scholarly journals A National Baseline Prevalence Survey of Schistosomiasis in the Philippines Using Stratified Two-Step Systematic Cluster Sampling Design

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Leonardo ◽  
Pilarita Rivera ◽  
Ofelia Saniel ◽  
Elena Villacorte ◽  
May Antonnette Lebanan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Program ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
National Level ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Prevalence Survey ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Systematic Cluster

For the first time in the country, a national baseline prevalence survey using a well-defined sampling design such as a stratified two-step systematic cluster sampling was conducted in 2005 to 2008. The purpose of the survey was to stratify the provinces according to prevalence of schistosomiasis such as high, moderate, and low prevalence which in turn would be used as basis for the intervention program to be implemented. The national survey was divided into four phases. Results of the first two phases conducted in Mindanao and the Visayas were published in 2008. Data from the last two phases showed three provinces with prevalence rates higher than endemic provinces surveyed in the first two phases thus changing the overall ranking of endemic provinces at the national level. Age and sex distribution of schistosomiasis remained the same in Luzon and Maguindanao. Soil-transmitted and food-borne helminthes were also recorded in these surveys. This paper deals with the results of the last 2 phases done in Luzon and Maguindanao and integrates all four phases in the discussion.

Compliance with the smoking ban in enclosed, semiopen and open areas of workplaces and public places in Chile

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-055632
Author(s):  
Armando Peruga ◽  
Xaviera Molina ◽  
Iris Delgado ◽  
Isabel Matute ◽  
Andrea Olea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Design ◽  
National Level ◽  
Smoking Ban ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Compliance Level ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
National Representative Sample

ObjectiveTo assess the national level of compliance with the Chilean comprehensive smoke-free legislation by observing healthcare facilities, education centres, government offices, hospitality venues and private workplaces, by type of area within workplaces and public places: enclosed, semiopen and open.MethodologyIn this cross-sectional observational study, we studied a national representative sample of 3253 venues obtained through a two-stage cluster sampling design. First, 57 municipalities were randomly selected, proportionally to the total number of venues of interest. Second, within each selected municipality, a maximum of 12 venues of each sector was selected systematically from a list of existing sites. We determined the non-compliance level by estimating the percentage of the visited venues where smoking was observed or suspected in banned areas of the premises.ResultsSmoking or suspicion thereof was not observed in any enclosed area of any establishment. However, smoking violations were observed in semiopen areas ranging from less than 0.5% of schools and healthcare centres to around 10% of hospitality venues or 23.0% of higher education centres. Smoking violations were also observed in outdoor areas of 6.7% and 1.6% of the health centres and schools, respectively.DiscussionThe stark contrast in compliance with the smoking ban between the enclosed areas and the semiopen areas may be a consequence of the complex definition of semiopen areas in the regulations. The study also reflects the need to improve the overall enforcement of the smoke-free law, particularly in universities and hospitality venues.

scholarly journals Geology and Environment: A Problem-Based Learning Study in Higher Education

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Tânia Pinto ◽  
António Guerner Dias ◽  
Clara Vasconcelos
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Experimental Group

We aimed to contribute to a shift in higher education teaching and learning methods by considering problem-based learning (PBL) as an approach capable of positively affecting students from a geology and environment (GE) curricular unit. In a convenience sample from a Portuguese public university, two groups of students were defined: (1) an experimental group (n = 16), to which an intervention program (IP) based on PBL was applied, and (2) a comparison group (n = 17), subjected to the traditional teaching approach. For nine weeks, students subject to the IP faced four problem scenarios about different themes. A triangulation of methods was chosen. The study involved two phases: (1) qualitative (sustained on content analysis of driving questions raised by students, registered in a monitoring sheet) and (2) quantitative (quasi-experimental study, based on data from a prior and post-test knowledge assessment). The qualitative results point to the development of more complex cognitive-level questioning skills after increasing familiarity with PBL. The data obtained in the quantitative study, which included both a “within-subjects” and a “between-subjects” design, show higher benefits in the experimental group, documenting gains in terms of scientific knowledge when using the PBL methodology.

