scholarly journals Endocytosis of Integrin-Binding Human Picornaviruses

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pirjo Merilahti ◽  
Satu Koskinen ◽  
Outi Heikkilä ◽  
Eveliina Karelehto ◽  
Petri Susi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Importance ◽  
Integrin Receptors ◽  
Human Parechovirus ◽  
Collagen Binding ◽  
Cellular Receptors ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Receptor Endocytosis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Coxsackievirus A9 ◽  
Picornavirus Infection

Picornaviruses that infect humans form one of the largest virus groups with almost three hundred virus types. They include significant enteroviral pathogens such as rhino-, polio-, echo-, and coxsackieviruses and human parechoviruses that cause wide range of disease symptoms. Despite the economic importance of picornaviruses, there are no antivirals. More than ten cellular receptors are known to participate in picornavirus infection, but experimental evidence of their role in cellular infection has been shown for only about twenty picornavirus types. Three enterovirus types and one parechovirus have experimentally been shown to bind and use integrin receptors in cellular infection. These include coxsackievirus A9 (CV-A9), echovirus 9, and human parechovirus 1 that are among the most common and epidemic human picornaviruses and bind toαV-integrins via RGD motif that resides on virus capsid. In contrast, echovirus 1 (E-1) has no RGD and uses integrinα2β1 as cellular receptor. Endocytosis of CV-A9 has recently been shown to occur via a novel Arf6- and dynamin-dependent pathways, while, contrary to collagen binding, E-1 binds inactiveβ1 integrin and enters via macropinocytosis. In this paper, we review what is known about receptors and endocytosis of integrin-binding human picornaviruses.

Expression of Collagen-Binding Integrin Receptors in the Mammalian Sclera and Their Regulation during the Development of Myopia

2006 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 4674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neville A. McBrien ◽  
Ravikanth Metlapally ◽  
Andrew I. Jobling ◽  
Alex Gentle
Keyword(s):  
Integrin Receptors ◽  
Collagen Binding

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE NEONATAL FC RECEPTOR IN THE UNCOATING OF ECHOVIRUSES AND COXSACKIEVIRUS A9

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-139
Author(s):  
P. S. Usoltseva ◽  
A. V. Alimov ◽  
A. V. Rezaykin ◽  
A. G. Sergeev ◽  
A. V. Novoselov
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Cellular Receptor ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Neonatal Fc Receptor ◽  
Receptor Specificity ◽  
Cellular Receptors ◽  
Coxsackievirus A9 ◽  
Rd Cells ◽  
Adenovirus Receptor

The aim of this study was to determine the role of the human neonatal receptor for the Fc fragment of IgG (hFcRn) as a common uncoating cellular receptor for echoviruses and coxsackievirus A9 during infection of human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. Material and methods. The protective effect of the human serum albumin, purified from globulins, (HSA-GF) and antibodies to hFcRn was studied in RD cells infected with several strains and clones of species B enteroviruses possessing different receptor specificity (echoviruses 3, 9, 11, 30 and coxsackieviruses A9, B4, B5). Results. It was shown that HSA-GF at concentrations of 4% or less protected RD cells from infection with echoviruses 3, 9, 11 and coxsackievirus A9. The antibodies to hFcRn at concentrations of 2.5 ug/mL or less demonstrated the similar spectrum of protective activity in RD cells against infection with echoviruses 3, 9, 11, 30 and coxsackievirus A9. The protective effect of HSA-GF or the antibodies to hFcRn was not observed in RD cells infected with coxsackieviruses B4 and B5 that need coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor for uncoating. Discussion. The usage of the previously characterized echovirus 11 clonal variants with different receptor specificity allowed us to define the function of hFcRn as a canyon-binding uncoating receptor in RD cells. The kinetics and magnitude of the observed protective effects correlated with receptor specificity of the enteroviruses used in this work supporting the two-step interaction of DAF-dependent echoviruses with the cellular receptors. Conclusions. In this study, the function of hFcRn was defined in RD cells as a canyon-binding and uncoating receptor for echoviruses and coxsackievirus A9. The two-step interaction of DAF-dependent echoviruses during entry into the cells was confirmed: initially with the binding receptor DAF and subsequently with the uncoating receptor hFcRn.

Belonolaimidae: Belonolaimus species.

