scholarly journals Networks and the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Danon ◽  
Ashley P. Ford ◽  
Thomas House ◽  
Chris P. Jewell ◽  
Matt J. Keeling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Epidemic Dynamics ◽  
Network Epidemiology ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Epidemiological Parameters

The science of networks has revolutionised research into the dynamics of interacting elements. It could be argued that epidemiology in particular has embraced the potential of network theory more than any other discipline. Here we review the growing body of research concerning the spread of infectious diseases on networks, focusing on the interplay between network theory and epidemiology. The review is split into four main sections, which examine: the types of network relevant to epidemiology; the multitude of ways these networks can be characterised; the statistical methods that can be applied to infer the epidemiological parameters on a realised network; and finally simulation and analytical methods to determine epidemic dynamics on a given network. Given the breadth of areas covered and the ever-expanding number of publications, a comprehensive review of all work is impossible. Instead, we provide a personalised overview into the areas of network epidemiology that have seen the greatest progress in recent years or have the greatest potential to provide novel insights. As such, considerable importance is placed on analytical approaches and statistical methods which are both rapidly expanding fields. Throughout this review we restrict our attention to epidemiological issues.

scholarly journals SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY IN SIMPLE DETERMINISTIC SIR MODELS ASSESSED ECOLOGICALLY

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. WATERS ◽  
H. S. SIDHU ◽  
G. N. MERCER
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Epidemic Models ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Infectious Disease Transmission ◽  
Epidemic Dynamics ◽  
Mean Crowding ◽  
Rate Of Movement

AbstractPatchy or divided populations can be important to infectious disease transmission. We first show that Lloyd’s mean crowding index, an index of patchiness from ecology, appears as a term in simple deterministic epidemic models of the SIR type. Using these models, we demonstrate that the rate of movement between patches is crucial for epidemic dynamics. In particular, there is a relationship between epidemic final size and epidemic duration in patchy habitats: controlling inter-patch movement will reduce epidemic duration, but also final size. This suggests that a strategy of quarantining infected areas during the initial phases of a virulent epidemic might reduce epidemic duration, but leave the population vulnerable to future epidemics by inhibiting the development of herd immunity.

scholarly journals Statistical methods for the prospective detection of infectious disease outbreaks: a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 175 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Unkel ◽  
C. Paddy Farrington ◽  
Paul H. Garthwaite ◽  
Chris Robertson ◽  
Nick Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks

scholarly journals Inferring R 0 in emerging epidemics—the effect of common population structure is small

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (121) ◽  
pp. 20160288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Trapman ◽  
Frank Ball ◽  
Jean-Stéphane Dhersin ◽  
Viet Chi Tran ◽  
Jacco Wallinga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Robust Control ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Contact Structures ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Control Effort ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Epidemiological Parameters ◽  
The Basic Reproduction Number

When controlling an emerging outbreak of an infectious disease, it is essential to know the key epidemiological parameters, such as the basic reproduction number R 0 and the control effort required to prevent a large outbreak. These parameters are estimated from the observed incidence of new cases and information about the infectious contact structures of the population in which the disease spreads. However, the relevant infectious contact structures for new, emerging infections are often unknown or hard to obtain. Here, we show that, for many common true underlying heterogeneous contact structures, the simplification to neglect such structures and instead assume that all contacts are made homogeneously in the whole population results in conservative estimates for R 0 and the required control effort. This means that robust control policies can be planned during the early stages of an outbreak, using such conservative estimates of the required control effort.

A RE-EXAMINATION OF EARLY WHEEL POTTING IN CRETE

2013 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 31-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Jeffra
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Geographical Distance ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Experimental Type ◽  
Technological Transition ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Wheel Throwing ◽  
Forming Methods

The manner in which Minoan potters first employed the pottery wheel has become a matter of some debate. A growing body of work has taken a sceptical approach to the transition from hand-building to wheel-throwing techniques in a number of contexts, finding that the idea of a technological transition of this nature is not supported by the ceramic evidence. Although a small number of publications have addressed this topic as it relates to Minoan Crete, in light of the evidence from contemporary areas around the Mediterranean and Near East it has become necessary to establish firmly what types of techniques and methods were being used as potters first employed this tool. In order to assess the types of primary forming techniques used by potters during the periods between Middle Minoan IB (when the wheel was first regularly used) and Late Minoan IA (by which time vessels of all sizes were regularly formed with some type of rotation), an experimental type set was produced. Analysis was conducted by correlating the macroscopic features produced with specific forming methods, and then comparing those features against material from Knossos, Palaikastro and Myrtos–Pyrgos. The results of that comparison challenge the established notion that potters had developed wheel-throwing skills during these early periods. Instead, a more complex picture emerges which reveals a process of gradual acquisition of combination techniques (wheel and coils). The pattern of uptake indicates a level of cohesion across the potting community of central and eastern Crete, irrespective of the geographical distance between the three sites studied.

