Impact of Diabetes on Cardiovascular Disease: An Update

Cardiovascular diseases are the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The proposed mechanisms that can link accelerated atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular risk in this population are poorly understood. It has been suggested that an association between hyperglycemia and intracellular metabolic changes can result in oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Recently, epigenetic factors by different types of reactions are known to be responsible for the interaction between genes and environment and for this reason can also account for the association between diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The impact of clinical factors that may coexist with diabetes such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension are also discussed. Furthermore, evidence that justify screening for subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic patients is controversial and is also matter of this review. The purpose of this paper is to describe the association between poor glycemic control, oxidative stress, markers of insulin resistance, and of low-grade inflammation that have been suggested as putative factors linking diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Download Full-text

Levels of soluble receptor for AGE are cross-sectionally associated with cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes, and this association is partially mediated by endothelial and renal dysfunction and by low-grade inflammation: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study

Diabetologia ◽

10.1007/s00125-009-1263-5 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 705-714 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

J. W. M. Nin ◽

I. Ferreira ◽

C. G. Schalkwijk ◽

M. H. Prins ◽

N. Chaturvedi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Renal Dysfunction ◽

Low Grade ◽

Soluble Receptor ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

Download Full-text

The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Cardiovascular Aging

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/615312 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 92

Author(s):

Junzhen Wu ◽

Shijin Xia ◽

Bill Kalionis ◽

Wenbin Wan ◽

Tao Sun

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Ventricular Hypertrophy ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Low Grade ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Age Related ◽

Vascular Elasticity ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

Age is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease, even in the absence of other traditional factors. Emerging evidence in experimental animal and human models has emphasized a central role for two main mechanisms of age-related cardiovascular disease: oxidative stress and inflammation. Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide generated by oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation accompanying aging recapitulate age-related cardiovascular dysfunction, that is, left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction in the heart as well as endothelial dysfunction, reduced vascular elasticity, and increased vascular stiffness. We describe the signaling involved in these two main mechanisms that include the factors NF-κB, JunD, p66Shc, and Nrf2. Potential therapeutic strategies to improve the cardiovascular function with aging are discussed, with a focus on calorie restriction, SIRT1, and resveratrol.

Download Full-text

Arterial Stiffness Is Increased in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Without Cardiovascular Disease: A potential role of low-grade inflammation

Diabetes Care ◽

10.2337/dc11-1475 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 1083-1089 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

G. Llaurado ◽

V. Ceperuelo-Mallafre ◽

C. Vilardell ◽

R. Simo ◽

N. Freixenet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Arterial Stiffness ◽

Potential Role ◽

Low Grade ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

Download Full-text

The Impact of Insulin Resistance and Chronic Kidney Disease on Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease

Clinical Medicine Insights Endocrinology and Diabetes ◽

10.1177/1179551418792257 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 117955141879225 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Constantine E Kosmas ◽

Delia Silverio ◽

Christiana Tsomidou ◽

Maria D Salcedo ◽

Peter D Montan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Early Stage ◽

Scientific Data ◽

Low Grade ◽

The Impact ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

There is extensive evidence showing that insulin resistance (IR) is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. Furthermore, IR has been shown to increase the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), even in nondiabetic patients, and is currently considered as a “nontraditional” risk factor contributing to CVD by promoting hypertension, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is also considered a state of low-grade inflammation. In addition, CKD is considered an IR state and has been described as an independent risk factor for the development of CVD, as even early-stage CKD is associated with an estimated 40% to 100% increase in CVD risk. There is also strong evidence indicating that inflammation per se plays a crucial role in both the initiation and progression of CVD. Given the above, the combined effect of IR and CKD may significantly increase the risk of inflammation and CVD. This review aims to focus on the complex interplay between IR, CKD, inflammation, and CVD and will present and discuss the current clinical and scientific data pertaining to the impact of IR and CKD on inflammation and CVD.

Download Full-text

Consumption of Select Dietary Emulsifiers Exacerbates the Development of Spontaneous Intestinal Adenoma

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22052602 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 2602

Author(s):

Emilie Viennois ◽

Benoit Chassaing

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Tumor Development ◽

Low Grade ◽

Gastrointestinal Cancers ◽

Cancer Initiation ◽

And Function ◽

The Impact ◽

Chronic Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Low Grade Inflammation ◽

Intestinal Adenoma

Inflammation is a well-characterized critical driver of gastrointestinal cancers. Previous findings have shown that intestinal low-grade inflammation can be promoted by the consumption of select dietary emulsifiers, ubiquitous component of processed foods which alter the composition and function of the gut microbiota. Using a model of colitis-associated cancer, we previously reported that consumption of the dietary emulsifiers carboxymethylcellulose or polysorbate-80 exacerbated colonic tumor development. Here, we investigate the impact of dietary emulsifiers consumption on cancer initiation and progression in a genetical model of intestinal adenomas. In APCmin mice, we observed that dietary emulsifiers consumption enhanced small-intestine tumor development in a way that appeared to be independent of chronic intestinal inflammation but rather associated with emulsifiers’ impact on the proliferative status of the intestinal epithelium as well as on intestinal microbiota composition in both male and female mice. Overall, our findings further support the hypothesis that emulsifier consumption may be a new modifiable risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) and that alterations in host–microbiota interactions can favor gastrointestinal carcinogenesis in individuals with a genetical predisposition to such disorders.