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-105
Author(s):  
Ziaul Haque ◽  
Mujeebur Rahman Khan
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Pest Risk Analysis ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pest Risk

Abstract The sting nematode, Belonolaimus spp., is one of the most destructive nematode pests of turfgrass and attacks a wide range of monocotyledonous plants and gymnosperms, including vegetables, legumes, cereals, etc. This chapter includes information on: geographical distribution; host ranges; symptoms; biology and life cycle; ecology; physiological races; economic importance; invasiveness; pest risk analysis; movement and means of dispersal; management measures; and detailed account of diagnosis procedures, such as morphological, biochemical, cytogenetic and molecular characterization, of Belonolaimus species.

scholarly journals Class A Scavenger Receptors Are Used by Frog Virus 3 During Its Cellular Entry

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Vo ◽  
Matthew Guerreiro ◽  
Amulya Yaparla ◽  
Leon Grayfer ◽  
Stephanie DeWitte-Orr
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Level ◽  
Scavenger Receptors ◽  
Null Cell ◽  
Cellular Receptors ◽  
Frog Virus 3 ◽  
Frog Virus ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Class A ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cellular Entry

Frog virus 3 (FV3) is the type species of the genus Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae). FV3 and FV3-like viruses are globally distributed infectious agents with the capacity to replicate in three vertebrate classes (teleosts, amphibians, and reptiles). At the cellular level, FV3 and FV3-like viruses can infect cells from virtually all vertebrate classes. To date, the cellular receptors that are involved in the FV3 entry process are unknown. Class A scavenger receptors (SR-As) are a family of evolutionarily conserved cell-surface receptors that bind a wide range of chemically distinct polyanionic ligands and can function as cellular receptors for other DNA viruses, including vaccinia virus and herpes simplex virus. The present study aimed to determine whether SR-As are involved in FV3 cellular entry. By using well-defined SR-A competitive and non-competitive ligand-blocking assays and absolute qPCR, we demonstrated that the SR-A competitive ligands drastically reduced the quantities of cell-associated viral loads in frog cells. Moreover, inducing the expression of a human SR-AI in an SR-A null cell line significantly increased FV3–cell association. Together, our results indicate that SR-As are utilized by FV3 during the cellular entry process.

scholarly journals Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu stricto Is a Pathogen of Leaf Anthracnose on Evergreen Spindle Tree (Euonymus japonicus)

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 672-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Huang ◽  
Qiu-Cheng Li ◽  
Ya Zhang ◽  
De-Wei Li ◽  
Jian-Ren Ye
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Fungal Isolate ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Euonymus Japonicus

The genus Colletotrichum is considered the eighth most important group of plant-pathogenic fungi in the world due to its scientific and economic importance. Colletotrichum spp. cause anthracnose disease in a wide range of economically important plants. Euonymus japonicus Thunb. (Celastraceae) is a broad-leaved evergreen tree that is widely planted in the parks and landscapes of China. An anthracnose occurs on E. japonicus in China but there has been a disagreement on the identity of the fungal pathogen. In this study, the fungal isolate HYCG2-3 was determined by Koch’s postulates to be a pathogen on E. japonicus. Based on the morphological and molecular methods, isolate HYCG2-3 was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu stricto within the C. gloeosporioides species complex.

First Report of the Earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus (Müller, 1857) from Punjab, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharanpreet Singh ◽  
Jaswinder Singh ◽  
Ayushi Sharma ◽  
Adarsh Pal Vig ◽  
Shakoor Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Edaphic Factors ◽  
Pontoscolex Corethrurus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
First Time ◽  
Poor Soil ◽  
German Naturalist

The earthwormPontoscolex corethrurus(Müller, 1857) is reported for the first time from Punjab, India. This species was first described by German naturalist Fritz Müller in 1857 from Santa Catarina state of Brazil. It is commonly found in gardens, cropland and fallowlands. It tolerates wide range of climatic and edaphic factors due to its endogeic ecological category.P. corethrurushas high efficiency for organic matter assimilation and has ability to live in new habitat due to which it can survive even in very poor soil. The life cycle of this species is well documented and this species has economic importance due to its use in waste management.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Eggplant Rootstocks and Pepper Varieties for Potential Resistance to Isolates of Phytophthora capsici from Michigan and New York

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 1037-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Foster ◽  
R. P. Naegele ◽  
M. K. Hausbeck
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Soilborne Pathogen ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
Fungicide Insensitivity ◽  
Pepper Cultivar

Phytophthora capsici is a soilborne pathogen of major economic importance in pepper, and of less importance in tomato and eggplant production. As soil fumigation becomes more expensive and limited, and fungicide insensitivity of P. capsici isolates becomes more prevalent, grafting is quickly becoming an industry-favored method to control soilborne diseases. Greenhouse experiments were performed to evaluate an eggplant cultivar (Classic), two eggplant lines (EG195, EG203), a pepper line (CM334), and three pepper cultivars (Paladin, Camelot, and Red Knight) for root rot resistance to 14 P. capsici isolates. The isolates showed various degrees of virulence between pepper and eggplant in both experiments. Both eggplant and one pepper lines showed moderate resistance to the most virulent isolates tested in experiment one. The partially resistant pepper cultivar, Paladin, was significantly more susceptible than CM334 and the eggplant lines, but was still resistant to most isolates. In the second experiment, the eggplant cultivar Classic and the susceptible pepper cultivar Red Knight were both susceptible to most isolates tested, while EG203 and EG195 were resistant to most isolates. The two eggplant breeding lines, EG195 and EG203, showed moderate resistance to all isolates tested in both experiments. This is the first reported evaluation of eggplant resistance to P. capsici. Further research is warranted to test eggplant lines EG195 and EG203 for resistance to a wide range of soilborne pests and to evaluate their usefulness as P. capsici–resistant rootstocks for peppers, tomatoes, and eggplants.