scholarly journals Trigger Twins: 2 Cases of Ipsilateral Twin Trigger Digit and a Review of Published Literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
David Brinkman ◽  
Gerard Sheridan ◽  
Michael O’Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Full Recovery ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Growing Body

Background. The aetiology of trigger digits has been debated since Notta first described them in 1850. Aetiology has been segregated for adult and paediatric presentations. While an adult trigger digit is most likely an acquired inflammatory process, the same is not true for cases in children: no inflammatory reaction is seen on microscopic evaluation. We wish to add strength to a genotypical aetiology for paediatric cases. Methods. We present two cases of monozygotic twins with trigger digits managed in our institution. A comprehensive review of literature was conducted for cases of trigger digit in monozygotic twins to support our theory. Results. Our two sets of twins enjoyed a full recovery from surgery at one-month follow-up. A total of seven other cases of monozygotic twins were found in literature. Conclusion. Our cases add to the growing body of evidence supporting a genotypical aetiology for paediatric trigger digit.

scholarly journals Dexmedetomidine: What’s New for Pediatrics? A Narrative Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Mahmoud ◽  
Egidio Barbi ◽  
Keira P. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Neurocognitive Function ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
The Past ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Alternative Routes

Over the past few years, despite the lack of approved pediatric labelling, dexmedetomidine’s (DEX) use has become more prevalent in pediatric clinical practice as well as in research trials. Its respiratory-sparing effects and bioavailability by various routes are only some of the valued features of DEX. In recent years the potential organ-protective effects of DEX, with the possibility for preserving neurocognitive function, has put it in the forefront of clinical and bench research. This comprehensive review focused on the pediatric literature but presents relevant, supporting adult and animal studies in order to detail the recent growing body of literature around the pharmacology, end-organ effects, organ-protective effects, alternative routes of administration, synergetic effects, and clinical applications, with considerations for the future.

sispread: A Software to Simulate Infectious Diseases Spreading on Contact Networks

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (01) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Crépey ◽  
M. Barthélemy ◽  
A.-J. Valleron ◽  
F.P. Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Small World ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Contact Networks ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Multiple Networks ◽  
New Strategies ◽  
Epidemiological Parameters

Summary Objectives: We present a simulation software which allows studying the dynamics of a hypothetic infectious disease within a network of connected people. The software is aimed to facilitate the discrimination of stochastic factors governing the evolution of an infection in a network. In order to do this it provides simple tools to create networks of individuals and to set the epidemiological parameters of the outbreaks. Methods: Three popular models of infectious disease can be used (SI, SIS, SIR). The simulated networks are either the algorithm-based included ones (scale free, small-world, and random homogeneous networks), or provided by third party software. Results: It allows the simulation of a single or many outbreaks over a network, or outbreaks over multiple networks (with identical properties). Standard outputs are the evolution of the prevalence of the disease, on a single outbreak basis or by averaging many outbreaks. The user can also obtain customized outputs which address in detail different possible epidemiological questions about the spread of an infectious agent in a community. Conclusions: The presented software introduces sources of stochasticity present in real epidemics by simulating outbreaks on contact networks of individuals. This approach may help to understand the paths followed by outbreaks in a given community and to design new strategies for preventing and controlling them.

scholarly journals Sounds of sickness: can people identify infectious disease using sounds of coughs and sneezes?

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1928) ◽  
pp. 20200944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas M. Michalak ◽  
Oliver Sng ◽  
Iris M. Wang ◽  
Joshua Ackerman
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Threat Detection ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Key Aspects

Cough, cough. Is that person sick, or do they just have a throat tickle? A growing body of research suggests pathogen threats shape key aspects of human sociality. However, less research has investigated specific processes involved in pathogen threat detection. Here, we examine whether perceivers can accurately detect pathogen threats using an understudied sensory modality—sound. Participants in four studies judged whether cough and sneeze sounds were produced by people infected with a communicable disease or not. We found no evidence that participants could accurately identify the origins of these sounds. Instead, the more disgusting they perceived a sound to be, the more likely they were to judge that it came from an infected person (regardless of whether it did). Thus, unlike research indicating perceivers can accurately diagnose infection using other sensory modalities (e.g. sight, smell), we find people overperceive pathogen threat in subjectively disgusting sounds.

Klebsiella Rhinoscleromatis: A Clinical and Pathogenic Enigma

1979 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Miller ◽  
Joel B. Shulman ◽  
Rinaldo F. Canalis ◽  
Paul H. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
United States ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
The United States ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Clinical Experiment

Rhinoscleroma is a chronic, slowly progressive, infectious disease of the respiratory tract that can produce disability and death, if untreated. Once considered an anomaly in the United States, the disease is now seen more frequently in this country, owing to increased travel from endemic areas. This report presents a comprehensive review of the several types of therapy that have been published in the literature. The results of a clinical experiment are also presented.

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