation of complex spectra. In certain cases one can apply nondispersive analysis, relying on the pulse-height analyzer alone for separating energy levels of X-ray photons. Technique and limitations of pulse-height analysis will be discussed.

Synchrotron Radiation for Measurement of Contaminants on Silicon Surfaces

1993 ◽  
Vol 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Madden ◽  
David C. Wherry ◽  
Piero Pianetta ◽  
Sean Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Transition Metals ◽  
Atomic Number ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Silicon Surfaces ◽  
Synchrotron Source ◽  
X Ray

ABSTRACTThe detection limit for aluminum using total reflection x-ray fluorescence (TXRF) is approximately 100 times lower for a synchrotron source compared to a conventional source. The detection limit for transition metals is approximately 15 to 40 times lower depending on atomic number and energy of the incident radiation.

scholarly journals NEEDLE DETECTOR OF X-RAY AND GAMMA RADIATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-124
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Domański ◽  
Roman Szabatin ◽  
Piotr Brzeski ◽  
Bogumił Konarzewski
Keyword(s):  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Proportional Counter ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
X Rays ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Direction Parallel ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gas Detector

The article presents the developed structure of the novel needle proportional gas detector (NPC – Needle Proportional Counter) used for the detection of X-rays and gamma rays. The advantage of the detector is its simple mechanical construction and the possibility of detection of incident radiation in a direction parallel to the needle. The measured energy spectrum of the isotope Fe-55 by means of the developed detector is presented.

Projection Microscopy and Microanalyses*

1961 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 324-334
Author(s):  
Ong Sing Poen
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Height ◽  
Emission Spectra ◽  
Line Radiation ◽  
Pulse Height Analyzer ◽  
Divergent Beam ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Specimen Holder ◽  
Beam Type ◽  
Fluorescent Radiation ◽  
Ray Projection

AbstractResults of recent experiments on microanalyses with an X-ray projection microscope will be reviewed. As the use of monochromatic radiation is imperative, spectral analyses of the point source were carried out. A simple stationary divergent-beam-type transmission spectrograph was used. The shape and size were miniaturized to fit in the specimen holder of the Norelco projection unit. Emission spectra from clean, targets and the fluorescent radiation emerging from a 10- to 50-μ-diameter spot of contaminated targets and of two-layer targets will be shown. The spectra were recorded photographically. In addition, a proportional counter, in combination with the R.C.L. 128-channel pulse-height analyzer, was used for measuring the ratio of “white” to line radiation.

Observations of binary X-ray sources with Ariel 5

1976 ◽  
Vol 350 (1663) ◽  
pp. 441-461
Keyword(s):  
Stellar Wind ◽  
Proportional Counter ◽  
Milky Way ◽  
Light Curves ◽  
Systematic Variation ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Line Radiation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Secondary Star ◽  
Sky Survey

Ariel 5 observations of the established X-ray binary sources are presented. Most of the new results are from the Leicester Sky Survey Experiment which made extended observations of the Milky Way in November 1974 and again in July-August 1975. The light curves of Cen X-3 and Vel X-l are found to have attenuation features which are attributed to shocks near the secondary star and provide evidence in support of stellar wind-driven accretion in these sources. An extended observation of Cyg X-1 is described in which there is evidence of the 5.6-day period of the associated optical binary. A systematic variation of spectral hardness (temperature) with the intensity of the Cyg X-3 source is found and further spectral observations by the M. S. S. L. proportional counter spectrometer reveal the presence of a strong monochromatic feature near 6.5 keV, probably attributable to line radiation from highly ionized iron.

scholarly journals Second order reflection from crystals used in soft X-ray spectroscopy

Nukleonika ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-265
Author(s):  
Ireneusz Książek
Keyword(s):  
Proportional Counter ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
Line Emission ◽  
Second Order ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Reflection

Abstract In this note the ratio of the second to the first order reflection is determined for the KAP and PbSt crystals, for wavelengths corresponding to the Al K-line emission. The source of the radiation was a low-voltage stabilized X-ray tube. The X-rays were detected with a Bragg spectrometer equipped with a proportional counter detector. The signal measured by the proportional counter was subsequently pulse height analyzed.

Measurement in the 10 to 100 Angstrom X-Ray Region*

1960 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 244-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burton L. Henke
Keyword(s):  
Proportional Counter ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Interaction Coefficients ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Microchemical Analysis ◽  
Pulse Height Analysis

AbstractThe results of recent work of the Millikan Laboratory of Physics on the physics and application of ultra s oft X-radiation s are summarized. These investigations include (1) the compilation of ultrasoft X-ray interaction coefficients. (2) the development of high-intensity, low-voltage X-ray tubes (100 to 1000 v), (3) the application of pulse-height analysis in flow proportional counter measurement of 10 to 100 A radiations, (4) a detailed study of the photographic action of the ultrasoft X-radiations, and (5) the application of these long wave length X-radiations to micromass and microchemical analysis by mïcroradiographïand total-reflection techniques.

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