scholarly journals Empoasca papayae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)-Mediated Transmission of Papaya Meleira Virus-Mexican Variant in Mexico

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 2015-2023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel García-Cámara ◽  
Raúl Tapia-Tussell ◽  
Anuar Magaña-Álvarez ◽  
Alberto Cortés Velázquez ◽  
Rodolfo Martín-Mex ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Reverse Transcription ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Viral Titer ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Papaya meleira virus (PMeV) causes sticky disease in Carica papaya in Brazil and Mexico. Despite its economic importance and the need for effective phytosanitary control, it remains unknown whether any insect is the vector of this virus. The aim of this work was to identify potential insect vectors of the PMeV-Mexican variant (PMeV-Mx) and determine whether these potential vectors are capable of transmitting the virus. Adult insects were collected in papaya fields in the south-southeast region of Mexico and were identified morphologically and molecularly. Their abundance and frequency were determined, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to establish if they carried PMeV-Mx. The Cicadellidae family (Hemiptera) was the most diverse and abundant, and Empoasca papayae was the most abundant species and had the highest virus titers. PMeV-Mx transmission assays were conducted under controlled conditions using E. papayae on C. papaya ‘Maradol’. E. papayae was a carrier of PMeV-Mx at 6 h after exposure, and its viral titer increased with time, peaking at 2.125 pg/μl of PMeV-Mx RNA from 20 ng/µl of cDNA, 5 days after exposure (dae). From 14 days after plants were exposed to insects, PMeV-Mx was detected and quantified in 100% of the evaluated papaya plants, whose viral RNA titer increased from 0.06 (21 dae) to 26.6 pg/μl of PMeV-Mx RNA (60 dae) from 20 ng/µl of cDNA. Three months later, these plants developed sticky disease symptoms, demonstrating that E. papayae is capable of transmitting PMeV-Mx to C. papaya ‘Maradol’.

Systematics of the longicorn beetle genus Coptomma Newman (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae : Cerambycinae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deping Song ◽  
Qiao Wang
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Longicorn Beetle ◽  
Exotic Tree ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sawn Timber ◽  
A New Species

Longicorn beetles of the New Zealand genus Coptomma Newman are associated with a wide range of both native and exotic tree genera and are of some economic importance in forestry and horticulture because they kill leading shoots and degrade sawn timber. In this paper, the genus is revised and its scope is redefined. The genus Navomorpha White is synonymised with Coptomma. Two species, N. textorium and N. philpotti, are synonymised with Coptomma lineatum (Fabricius). A new species, C. marrisi, is described for Coptomma. All known species are redescribed. As a result of this revision, the present number of species in Coptomma has increased to five: C.�variegatum, C. lineatum, C. sulcatum, C. sticticum and C. marrisi. A key to species is given. Terminalia of both sexes are illustrated and described. The phylogeny of species is analysed cladistically and the monophyly of the genus is confirmed. Coptomma is widely distributed on the North Island, South Island, Stewart Island and Three Kings Islands of New Zealand. Known biology is noted for each species. The distribution of each species is mapped and discussed.

scholarly journals PdMFS1 Transporter Contributes to Penicilliun digitatum Fungicide Resistance and Fungal Virulence during Citrus Fruit Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta de Ramón-Carbonell ◽  
Mario López-Pérez ◽  
Luis González-Candelas ◽  
Paloma Sánchez-Torres
Keyword(s):  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Major Facilitator Superfamily ◽  
Fungal Virulence ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Major Facilitator ◽  
Chemical Fungicides ◽  
Mfs Transporter

A new Penicillium digitatum major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter (PdMFS1) was identified and functionally characterized in order to shed more light on the mechanisms underlying fungicide resistance. PdMFS1 can play an important role in the intensification of resistance to fungicides normally used in P. digitatum postharvest treatments. In the PdMFS1 disrupted mutants, a slight effect in response to chemical fungicides was observed, but fungicide sensitivity was highly affected in the overexpression mutants which became resistant to wide range of chemical fungicides. Moreover, P. digitatum knock-out mutants exhibited a lower rate of fungal virulence when infected oranges were stored at 20 °C. Disease symptoms were higher in the PdMFS1 overexpression mutants coming from the low-virulent P. digitatum parental strain. In addition, the gene expression analysis showed an induction of PdMFS1 transcription in all overexpression mutants regardless from which progenitor came from, and four-time intensification of the parental wild type strain during citrus infection reinforcing PdMFS1 role in fungal virulence. The P. digitatum MFS transporter PdMFS1 contributes not only to the acquisition of wide range of fungicide resistance but also in fungal virulence during citrus infection.

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