scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles and Their Convergence with Viral Pathways

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Wurdinger ◽  
NaTosha N. Gatson ◽  
Leonora Balaj ◽  
Balveen Kaur ◽  
Xandra O. Breakefield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Complex Function ◽  
Viral Assembly ◽  
Endogenous Retrovirus ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Multivesicular Bodies ◽  
Virus Release ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
Cellular Components

Extracellular vesicles (microvesicles), such as exosomes and shed microvesicles, contain a variety of molecules including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Microvesicles appear mostly to originate from multivesicular bodies or to bud from the plasma membrane. Here, we review the convergence of microvesicle biogenesis and aspects of viral assembly and release pathways. Herpesviruses and retroviruses, amongst others, recruit several elements from the microvesicle biogenesis pathways for functional virus release. In addition, noninfectious pleiotropic virus-like vesicles can be released, containing viral and cellular components. We highlight the heterogeneity of microvesicle function during viral infection, addressing microvesicles that can either block or enhance infection, or cause immune dysregulation through bystander action in the immune system. Finally, endogenous retrovirus and retrotransposon elements deposited in our genomes millions of years ago can be released from cells within microvesicles, suggestive of a viral origin of the microvesicle system or perhaps of an evolutionary conserved system of virus-vesicle codependence. More research is needed to further elucidate the complex function of the various microvesicles produced during viral infection, possibly revealing new therapeutic intervention strategies.

Study of NSCLC cell migration promoted by NSCLC-Derived Extracellular Vesicle using atomic force microscopy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuwei Wang ◽  
Jiajia Wang ◽  
Tuoyu Ju ◽  
Kaige Qu ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Force Microscopy ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Cancer Microenvironment ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Cellular Components

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) secreted by cancer cells have a key role in the cancer microenvironment and progression. Previous studies have mainly focused on molecular functions, cellular components and biological processes...

CSF extracellular vesicles and risk of disease activity after a first demyelinating event

2021 ◽  
pp. 135245852098754
Author(s):  
Gloria Dalla Costa ◽  
Tommaso Croese ◽  
Marco Pisa ◽  
Annamaria Finardi ◽  
Lorena Fabbella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Activity ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Prognostic Markers ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Targeted Intervention ◽  
Improve Risk Stratification ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
In Cis

Background: Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a recently described mechanism of cell communication, are released from activated microglial cells and macrophages and are a candidate biomarker in diseases characterized by chronic inflammatory process such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: We explored cerebrospinal fluid extracellular vesicle (CSF EV) of myeloid origin (MEVs), cytokine and chemokine levels in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). Results: We found that CSF MEVs were significantly higher in CIS patients than in controls and were inversely correlated to CSF CCL2 levels. MEVs level were significantly associated with an shorter time to evidence of disease activity (hazard ratio: 1.01, 95% confidence interval: 1.00–1.02, p < 0.01) independently from other known prognostic markers. Conclusion: After a first demyelinating event, CSF EVs may improve risk stratification of these patients and allow more targeted intervention strategies.

scholarly journals The Cellular and Biological Impact of Extracellular Vesicles in Pancreatic Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3040
Author(s):  
Zainab Hussain ◽  
Jeremy Nigri ◽  
Richard Tomasini
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Pancreatic Tumors ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Biological Impact ◽  
Physiological Relevance ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
Tumoral Cells

Deciphering the interactions between tumor and stromal cells is a growing field of research to improve pancreatic cancer-associated therapies and patients’ care. Indeed, while accounting for 50 to 90% of the tumor mass, many pieces of evidence reported that beyond their structural role, the non-tumoral cells composing the intra-tumoral microenvironment influence tumor cells’ proliferation, metabolism, cell death and resistance to therapies, among others. Simultaneously, tumor cells can influence non-tumoral neighboring or distant cells in order to shape a tumor-supportive and immunosuppressive environment as well as influencing the formation of metastatic niches. Among intercellular modes of communication, extracellular vesicles can simultaneously transfer the largest variety of signals and were recently reported as key effectors of cell–cell communication in pancreatic cancer, from its development to its evolution as well as its ability to resist available treatments. This review focuses on extracellular vesicles-mediated communication between different cellular components of pancreatic tumors, from the modulation of cellular activities and abilities to their biological and physiological relevance. Taking into consideration the intra-tumoral microenvironment and its extracellular-mediated crosstalk as main drivers of pancreatic cancer development should open up new therapeutic windows.

scholarly journals The Yin and Yang of tumour-derived extracellular vesicles in tumour immunity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayoshi Yamauchi ◽  
Toshiro Moroishi
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Tumour Immunity ◽  
Heterogeneous Nature ◽  
Yin And Yang ◽  
Cellular Components

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small particles that are naturally released from various types of cells. EVs contain a wide variety of cellular components, such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and metabolites, which facilitate intercellular communication in diverse biological processes. In the tumour microenvironment, EVs have been shown to play important roles in tumour progression, including immune system–tumour interactions. Although previous studies have convincingly demonstrated the immunosuppressive functions of tumour-derived EVs, some studies have suggested that tumour-derived EVs can also stimulate host immunity, especially in therapeutic conditions. Recent studies have revealed the heterogeneous nature of EVs with different structural and biological characteristics that may account for the divergent functions of EVs in tumour immunity. In this review article, we provide a brief summary of our current understanding of tumour-derived EVs in immune activation and inhibition. We also highlight the emerging utility of EVs in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers and discuss the potential clinical applications of tumour-derived EVs.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Garlic and Onion against virus