Download Full-text

Persisting gender-related differences in low-grade inflammation and dyslipidemia in children, adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes

Atherosclerosis ◽

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.06.581 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 331 ◽

pp. e191

Author(s):

D. Smigoc Schweiger ◽

E. Plesnik ◽

M. Macedoni ◽

E. Giani ◽

T. Hovnik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Young Adults ◽

Adolescents And Young Adults ◽

Low Grade ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

Download Full-text

Abstract 14849: Gender Differences in Impact of CYP2C19 Polymorphism and Low Grade Inflammation on Coronary Spasm in Patients with Vasospastic Angina (VSA)

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.130.suppl_2.14849 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Tomonori Akasaka ◽

Seiji Hokimoto ◽

Noriaki Tabata ◽

Kenji Sakamoto ◽

Kenichi Tsujita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coronary Artery ◽

Coronary Artery Spasm ◽

Coronary Spasm ◽

Control Group ◽

Low Grade ◽

Cyp2c19 Genotype ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Hs Crp ◽

The Impact ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

Background: Several cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme families have been identified in extra hepatic tissues such as heart, vasculature, kidney, and lung. CYP2C19 localized in vascular smooth muscle and endothelium contributes to the regulation of vascular tone and homeostasis. However, it is unknown whether CYP2C19 genotype is associated with the vascular tonus in patients with VSA. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of CYP2C19 genotype on coronary artery spasm in patients with VSA. Methods: We examined the distribution of CYP2C19 genotype in patients with VSA (n=129) who were diagnosed by intra-coronary acetylcholine infusion test and healthy subjects (n=455) as control group. CYP2C19 genotypes were divided into 3 groups; (1) CYP2C19*1/*1: EM, (2) one loss-of-function allele (*1/*2, *1/*3: IM), and (3) two loss-of-function alleles (*2/*2, *2/*3, *3/*3: PM). Moreover, we measured the level of high-sensitive CRP (hs-CRP) as a degree of low glade inflammation in each group. Results: The ratios of CYP2C19 genotype (EM, IM, and PM) were 30, 42, and 28% in VSA group, and 32, 49, and 19% in control group. In short, PM frequency was significantly higher in VSA than in control (28% vs 19%, P=0.026). In VSA group, the ratios of CYP2C19 genotype were 36, 44, and 20% in male, and 20, 39, and 41% in female, respectively. Briefly, the PM frequency was significantly higher in female than in male (41% vs 20%, P<0.001). Moreover, the level of hs-CRP was significantly higher in VSA group than in control group (0.17±0.367 vs 0.10.±0.240, P=0.02). When patients were stratified by gender, the level of hs-CRP was significantly higher in VSA group in female (0.11±0.198 vs 0.06±0.105, P=0.031) and male (0.20±0.438 vs 0.12±0.277, P=0.044). Multivariate analysis for coronary spasm indicated high age, hypertension, and high level of hs-CRP as predictive factors among all subjects. PM is a predictive factor for coronary spasm in female group only (OR3.1, 95%RI 1.525-6.317, P=0.002), but not in male (OR0.829, 95%RI 0.453-1.518, P=0.543). Conclusion: The CYP2C19 two loss-of-function alleles (PM) and low grade inflammation may be associated with pathophysiology of coronary artery spasm and the regulation of coronary tonus, especially in female.

Download Full-text

Abstract 11600: Long Sleep Duration and Low-Grade Inflammation: New Indicators of Arterial Stiffness in the Japanese at High-risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.130.suppl_2.11600 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Satoshi Niijima ◽

Michiaki Nagai ◽

Satoshi Hoshide ◽

Mami Takahashi ◽

Masahisa Shimpo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

High Risk ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Aortic Stiffness ◽

The Other ◽

Low Grade ◽

Long Sleep ◽

Hs Crp ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

Background: Recently, several studies have reported that long sleep duration was independently associated with increased aortic stiffness. On the other hand, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was associated with increased aortic stiffness. In this study, the relationships among self-reported sleep duration, hs-CRP and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were investigated in the Japanese at high-risk of cardiovascular disease. In addition, we investigated whether antihypertensive treatment moderated these relationships or not. Methods: Among 4310 patients with one or more cardiovascular risks recruited for the Japan Morning Surge-Home Blood Pressure Study, brachial-ankle PWV and hs-CRP measurement were performed in the 2304 patients (64.7 years old, male 49.6%). A self-administered questionnaire included items on daily sleep duration was used. Results: According to the sleep duration (6h or less,6h to 8h,8h or more per night), significant associations of sleep duration were observed with PWV (1594 vs 1644 vs 1763 cm/s, p<0.0001).In the multiple regression analysis adjustment for confounders including age body mass index, total cholesterol, HbA1c and clinic systolic blood pressure (SBP), long sleep duration (8h or more per night) (B: 29, 95%CI: 1.0-56, p<0.05) and log hs-CRP (B: 25, 95%CI: 3.1-48, p<0.05) were significantly positively associated with PWV. A significant interaction was found between long sleep duration and antihypertensive agent non-use for PWV (p<0.05). Especially, in the group without calcium channel blockers (CCBs), long sleep duration was significantly associated with PWV (p<0.01), while a marginal significant synergetic relationship was observed between long sleep duration and log hs-CRP for PWV (p=0.07). On the other hand, there were no significant interactions between long sleep duration and angiotensin receptor blockers non-use. Conclusions: Long sleep duration and hs-CRP were significant indicators of increased PVW in the high-risk Japanese population. In those without CCBs, long sleep duration served as a strong determinant for arterial stiffness, marginally interacted by low-grade inflammation. CCBs use might be important not to aggravate artery remodeling caused by long sleep duration.

Download Full-text