scholarly journals Hyperhidrosis: prevalence and impact on quality of life

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Nishida Hasimoto ◽  
Daniele Cristina Cataneo ◽  
Tarcísio Albertin dos Reis ◽  
Antonio José Maria Cataneo
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Excessive Sweating ◽  
Medical Evaluation ◽  
Primary Hyperhidrosis ◽  
Systematic Cluster ◽  
The City ◽  
Impaired Quality

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence of primary hyperhidrosis in the city of Botucatu, Brazil, and to evaluate how this disorder affects the quality of life in those suffering from it. Methods: A population survey was conducted in order to identify cases of hyperhidrosis among residents in the urban area of the city, selected by systematic cluster sampling. In accordance with the census maps of the city, the sample size should be at least 4,033 participants. Ten interviewers applied a questionnaire that evaluated the presence of excessive sweating and invited the subjects who reported hyperhidrosis to be evaluated by a physician in order to confirm the diagnosis. Results: A total of 4,133 residents, in 1,351 households, were surveyed. Excessive sweating was reported by 85 residents (prevalence = 2.07%), of whom 51 (60%) were female. Of those 85 respondents, 51 (60%) agreed to undergo medical evaluation to confirm the diagnosis and only 23 (45%) were diagnosed with primary hyperhidrosis (prevalence = 0.93%). Of the 23 subjects diagnosed with primary hyperhidrosis, 11 (48%) reported poor or very poor quality of life. Conclusions: Although the prevalence of self-reported excessive sweating was greater than 2%, the actual prevalence of primary hyperhidrosis in our sample was 0.93% and nearly 50% of the respondents with primary hyperhidrosis reported impaired quality of life.

scholarly journals Hotspots of unimproved sources of drinking water in Ethiopia: Mapping and Spatial analysis of Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey Data 2016

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getahun Gebre Bogale
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
National Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Moran’S I ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Moran's I

Abstract Background: More than 35% of Ethiopian population is using drinking water from unimproved sources. As per the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, Ethiopia is aspiring to achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030. For these goals to be accomplished, it is important to map the country’s hotspot areas of unimproved source of drinking-water so that resource allocation and disease control can be optimized there. Methods: A population based cross-sectional study was conducted in Ethiopia from January 18 to June 27, 2016. Data were collected from 10,064 households using a pretested and structured questionnaire. A stratified two-stage cluster sampling was employed where the enumeration areas were primary sampling units and households were secondary sampling units. Systematic sampling with probability proportional to size was employed to select samples. Data were cleaned in spreadsheet and entered in to SaTScan and ArcGIS soft-wares for mapping and analysis. The Global Moran’s I and spatial scan statistical tests (Bernoulli model) were done to explore the presence of clustering in the study area and local spatial clusters (hotspots) of unimproved sources of drinking water using ArcGIS version 10.3 and Kuldorff’s SaTScan version 9.4 soft-wares, respectively. Moran’s I value closer to +1 declared presence of clustering at national level and Log-Likelihood ratio (LLR) greater than the critical value with p<0.05 declared statistical significant hotspots across the regions. Results: In this study, unimproved sources of drinking water were spatially clustered at the study area (Moran’s I: 0.35, p<0.05). A total of 143 significant clusters were identified. Of which, eight were most likely (primary) clusters and the rest 135 were secondary clusters. The first spatial window which contains primary clusters was located in Amhara and Afar regions (LLR: 78.89, at p<0.001). The rest 33 spatial windows which contain secondary clusters were found in all regions, except Gambela region and Addis Abeba city administration (with a range of LLR: 10.09-78.89, p<0.001). Conclusions: This study identified non-random clusters and hot spots of unimproved sources of drinking water. Therefore, the result helps decision makers for their geographical interventions to combat problems related to hotspots.