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 3578-3586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Viral Assembly ◽  
Organosulfur Compounds ◽  
Phospholipid Membrane ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Virus Attachment ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Pass Through

In the current scenario, pharmaceutical industry is dependent on chemical based drugs to treat viral infection. However, these drugs are known to induce many side effects in human body. There is pressing need to promote safe alternative to chemical based antiviral drugs. Onion and garlic are natural sources which are known to possess antiviral properties. It is well known that onion and garlic are rich source of organosulfur compounds. Organosulfur compounds like quercetin and allicin are associated with inhibition of viral infection. These chemicals can hinder virus attachment to host cell, alter transcription and translation of viral genome in host cell and also affect viral assembly. Quercetin can affect entry and attachment of Enterovirus and Influenza virus on host cell. This compound also has ability to inhibit RNA polymerase which is necessary for viral replication. Quercetin also inhibit process by which virus alter signalling pathway in host cell. Organosulfur compounds like allicin, diallyl trisulfide and ajoene are main chemicals which impart antiviral property to garlic. It is known that allicin can pass through phospholipid membrane of cell and can further contribute in inhibiting viral multiplication. Considering numerous studies which corroborate antiviral effect of onion and garlic, this paper recommends consumption of these plants as a safe alternative to prevent virus infection.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles: An Emerging Mechanism Governing the Secretion and Biological Roles of Tenascin-C

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Albacete-Albacete ◽  
Miguel Sánchez-Álvarez ◽  
Miguel Angel del Pozo
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Tenascin C ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
Cellular Components

ECM composition and architecture are tightly regulated for tissue homeostasis. Different disorders have been associated to alterations in the levels of proteins such as collagens, fibronectin (FN) or tenascin-C (TnC). TnC emerges as a key regulator of multiple inflammatory processes, both during physiological tissue repair as well as pathological conditions ranging from tumor progression to cardiovascular disease. Importantly, our current understanding as to how TnC and other non-collagen ECM components are secreted has remained elusive. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound particles released to the extracellular space by most cell types, playing a key role in cell-cell communication. A broad range of cellular components can be transported by EVs (e.g. nucleic acids, lipids, signalling molecules and proteins). These cargoes can be transferred to target cells, potentially modulating their function. Recently, several extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins have been characterized as bona fide EV cargoes, exosomal secretion being particularly critical for TnC. EV-dependent ECM secretion might underpin diseases where ECM integrity is altered, establishing novel concepts in the field such as ECM nucleation over long distances, and highlighting novel opportunities for diagnostics and therapeutic intervention. Here, we review recent findings and standing questions on the molecular mechanisms governing EV–dependent ECM secretion and its potential relevance for disease, with a focus on TnC.

scholarly journals Non-Suppurative Encephalomyelitis in Cats Suggestive of a Viral Origin

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Hoff ◽  
M. Vandevelde
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Viral Origin

In 10 of 16 domestic cats with spontaneous non-suppurative encephalomyelitis, lesions were multifocal but relatively few and were considered nonspecific as to cause, although viral agents could not be excluded. Six cats had polioencephalomyelitis or polioencephalitis suggestive of viral infection. The clinical and morphological features are compared with those of previous reports of feline encephalitis possibly of viral origin. Some previously reported epidemiological and serological surveys suggest a possible role for arborviruses.

scholarly journals The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 367 (6478) ◽  
pp. eaau6977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raghu Kalluri ◽  
Valerie S. LeBleu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Cell Of Origin ◽  
Intracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cellular Components

The study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has the potential to identify unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms in intercellular communication and in organ homeostasis and disease. Exosomes, with an average diameter of ~100 nanometers, are a subset of EVs. The biogenesis of exosomes involves their origin in endosomes, and subsequent interactions with other intracellular vesicles and organelles generate the final content of the exosomes. Their diverse constituents include nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, amino acids, and metabolites, which can reflect their cell of origin. In various diseases, exosomes offer a window into altered cellular or tissue states, and their detection in biological fluids potentially offers a multicomponent diagnostic readout. The efficient exchange of cellular components through exosomes can inform their applied use in designing exosome-based therapeutics.

scholarly journals Fighting Fire with Fire: Endogenous Retrovirus Envelopes as Restriction Factors

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 4047-4050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Malfavon-Borja ◽  
Cédric Feschotte
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Domain Architecture ◽  
Endogenous Retrovirus ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Restriction Factors ◽  
Host Protection ◽  
Considerable Portion ◽  
Endogenous Viral Elements ◽  
Host Development

A considerable portion of vertebrate genomes are made up of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). While aberrant or uncontrolled ERV expression has been perceived as a potential cause of disease, there is mounting evidence that some ERVs have become integral components of normal host development and physiology. Here, we revisit the longstanding concept that some of the gene products encoded by ERVs and other endogenous viral elements may offer to the host protection against viral infection. Notably, proteins produced fromenvelope(env) genes have been shown to act as restriction factors against related exogenous retroviruses in chickens, sheep, mice, and cats. Based on the proposed mode of restriction and the domain architecture of known antiretroviralenv, we argue that many moreenvgene-derived restriction factors await discovery in vertebrate genomes, including the human genome.

scholarly journals Neddylation of Coro1a determines the fate of multivesicular bodies and biogenesis of extracellular vesicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuefeng Fei ◽  
Zhijie Li ◽  
Diya Yang ◽  
Xianghui Kong ◽  
Xinliang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Multivesicular Bodies
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