The assessment of the attitude of Sicilian consumers towards wild and farmed seafood products – a sample survey

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalinda Allegro ◽  
Antonino Calagna ◽  
Daniela Lo Monaco ◽  
Valentina Ciprì ◽  
Carmelo Bongiorno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Design ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
National Level ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fresh Fish ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Probabilistic Sampling ◽  
Seafood Products

PurposeThe purpose of the paper was to know and evaluate consumption, preferences and the knowledge of labelling legislation about wild and farmed seafood products.Design/methodology/approachA sample survey on Sicilian families was conducted through a direct interviews between October 2015 and October 2016 to study the attitudes of Sicilian consumers towards wild and farmed fish and seafood products. A stratified two-stage sampling design was chosen with variable probability of inclusion of the units of first stage and 1,700 subjects were interviewed.FindingsThe results obtained showed that the 69.4% of respondent ate fresh fish at least once a week and the 86% of respondents consumed aquaculture products at least once a month. Also, the 77.3% of respondents did not know the current legislation on the labelling. Multiple correspondence analysis allowed to identified three profiles of Sicilian families and binary logit model was used to examine the factors that influenced different frequency of fresh fish consumption in general and farmed seafood products in particular.Research limitations/implicationsExtending the research throughout the Italian territory would have allowed further comparisons at the national level.Practical implicationsThe research provides useful information on Sicilian consumers that could be used by policymakers and by marketing communications company.Social implicationsThis research, on a restricted group of European consumers (Sicilian), characterised by living in an island, reinforce the knowledge regarding seafood consumers.Originality/valueThis study used a probabilistic sampling design and a face-to-face questionnaire which produce results more robust in compare to surveys used more frequently such as non-probabilistic sampling design.

scholarly journals Reclaiming On-Site Upgrading as a Viable Resilience Strategy-Viabilities and Scenarios through the Lens of Disaster-Prone Informal Settlements in Metro Manila

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10600
Author(s):  
Juan Du ◽  
Stefan Greiving
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Informal Settlement ◽  
National Level ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Community Resilience ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
City Development ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Metro Manila

The Philippines is argued as the only Southeast Asian country where informal settlers’ communities have been self-organized and produced discernible impacts on the country’s urban policies. As one of the high risk countries, fifty percent of the country’s informal settlements are located in danger and disaster-prone areas. However, informal settlement upgrading has not reached its significance in disaster mitigation and community resilience building. At the national level, on-site upgrading is not established in disaster risk management or climate change adaptation strategies, which explains the lack of strategic approaches for local implementation. Metro Manila serves as a suitable backdrop in this sense to study informal settlement upgrading under the condition of high risk and rapid urbanization with a high civil society engagement. This study investigates the underlined reasons why upgrading strategically falls short in addressing disaster mitigation and community resilience building. Theoretically, it questions what on-site upgrading is about. Empirically, two hazard-prone informal settlement communities within Metro Manila are examined with their different risk profiles, community development needs and resilience priorities. The core issues of upgrading are, therefore, differentiated at the settlement level with communities’ innate socio-economic and eco-spatial features over time. Meanwhile, the paper heightens the necessity of tackling on-site upgrading at the settlement level and articulating settlements’ spatial correlations with the city development, so as to sustain upgrading outcomes. In addition, this study attempts at setting up a range of scenarios conditioned with COVID pandemic fallout. It endeavors to provide another facet of how to deal with adaptation and resilience. This includes the urgent strategy shift in the housing sector and its financial sustainability, innovative mechanisms to manage uncertainty and risks, lessons for post-COVID planning, etc.

scholarly journals Tobacco Usage in Uttarakhand: A Dangerous Combination of High Prevalence, Widespread Ignorance, and Resistance to Quitting

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan John Grills ◽  
Rajesh Singh ◽  
Rajkumari Singh ◽  
Bradley C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Prevalence Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Quit Attempts ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Lower Education ◽  
Tobacco Usage ◽  
Knowledge Attitudes And Practices

Background. Nearly one-third of adults in India use tobacco, resulting in 1.2 million deaths. However, little is known about knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to smoking in the impoverished state of Uttarakhand.Methods. A cross-sectional epidemiological prevalence survey was undertaken. Multistage cluster sampling selected 20 villages and 50 households to survey from which 1853 people were interviewed. Tobacco prevalence and KAP were analyzed by income level, occupation, age, and sex. 95% confidence intervals were calculated using standard formulas and incorporating assumptions in relation to the clustering effect.Results. The overall prevalence of tobacco usage, defined using WHO criteria, was 38.9%. 93% of smokers and 86% of tobacco chewers were male. Prevalence of tobacco use, controlling for other factors, was associated with lower education, older age, and male sex. 97.6% of users and 98.1% of nonusers wanted less tobacco. Except for lung cancer (89% awareness), awareness of diseases caused by tobacco usage was low (cardiac: 67%; infertility: 32.5%; stroke: 40.5%).Conclusion. A dangerous combination of high tobacco usage prevalence, ignorance about its dangers, and few quit attempts being made suggests the need to develop effective and evidence based interventions to prevent a health and development disaster in Uttarakhand.

Do migrant remittances improve the quality of government? Evidence from the Philippines

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 336-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rollin F Tusalem
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Political Accountability ◽  
Migrant Remittances ◽  
Filipino Migrants ◽  
Using Data ◽  
National Governments

Migrant remittances have been linked to improving the quality of government and political accountability in the developing world. The argument is that migrants have the capacity to withhold remittances to their families when they deem that their local governments are blighted with corruption and bureaucratic inefficiency. Relatedly, migrants also empower citizens in sub-national regions by providing funds to family members who become less beholden to clientistic ties with political parties which concomitantly foster state-level corruption. Thus, relatives of migrants also become social agents who will increasingly expect better governmental performance and demand higher levels of political accountability at the sub-national level. Using data provided by the Philippine National Statistics Office and the National Statistical Coordinating Board of the Philippines (NSCB hereafter), the study provides empirical evidence that the number of migrants (by province) and the amount of remittances sent by migrants are positively associated with governmental effectiveness and higher levels of human development at the provincial level. It is also found that opportunistic shirking on the part of the sub-national governments is also not occurring, as remittances also induce provincial governments to spend more on their citizens, which will likely lead to better public goods provision. The overall findings imply that just like their counterparts from other developing countries, Filipino migrants are agents of democratic accountability.

An optimal multivariate cluster sampling design

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (24) ◽  
pp. 6121-6128
Author(s):  
M. G. M. Khan ◽  
Mahmood A. Rashid ◽  
Sushita Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Design ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Multivariate Cluster

Cessation of E-Cigarette Use Among Adolescents and Its Associated Factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (7_suppl) ◽  
pp. 53S-60S ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamil Arasu Saminathan ◽  
Wan Shakira Rodzlan Hasani ◽  
Tania Gayle Robert Lourdes ◽  
Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Hasimah Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Associated Factors ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Complex Sampling ◽  
Complex Sampling Design

We assessed the prevalence of cessation of e-cigarette and its associated factors among adolescents in Malaysia. This study analyzed data from the Tobacco and E-Cigarette Survey among Malaysian Adolescent (TECMA) in 2016, a cross-sectional study with 2-stage stratification cluster sampling. A total of 14 832 school-going adolescents aged 10 to 19 years participated in this survey. A complex sampling design and multiple logistic regression analysis were applied. Nearly half of the adolescents (49.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 44.9-55.0) who had ever used e-cigarette ceased the usage. Based on multivariate analysis, adolescents were more likely to quit e-cigarette because they could not afford the e-cigarette (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.78-3.20), if they are aged 13 year and older (aOR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.25-2.61), and those who claimed their e-cigarette does not contain nicotine (aOR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.03-1.78). E-cigarette prevention efforts among adolescents could consider the cessation factors described in this study.

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